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Name BIOLOGY 262, FALL 2003 IN-CLASS EXAMINATION #1 (PART 1) Date Key MULTIPLE CHOICE.For the following multiple choice questions circle the letter in front of the response that best answers the question or completes the sentence. (20%, 2% each) 1. Which of the following is an assumption of scientific philosophy? a. Different events cannot have the same cause. b. Only experimental observations can prove hypotheses to be true. c. Sense experience reflects reality. d. The universe is disordered. e. None of the above. (None are assumptions of scientific philosophy) 2. In an experimental study, the group that does not receive the treatment is the… a. experimental group. b. naturalistic group. c. negative control group. d. positive control group. e. None of the above. 6. Currently, what is the most-significant cause of species becoming endangered? a. Commercial overexploitation b. Effects of exotic organism c. Habitat alteration (destruction) d. Recreational disturbance & overexploitation e. None of the above 7. Which of the following best describes the interaction between bean plants (legumes) and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rhizobium)? a. Amensalism. b. Commensalism. c. Competition. d. Parasitism. e. None of the above. 3. Which of the following would be the most effective way to decrease the size of a cockroach population in a house? a. decrease d b. decrease K c. increase d d. increase K e. increase r 8. If a population of 1,000 is undergoing exponential growth with a yearly intrinsic rate of increase of 0.50, then what is the size of the population after 2 years? a. 500 b. 750 c. 1500 d. 2000 e. None of the above - 2250 4. Which of the following should have the greatest species richness? a. Baja California Peninsula. b. Catalina Island (close to California) c. Nunivak Island (close to Alaska) d. San Clemente Island (far off California) e. Southern California. 9. Which of the following describes the distribution of Cthalamus barnacles only in the higher, dryer intertidal areas? a. Exploitative competition. b. Fundamental niche. c. Interference competition. d. Realized niche. e. None of the above. 5. Which of the following habitat patches should theoretically have the most interior species? (assume all have equal area) a. b. 10. Which of the following is generally the most photosynthetically productive (and thus fisheries productive) area of the ocean? a. Above the continental shelf. b. Bottom of the open ocean. c. In deep ocean trenches. d. Open ocean near the surface. e. Open ocean far below the surface. c. d. FILL-IN-THE-BLANK.For the following write the appropriate number(s), word(s), sketch(es), or line(s) in the indicated spaces.(10%) 1. Fill in the empty cells in the life table below for a cohort of sea turtles. (4.5%) Age Number Survivorship. Mortality Rate 3. Hypothesis: The presence of species A reduces the population size of species B. Data Based on Quadrat Samples mean # of species B (no sp. A) = 543.5 mean # of species B (with sp. A) = 354.9 P-value = 0.06 0 5000 1.000 0.90 1 500 0.100 0.80 2 100 0.020 0.50 3 50 0.010 0.20 Explain why the hypothesis was supported or rejected. (2%) 4 40 0.008 ---- Means support the hypothesis. 2. Use the data above to complete the survivorship line graph below. (1%) survivor0.50 ship 0.00 0 Hypothesis supported or rejected? (1%) REJECTED However, the P-value shows the differences were not significant. 4. Identify three (3) community interactions that could explain why the presence of one species reduces the population size of another species. (1.5%) Any Community interaction where one species experiences a negative. 1 2 Age 3 Amensalism, Batesian mimicry, Competition, Parasitism, Parasitoidism, Predation DEFINITIONS.For the following BIOLOGICAL words or phrases define them as accurately and concisely as possible. (For indicated questions provide an example as well.) (20%, 4% each) 1. Science: A belief that natural phenomena have natural causes that can be revealed by empirical evidence. 2. Population: Individuals of the same species in a single area. 3. Maritime Climate: A more moderate climate when winds blow from ocean to land. (As contrasted with the very variable continental climate.) 4. Ecological Succession (define AND provide an example): Change in community structure over time (usually regulated by competition). SOME EXAMPLES: oak forest to maple forest, pine forest to oak/hickory, tooth plaque and bacterial change, sequence of colonization of newly formed oceanic islands, etc. 5. Müllerian mimicry (define AND provide an example): Being poisonous or venomous and advertising in the same way as other poisonous or venomous species. (a positive - positive interaction) EXAMPLES: bees & wasps, Heliconius butterflies, etc. Name Key BIOLOGY 262, FALL 2003 IN-CLASS EXAMINATION #1 (PART 2) Date FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS/PROBLEMS. Address each question in as concise and lucid a manner as possible. (50%) 1. A population of 100 guppies (small fish) in a pond is growing logistically and has a yearly intrinsic rate of increase of 0.95. The carrying capacity is 10,000. What is the size of this population after one year? After two years? Show your calculations. At what population size will this population be adding the greatest number of individuals per unit time? (10%) * ∆N/∆t = 0.95 (100) [(10000-100)/10000] = 94.05 (rounding is OK) size after 1 year = 100 + 94.05 = 194.05 (4%) * ∆N/∆t = 0.95 (194.05) [(10000-194.05)/10000] = 180.77 (rounding is OK) size after 2 years = 194.05 + 180.77 = 374.082 (4%) * The population would grow most rapidly at ½ K ( ½ carrying capacity) which would be at 5,000. (2%, students could either explain or provide the number 5000) 2. Briefly provide explanations for why it is warm at the equator and cool at the poles, also explain why it is wet at the equator and dry at 30° N and S latitude. (Feel free but do not feel obliged to use a sketch as part of your answer.) (10%) * It is warm at the equator because the sunlight strikes the earth more directly there. It is cooler at the poles because the sunlight strikes the earth more indirectly (obliquely) there. (5%) * This wet dry pattern is due to air circulation cells (also called the intertropcal convergence). The equator is warmer thus the warmer and wetter air at the equator rises. As it rises it cools releasing its moisture as rain. The air moves at high altitude to 30°N and S latitude where it descends and warms. As it warms its moisture capacity increases and it absorbs moisture from the land. (The air then moves at low altitude back towards the equator.) (5%) 3. You are given the task of managing a population of quail and other species of game birds in an area near a fully protected national park. The populations of game birds outside the park were depleted through habitat destruction and over hunting. You can protect only a limited area of habitat as a protected preserve and you cannot completely prohibit hunting (although you can impose some hunting limitations). a.) Where would you place your preserve with respect to the National Park and how would you shape your preserve? Why? b.) Which individuals in the populations of these bird species would you protect from hunting to ensure a growing population? Why? (10%) a.) It would be best to shape the preserve compactly and place it close to or adjacent to the National Park. (It would also be good is students shaped the preserve in a noncompact , elongate way if it is “pressed up against” the National Park. ) Compactness would reduce “edge” habitat and increase interior habitat. Proximity to the park would increase the recolonization rate (island biogeography) or would allow the national park to serve as a source population if the preserve starts to act as a sink population. (5%) b.) It would be best to protect individuals of higher reproductive value such as females or individuals of an age right before first reproduction. This would ensure that the population would continue to grow since the individuals removed by hunting are not those with the greatest ability to contribute to population growth. (5%) 4. The following is a summary of the results of a study of coyotes (Canis latrans) in western Texas. Rodents and jackrabbits consume plants. Both coyotes and mustelids are rodent predators. Coyotes also consume some plant material, jackrabbits, and very rarely mustelids. Coyotes are frequently shot by ranchers who fear coyotes will prey on young sheep or cattle. Four 5000 hectare sites were studied. In two sites coyotes were removed. Despite removal of large numbers of coyotes, removal was only partially effective and large numbers of immigrant coyotes kept the coyote population at about 50% of the size it was in the test areas where the coyotes were not removed. (A real study conducted in 1990-1992.) (20%) # Rodent Species Total # of Individual # Mustelid Species Total # of Individual Total # of Individual Rodents sampled (weasels, skunks, etc.) Mustelids Sampled Jackrabbits Sampled 6768 5 233 235 5649 5 254 342 Coyotes remain 1 -Ord's kangaroo rat 9087 5 556 1540 Coyotes removed 1 -Ord's kangaroo rat 7839 5 690 3280 Coyotes removed a. Identify the trophic “levels” (or trophic classification) of (i) the plants, (ii) the rodents, (iii) the jackrabbits, (iv) the mustelids, and (v) the coyotes. b. Briefly, in a sentence, explain the relationships among coyote subpopulations (i.e., the relationship of the surrounding areas to the areas from which coyotes were removed. c. If you were managing an area in west Texas as a wildlife preserve (with a goal of maintaining as much biodiversity as possible), would it be better to remove or retain coyotes? Why? (Or… to put “Why?” another way… Explain the effect that coyotes have on the species richness of west Texas?) d. Provide two (2) possible explanations for why the areas with fewer coyotes have more total rodents and jackrabbits but have fewer species of rodents? In both possible explanations mention at least one community interaction that could cause this result? Coyotes remain 11 11 a.) i. plants) primary producers or photosynthesizers (1%); ii. rodents) primary consumers or herbivores (1%); iii. jackrabbits) primary consumers or herbivores (1%); iv. mustelids) secondary consumers or carnivores (1%); iv. coyotes) omnivores (1%) b.) The areas where coyotes were continuously removed .were sink populations (requiring immigrants) and the surrounding areas were source populations (producing immigrants). (3%) c.) It would be better to retain them because they are functioning as a keystone species (students could also explain what a keystone species does rather than simply using the phrase). (4%) d.) (8%; 4% for each of 2 possible explanations) ONE EXPLANATION – Ord’s kangaroo rat and jackrabbits competitively exclude the other rodent species except when its numbers are reduced by predation by coyotes. ANOTHER EXPLANATION – Mustelids preferentially predate upon other rodents in preference to Ord’s kangaroo rat or jackrabbits. Reduction of coyote predation on mustelids allowed mustelids to increase in numbers and thus prey upon the other rodent species until they were no longer found in the area. ANOTHER EXPLANATION (very unlikely but acceptable)– Jackrabbits have an amensal relationship with most species of rodents (except for Ord’s kangaroo rat). Removal of coyotes allowed an increase in jackrabbit populations which caused a decrease in the number of species of rodents. ANOTHER EXPLANATION (very unlikely but acceptable)– Coyotes consume plant material that is preferred by Ord’s kangaroo rat and jackrabbits. Removal of coyotes made more of this available to the kangaroo rats and jackrabbits which then increased in population size and were able to competitively exclude the other rodent species. Any other possible scenarios.