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Urban Flood Management in the Asia Pacific: Context and Key Issues Donovan Storey Chief, Sustainable Urban Development, Environment & Development Division Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Urban Flood Management March 19-20, 2013 | Daegu, Republic of Korea STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENTATION • The Big Picture: context, urban growth patterns, urban flood vulnerability in Asia and the Pacific • Key Challenges: inadequacy of responses, resources, and the consequences • Looking Forward: the need for new institutional frameworks, mechanisms and priorities in response to the challenge ESCAP : The regional arm of the UN for Asia-Pacific • Part of UN Secretariat : 62 member states – 58 are regional members • ESCAP covers the world’s most populous region - two thirds of humanity • Based in Bangkok, with 4 Sub-regional offices • ESCAP fosters: – regional cooperation to promote social & economic development – normative, analytical & technical cooperation at the regional level – a platform for South-South dialogue / exchange of practices Rio+20: A renewed urban sustainability agenda Clear references to cities & local government Meeting urban challenges ‘through integrated planning & management approaches, cities can promote economically, socially & environmentally sustainable societies’ (para 134) • Focus on ‘sustainable urban planning & design’ and the importance of considering disaster risk reduction, resilience and climate risks in urban planning (para 135) • Underlined ‘the need to adopt measures to address floods, droughts, and water’ (para 123) THE BIG PICTURE PATTERNS OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT: GROWTH 2010: 1.8billion / 43% of region lived in cities 2020: 2.2billion / 52% 2050: 3.2billion+/ 64% THE BIG PICTURE PATTERNS OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT: LOCATION Majority of Asia-Pacific’s major cities are riverine or coastal Asian coastal megacities: concentration of population, assets, economic & industrial development and infrastructure These cities are ranked as having the highest levels of risk to urban flooding globally THE BIG PICTURE RISING THREAT FROM URBAN FLOODING: ASIA-PACIFIC IS THE MOST FLOOD-PRONE REGION Average physical exposure to floods assuming constant hazard (in thousands of people per year). Data from Peduzzi et al., 2011. Source: IPCC Special Report, 2012 THE BIG PICTURE FLOODS DISPROPORTIONATELY AFFECT THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION THE BIG PICTURE ECONOMIC EXPOSURE TO FLOODS: BY SUBREGION THE BIG PICTURE CLIMATE CHANGE AND URBANIZATION: AMPLIFIED FLOOD RISK Number of natural disasters reported 1900 - 2011 Increase in urban population in Asia (millions) 6000 5000 millions 4000 3000 2000 1000 urban pop total pop 0 1950 Floods Floods Data Source: EM-DAT/CRED Frequency of floods has been increasing over the last century 1970 2011 2030 2050 By 2050, urban population is projected to reach 64 per cent (APDR, 2012) THE BIG PICTURE URBAN EXPANSION INTO FLOOD-PRONE AREAS • The primary urban agglomerations with the highest concentrations of people mostly overlap with the areas of high risk related to disasters (APDR, 2012) THE BIG PICTURE DIRECT IMPACTS ON LIVES & PROPERTY WILL INCREASE IN BOTH SCALE AND SCOPE Millions Population in millions affected by floods in Asia-Pacific, 1960 - 2011 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Millions Damage from Floods in Asia-Pacific (USD), 1960 - 2011 Total 10 year moving average 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Data Source: EM-DAT/CRED THE BIG PICTURE INDIRECT IMPACTS ON ECONOMY ARE GREAT The devastating floods in Bangkok region in 2011 cost US$4b; sharp GDP decline of 8.9%, Affected manufacturing, services & housing security Source: NESDB, 2012 THE BIG PICTURE KEY CHALLENGES WEAK INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS & MECHANISMS • A lack of efficient and effective institutional frameworks and mechanisms supported by finance hampers effective planning for and responses to urban flooding a. Limited authority b. Insufficient resources for local governments c. Weak coordination between different tiers of governments Limited achievement attained KEY CHALLENGES Source: Berse, 2012 LIMITED FLOOD MANAGEMENT IN SPATIAL PLANNING • Critical gaps in the integration of urban flood management in the context of urban planning; weakens natural and planned response systems Settlements have grown in flood-prone areas by 12.5% (population) between 2000 and 2010 (APDR, 2012) Low-income settlement submerged under flood water, suburban Cainta City, east of Manila, Philippines, August 9, 2012. KEY CHALLENGES PARTNERSHIP GAPS BETWEEN CRITICAL ACTORS • Weak partnerships between critical actors limit the opportunities to harness local knowledge and technologies – – – – Industry sectors Research institutions Civil society Government • There is limited data or sharing of data, e.g. flood risk & hazard maps KEY CHALLENGES FINANCIAL RESOURCES AT LOCAL LEVEL • Considerable financial gaps at local level constrain local governments to deliver necessary structural measures such as flood control infrastructure – Limited local fiscal autonomy KEY CHALLENGES WAYS FORWARD NEW INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS • That empower local governments with authority and resources • That facilitate coordination and enhance institutional coherence In Indonesia, shift in institutional arrangements has been stimulated by the 2004 tsunami (APDR, 2012). Centralized, sectoral, responsefocused approach Localized, inclusive, cooperative approach – National law (No.24/2007) passed with support for reform – National Action Plan created by central and local representatives – Specific Disaster Management functions assigned to subnational and local authorities WAYS FORWARD NEW PREPAREDNESS & RESPONSE MECHANISMS • AD-HOC PROACTIVE • FRAGEMENTED INTEGRATED Source: Baca Architects Urban Planning (e.g. land use plans, flood zoning) WAYS FORWARD STRENGTHEN NATURAL AND PLANNED SYSTEMS • Greater attention to spatial planning, incl. river basins & coasts • More commitment to natural barriers and habitat (e.g. mangroves; river basin vegetation) • Enhancing eco-systems and planning systems which ‘make place for water’ • Proactive & prioritized flood management, planning & preparedness WAYS FORWARD PROMOTE MULTI-STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT • With business/industry – harness Public Private Partnership • With research institutes – link knowledge & practices • With civil society – gather local knowledge & wider support A rural neighborhood in Phitsanulok, Thailand involved in flood impact evaluation. (World Bank, 2012) WAYS FORWARD MOBILIZE & LOCALIZE FINANCIAL RESOURCES • Expand sources of revenue • Earmark budgets for urban flood management • Financially empower the key players WAYS FORWARD ON A BROAD SCALE: HOLISTIC SOLUTIONS WAYS FORWARD WORKSHOP AIMS & EXPECTED OUTCOMES • Aims of the Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Urban Flood Management Identify priority challenges Share knowledge and good practices Formulate appropriate policy recommendations and key actions • Outcome document: policy recommendations – Key message – Priority challenges – Recommended policy measures and actions THANK YOU Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Urban Flood Management March 19-20, 2013 | Daegu, Republic of Korea