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Westinghouse Science Honors Institute What is Bioengineering? Mark S. Redfern, Ph.D. Professor, Bioengineering Vice Provost For Resaerch Department of Bioengineering University of Pittsburgh Bioengineering - Pittsburgh What is Bioengineering? • • “Applying engineering knowledge and methods to solve biomedical problems.” Spans molecular to whole body – Tissue Engineering – Artificial Organs – Medical Instrumentation – Rehabilitation Engineering – Imaging 1 What is Bioengineering? • • “Advances knowledge in engineering, biology and medicine, and improves human health through cross-disciplinary activities that integrate the engineering sciences with life sciences and clinical practice.” [Engineering applied to health] Professional Disclaimer Clinician Life Scientist Engineer “A good scientist is a person with original ideas. A good engineer is a person who makes a design that works with as few original ideas as possible.” - Anonymous “Scientists dream about doing great things. Engineers do them.” – James Michener What is a Medical Device? Tongue depressor Heart-lung machine 2 Even the iPhone! Artificial Organs Completely Artificial Bio-hybrid Artificial Organ Regeneration C OPAST E M S F P A F F L I EPRESENT E C X T A I Y C T FUTURE Y Y What We Need to Provide Circulatory Assistance • provide 1.5 gallons per minute of blood flow at • • • • • • physiologic pressures non-clotting immuno-resistant quick, easy to implant efficient and reliable deliver good quality of life affordable 3 Total Artificial Heart (TAH) • recipient’s entire heart, or ventricles are removed and replaced with a mechanical device Cardiosystems Inc (Jarvik TAH) Novacor LVAD • Implanted within the abdomen • Ventricle empties into the pump • Pump pushes blood to the ascending aorta TandemHeart pVAD • Continuous (non- • pulsatile) flow ventricular assist device Short-term support (18 days) Cardiac Assist Inc.. 4 Ventricular Assist Device Ventricular Assist Device Ventricular Assist Device PediaFlow University of Pittsburgh 5 Artificial Lung Iron Lung - Polio Artificial Lung Membrane Oxygenation Borovetz 6 Intravenous Partial Respiratory Support Brack Hattler MD/PhD Hattler Respiratory Catheter ® 19352008 Catheter made from bundle of hollow fiber membranes Inserted in femoral vein and placed within Vena Cava Supply O2, remove CO2 before blood reaches lung: partial respiratory support Pneumatic Shaft External Fitting Pulsating balloon for enhanced gas exchange Design Features of the Hattler Respiratory Support Catheter Bundle Cut-Away CO2 Pulsating Balloon Hollow Fiber Fabric He O2 External Fitting Multi-Lumen Gas Shaft Proximal Manifold Distal Manifold Hollow Fiber Membrane Bundle Medical Devices Laboratory Implantable Artificial Kidney 7 Implantable Artificial Kidney UCS F Vision-assist Device BrainPort Device Vision-assist Device 8 Neural Engineering Neural Motor Lab -Andrew Schwartz, PhD Rehab Neural Engineering Lab -Doug Weber, PhD -Michael Boninger, MD -Jen Collinger, PhD Neural Tissue Interface Lab -Tracy Cui, PhD Neural Prosthetic Univ of Pittsburgh MotorLab http://motorlab.neurobio.pitt.edu/multimedia.php 9 Quadriplegic Stroke Patient BrainGate, Brown University Implementing Human Studies http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yff20TlHv34&feature=related Neural Engineering: What do we need to know to do this? • Neuroscience (i.e. the brain) • Electrode interface issues: – Material Science – Bio-compatability • • • • • • Signal & Image Analysis Computational modeling Control Systems Robotics & Mechatronics Medicine & Surgery Veterinary Science 10 Rehabilitation Engineering • Wheelchair evaluations and upper extremity injuries Rory Cooper, Michael Boninnger, Alicia Koontz Human Engineering Research Laboratory http://www.herlpitt.org/video.htm Robotic-assisted Surgery 11 Organ Decellularization Biologic Scaffolds for Regenerative Medicine Stephen F. Badylak, DVM, MD, PhD GORE ALERT!!!! “Pixy Dust” to encourage tissue re-growth Badylak 12 Off the Beaten Path… working at the FDA Sara Doll and Katie O’Callaghan Pitt Alumni! …and… Biomedical Engineers and Scientific Reviewers @ FDA – Office of Device Evaluation 13 Who Are We? Katie Sara BS: Bioengineering Systems/Signals Concen ECMO Tech at Children’s IAESTE Internship Minor: Neuroscience NIMH Fellowship Study Abroad Engineering World Health BS: Bioengineering Hybrid Concentration Intramural Internship Industrial Internship BA: German Dual Degree Program Study Abroad IAESTE Internship Who Are We? One year after graduation… • Full-time employees at the FDA • Sara: Surgical and Neurological devices • Katie: Cardiovascular devices ACTIVE Education • • • • • Hybrid Concentration Minor Double Major Double Degree Program …just take a lot of interesting classes! talk to profs, P.I.s, other 14 Practical Work Experience • Internships –Intramural –Industrial –Other: INROADS, NIH, programs through other universities • Fellowships (NIMH, MDFP) • Co-op • I’ve got my degree, now what? What is FDA? United States government regulatory agency –Our mission is to: »Promote the public health »Protect the public health 15 What is FDA? • Food and Cosmetics • Veterinary Medicine – Labeling, supplements, cosmetic safety – Vet drugs, animal feeds • Biologics – Vaccines, blood supply, human tissues, gene therapy • • Drugs Devices – CDRH What does CDRH regulate? Division of Cardiovascular Devices • • • • • • • Ventricular Assist Devices Heart Valves Drug Eluting Stents PFO Occluders Pacemakers Defibrillators (External and Implantable) Balloon catheters; other percutaneous cardiology devices 16 Division of General, Restorative, Neurological Devices • Transcranial magnetic • • • • stimulators Silicone implants Deep brain stimulators for Parkinson’s Computer-aided surgery devices Orthopaedics Bioengineering Education @ Pitt Getting a Bioengineering Education • Degrees in Bioengineering Or • Degrees in other Engineering Field with application to biomedicine 17 BioE Educational Objectives • Fundamentals in Engineering & • • • • Biology Broad base of knowledge Education Beyond the Classroom Provide an individualized education for students specific to their postgraduate goals (i.e. industry, graduate school or medical school) ….not a terminal degree B.S. in Bioengineering • Basic Sciences • – Mathematics – Chemistry – Physics • Engineering – Mechanics – Materials – Electronics • Humanities Biological Sciences – Biology – Physiology • Bioengineering – Core Courses – Concentration – Internships – Design – Literature – Communication – Ethics Concentration Areas Biomechanics (R. Cham) Orthopedic Biomech. Cardiovascular Biomech. Rehab. Engineering Ergonomics Biosignals and Imaging (A. Batista) Signal Processing Biocontrol Imaging Cellular and Tissue Engineering Medical Device Engineering (L. Davidson) Artificial Organs Neural Devices Biomaterials Biomaterials Tissue Engineering (J. Patzer) 18 Bioengineering Graduates Where do they go? 2000 - 2011 In Summary ● Bioengineering - application of engineering to solve biomedical problems ● Bioengineering - expanding in Pittsburgh region & in the country ● Curriculum provides breadth & depth ● Graduates go to graduate schools, medical schools, and industry 19