Download What is Bioengineering? Mark S. Redfern, Ph.D.

Westinghouse Science Honors Institute
What is Bioengineering?
Mark S. Redfern, Ph.D.
Professor, Bioengineering
Vice Provost For Resaerch
Department of Bioengineering
University of Pittsburgh
Bioengineering - Pittsburgh
What is Bioengineering?
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“Applying engineering knowledge
and methods to solve biomedical
problems.”
Spans molecular to whole body
– Tissue Engineering
– Artificial Organs
– Medical Instrumentation
– Rehabilitation Engineering
– Imaging
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What is Bioengineering?
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“Advances knowledge in
engineering, biology and medicine,
and improves human health through
cross-disciplinary activities that
integrate the engineering sciences
with life sciences and clinical
practice.”
[Engineering applied to health]
Professional Disclaimer
Clinician
Life Scientist
Engineer
“A good scientist is a person with original ideas. A good engineer is
a person who makes a design that works with as few original ideas
as possible.” - Anonymous
“Scientists dream about doing great things. Engineers do them.”
– James Michener
What is a Medical Device?
Tongue depressor
Heart-lung
machine
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Even the iPhone!
Artificial Organs
Completely
Artificial
Bio-hybrid
Artificial
Organ
Regeneration
C
OPAST
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L
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EPRESENT
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FUTURE Y
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What We Need to Provide
Circulatory Assistance
• provide 1.5 gallons per minute of blood flow at
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physiologic pressures
non-clotting
immuno-resistant
quick, easy to implant
efficient and reliable
deliver good quality of life
affordable
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Total Artificial Heart (TAH)
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recipient’s
entire heart, or
ventricles are
removed and
replaced with a
mechanical
device
Cardiosystems Inc (Jarvik TAH)
Novacor LVAD
• Implanted within the
abdomen
• Ventricle empties into
the pump
• Pump pushes blood
to the ascending aorta
TandemHeart pVAD
• Continuous (non-
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pulsatile) flow
ventricular assist
device
Short-term support (18 days)
Cardiac Assist Inc..
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Ventricular Assist Device
Ventricular Assist Device
Ventricular Assist Device
PediaFlow
University of
Pittsburgh
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Artificial Lung
Iron Lung - Polio
Artificial Lung
Membrane Oxygenation
Borovetz
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Intravenous Partial Respiratory Support
Brack
Hattler
MD/PhD
Hattler Respiratory Catheter ®
19352008
Catheter made from bundle of
hollow fiber membranes
Inserted in femoral vein and
placed within Vena Cava
Supply O2, remove CO2 before
blood reaches lung: partial
respiratory support
Pneumatic Shaft
External
Fitting
Pulsating balloon for enhanced
gas exchange
Design Features of the Hattler Respiratory Support
Catheter
Bundle Cut-Away
CO2
Pulsating
Balloon
Hollow Fiber Fabric
He
O2
External
Fitting
Multi-Lumen
Gas Shaft
Proximal
Manifold
Distal
Manifold
Hollow Fiber Membrane Bundle
Medical Devices Laboratory
Implantable Artificial Kidney
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Implantable Artificial Kidney
UCS
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Vision-assist Device
BrainPort Device
Vision-assist Device
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Neural Engineering
Neural Motor Lab
-Andrew Schwartz, PhD
Rehab Neural Engineering Lab
-Doug Weber, PhD
-Michael Boninger, MD
-Jen Collinger, PhD
Neural Tissue Interface Lab
-Tracy Cui, PhD
Neural Prosthetic
Univ of Pittsburgh MotorLab
http://motorlab.neurobio.pitt.edu/multimedia.php
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Quadriplegic Stroke Patient
BrainGate, Brown University
Implementing Human Studies
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yff20TlHv34&feature=related
Neural Engineering: What do
we need to know to do this?
• Neuroscience (i.e. the brain)
• Electrode interface issues:
– Material Science
– Bio-compatability
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Signal & Image Analysis
Computational modeling
Control Systems
Robotics & Mechatronics
Medicine & Surgery
Veterinary Science
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Rehabilitation Engineering
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Wheelchair evaluations and
upper extremity injuries
Rory Cooper, Michael Boninnger, Alicia Koontz
Human Engineering Research Laboratory
http://www.herlpitt.org/video.htm
Robotic-assisted Surgery
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Organ Decellularization
Biologic Scaffolds
for Regenerative Medicine
Stephen F. Badylak, DVM, MD, PhD
GORE ALERT!!!!
“Pixy Dust” to encourage tissue re-growth
Badylak
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Off the Beaten Path…
working at the FDA
Sara Doll and Katie O’Callaghan
Pitt Alumni!
…and…
Biomedical Engineers and Scientific
Reviewers
@ FDA – Office of Device Evaluation
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Who Are We?
Katie
Sara
BS: Bioengineering
Systems/Signals
Concen
ECMO Tech at
Children’s
IAESTE Internship
Minor: Neuroscience
NIMH Fellowship
Study Abroad
Engineering World
Health
BS: Bioengineering
Hybrid
Concentration
Intramural
Internship
Industrial
Internship
BA: German
Dual Degree
Program
Study Abroad
IAESTE Internship
Who Are We?
One year after graduation…
• Full-time employees at the
FDA
• Sara: Surgical and
Neurological devices
• Katie: Cardiovascular
devices
ACTIVE Education
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Hybrid Concentration
Minor
Double Major
Double Degree Program
…just take a lot of
interesting classes!
talk to profs, P.I.s, other
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Practical Work Experience
• Internships
–Intramural
–Industrial
–Other: INROADS, NIH,
programs through other
universities
• Fellowships (NIMH, MDFP)
• Co-op
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I’ve got my degree, now what?
What is FDA?
United States government
regulatory agency
–Our mission is to:
»Promote the public health
»Protect the public health
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What is FDA?
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Food and Cosmetics
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Veterinary Medicine
– Labeling, supplements, cosmetic safety
– Vet drugs, animal feeds
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Biologics
– Vaccines, blood supply, human tissues, gene
therapy
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Drugs
Devices – CDRH
What does CDRH regulate?
Division of Cardiovascular
Devices
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Ventricular Assist Devices
Heart Valves
Drug Eluting Stents
PFO Occluders
Pacemakers
Defibrillators (External and Implantable)
Balloon catheters; other percutaneous
cardiology devices
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Division of General, Restorative,
Neurological Devices
• Transcranial magnetic
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stimulators
Silicone implants
Deep brain stimulators for
Parkinson’s
Computer-aided surgery
devices
Orthopaedics
Bioengineering Education @ Pitt
Getting a Bioengineering Education
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Degrees in Bioengineering
Or
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Degrees in other Engineering Field
with application to biomedicine
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BioE Educational Objectives
• Fundamentals in Engineering &
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Biology
Broad base of knowledge
Education Beyond the Classroom
Provide an individualized education
for students specific to their postgraduate goals (i.e. industry,
graduate school or medical school)
….not a terminal degree
B.S. in Bioengineering
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Basic Sciences
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– Mathematics
– Chemistry
– Physics
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Engineering
– Mechanics
– Materials
– Electronics
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Humanities
Biological Sciences
– Biology
– Physiology
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Bioengineering
– Core Courses
– Concentration
– Internships
– Design
– Literature
– Communication
– Ethics
Concentration Areas
Biomechanics
(R. Cham)
Orthopedic Biomech.
Cardiovascular Biomech.
Rehab. Engineering
Ergonomics
Biosignals
and Imaging
(A. Batista)
Signal Processing
Biocontrol
Imaging
Cellular and
Tissue
Engineering
Medical Device
Engineering
(L. Davidson)
Artificial Organs
Neural Devices
Biomaterials
Biomaterials
Tissue Engineering
(J. Patzer)
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Bioengineering Graduates
Where do they go? 2000 - 2011
In Summary
● Bioengineering - application of
engineering to solve biomedical
problems
● Bioengineering - expanding in
Pittsburgh region & in the country
● Curriculum provides breadth & depth
● Graduates go to graduate schools,
medical schools, and industry
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