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THE END OF THE MIDDLE AGES Name: ______________________ Date: ______________ WH- ____ Ch 10.4: Political and Social Change Ch 10.5: Challenges to Church Authority Analysis Questions: When thinking about what caused the end of the Medieval era, determine: How did it change the feudal relationships between the King & Lord, and the Lord & Serf? How did it change the role/power of the King, Lord, Knight, Serf? How did it challenge the power of the Church? Directions: Description/Evidence: Use the pages indicated to take bullet notes on the topics below. Analysis: Compare Description/Evidence information to the “Review of Middle Ages” to answer the analysis question (thoughtful/complete bullet notes are fine). CAUSE #1: THE CRUSADES Description/Evidence (see p. 268 Crusades Change Europe) Political Changes Kings vs. Lords: Analysis Analysis Question: How did the Crusades change the role/power of Kings, with respect to lords and the Church? Answer: Rulers/Nobles vs. Church: CAUSE #2: THE MAGNA CARTA Analysis Description/Evidence (See p. 276-277, The Magna Carta Causes Change in England) Read “If You Were There” and “Building Background” on p. 276. In what ways did the nobles think the kings’ power was out of control? The Magna Carta (Latin for _______ __________; Date: _______) Analysis Question: How did the Magna Carta change the relationship between the King and the Lords in England? Listing of _________ that the ___________ could not ignore: Answer: Describe some rights listed in the Magna Carta: Habeus Corpus: Required that everyone, even the _______, had to obey the ______ (called Rule of Law) Other efforts to limit the King’s power & secure rights: CAUSE #3: THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR Description/Evidence (See p. 278, The Hundred Years’ War) Cause of the War/Dates/Describe the invasion: Analysis Analysis Question: How did the 100 Years War change the power of Kings? Answer: Joan of Arc/Victory: Analysis Question: Class Notes: Changes in Military New weapons: English longbow (better than old cross bow). Knights were easy targets – clumsy w/heavy armor when off horse. Guns/cannons gave foot soldiers advantage over knight How did the 100 Years War change the role of the Knight? Answer: Kings raised large armies themselves by hiring professional soldiers to protect their kingdoms. CAUSE #4: THE BLACK DEATH Analysis Description/Evidence (See p. 279 The Black Death) The Black Death: What? Analysis Question: How did the Black Death change the feudal relationship between the Lord and Serf? When? _________ - __________ From where? Cause of spread? Describe the disease: Effect: (death toll) Answer: CAUSE #5: CHALLENGES TO CHURCH AUTHORITY (see Ch 10.5, p. 282-285) Description/Evidence Conflict within the Church (The Church Reacts to Challengers) Complaints about the Church: Analysis How the Church fought back: Analysis Question: What do these challenges say about the power of Church leaders? Answer: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Christianity vs.Islam: Fight over Spain (Christians Fight the Moors) Reminder: The Empire of Islam had conquered Spain in the early 700’s, and had since been ruled by a group of Muslims called the Moors. Around the 1000’s, as the Moors’ power declined, little _________ kingdoms in Spain seized the opportunity to attack. Their effort to retake _________ from the Moors is called the _______________. Christian armies pushed the Muslim Moors out of almost all of Europe by the ________. King Ferdinand/Queen Isabella – 1492 A few years later… DECLINE OF THE MIDDLE AGES 1. BLACK DEATH (THE PLAGUE) IDENTIFICATION: Slide 1.2 A Peter Brueghel “Triumph of Death” Read p. 310- middle of 312 DESCRIPTION: A disease that swept thru Europe beginning in 1347. 1/3 of the pop died. Lasted til 1600’s. SIGNIFICANCE: HOW DID THE BLACK DEATH WEAKEN FEUDALISM? After the plague, there were much fewer people. Lords didn’t have enough people to harvest crops. Allowed peasants to demand wages, lower rents, etc. Some found better opportunities in towns/villages. BROKE TIES TO FEUDAL LORDS. NOTES: 3 types: Lung (pneumonic) coughing/sneezing fits Bloodstream (septicemic) rarest most deadly, black spots under skin; eventually choke on own blood Boils/buboes on body (bubonic) most common, egg-size swelling, fever/delirium SPREAD Started in Mongolia (Gobi Desert) spread along Silk Road Bacteria caused by fleas on black rats that traveled on merchant ships 1st appeared in Sicily 1347, reached England in late 1348, Russia 1354 TREATMENTS Ignorant about cause/cure Blamed God’s anger at sinful humans, stars, Jews (“poisoned wells to spread disease) Tried ineffective cures, pomanders (oranges with cloves), flagellation (relig fanatics whipped themselves w/iron spikes), repentance of sins EFFECTS Killed 1/4 to 1/3 of population Venice: 1300= 200,000 1400 = 110,000 Rome: 1300 = 40,000 1400 = 25,000 Death was commonplace Fewer workers > workers demanded higher wages, peasant revolts Some peasants move to cities > increase population in cities > Reduced power of feudal Lords 2. THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR: IDENTIFICATION Slide 1.2 B 100 years war; Joan of Arc Defeating English forces at Orleans 1429 Read p. 312-313 Description: Cause: 1337: King of France died. King of England claimed the throne (French defeated English in 1453.) Joan of Arc: Bad time for France in the War. Peasant. Received message from God telling her to help fight. Charles (heir to the French throne) tested her. She ‘passed’. Joan defeated Engl at Orleans. Captured by English, tried as heretic, burned at stake. 19 years old. Significance: How did the 100 years’ War change the role of the Knight? New weapons: English longbow (better than old cross bow). Knights were easy targets – clumsy when off horse. Guns/cannons gave foot soldiers an advantage over traditional knight (who was becoming obsolete) How did the 100 years War change the role of the King? More power shifted from Lord to King. Formed Monarchies: strong central gov’ts. Raised large armies themselves (not thru Lords) by hiring professional soldiers to protect their kingdoms. Notes: Slide 1.2 B 100 years war; Joan of Arc Defeating English forces at Orleans 1429 Catholic Church made Joan a saint in 1922 EFFECTS: DECLINE OF FEUDALISM: 1. Warfare developments: made medieval style of warfare obsolete 2. Monarchs power increases - build huge armies Developed a tax system to pay for it that went directly to the King (not thru lords) Military directly under king (not thru lords) People increased patriotism (Joan of Arc) - assoc w/country not w/Lord Beginning of “countries” as we know them (England for example concentrated on England cuz lost French fiefs) 3. Decreased power of Lords - didn’t need to be provided with Knights What caused the fall of the Middle Ages? What caused the decline of Feudalism?