Download Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences Allium Sativum Hyperglycemic Mice

Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 8(8) July 2014, Pages: 66-69
AENSI Journals
Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences
ISSN:1995-0772 EISSN: 1998-1090
Journal home page: www.aensiweb.com/ANAS
Effect of Allium Sativum Leaf Extracts on Glucose Tolerance in Glucose-Induced
Hyperglycemic Mice
Diponcor Ghosh, Indrani Mandal, Jannatul Ferdous Rumi, Ummay Kawchur Trisha, Humayra Jannat, Mousumi
Ahmed, Mohammed Rahmatullah
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Development Alternative, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh.
ARTICLE INFO
Article history:
Received 2 April 2014
Received in revised form
13 May 2014
Accepted 28 May 2014
Available online 27 June 2014
Keywords:
Allium sativum,
OGTT, Liliaceae
antihyperglycemic,
ABSTRACT
The methanolic extract of Allium sativum leaf was evaluated for its antihyperglycemic
potential in Swiss albino mice. Antihyperglycemic activity was evaluated through oral
glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in glucose-loaded mice. In antihyperglycemic activity
tests conducted with glucose-loaded Swiss albino mice, methanolic extract of leaves
significantly and dose-dependently reduced blood glucose concentrations. At extract
doses of 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg per kg body weight mice, the percent lowering of
blood sugar by the extract was, respectively, 16.7, 37.0, 42.6, and 52.8. A standard
antihyperglycemic drug, glibenclamide, when administered to glucose-loaded mice at a
dose of 10 mg per kg body weight, reduced blood sugar levels by 47.3%. Thus at the
highest dose of the extract (400 mg), the percent lowering of blood sugar was greater
than that of glibenclamide. The results demonstrate that the methanolic extract
possesses antihyperglycemic potential, which can prove useful in lowering of blood
glucose in diabetic patients.
© 2014 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved.
To Cite This Article: Diponcor Ghosh, Indrani Mandal, Jannatul Ferdous Rumi, Ummay Kawchur Trisha, Humayra Jannat, Mousumi
Ahmed, Mohammed Rahmatullah., Effect of Allium Sativum Leaf Extracts on Glucose Tolerance in Glucose-Induced Hyperglycemic Mice
Adv. in Nat. Appl. Sci., 8(8): 66-69, 2014
INTRODUCTION
Allium sativum L. (Liliaceae) is known as garlic in English and roshun in Bengali. The plant belongs to the
onion genus, Allium. It is widely cultivated throughout the world for both culinary and medicinal purposes. The
cloves are the main part consumed or used medicinally, although ethnomedicinal use of the leaves is not
unknown. The tribals of Chitteri Hills, Dharmapuri District, Tamil Nadu, India use leaves of the plant as
anthelmintic, antiasthmatic, anticholesterolemic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, diuretic, stomachic, and
antidiabetic (Kadhirvel et al., 2010). The cloves of the plant are used as natural remedies against diabetes and
related complications in Mauritius (Mootoosamy and Mahomoodally, 2014).
Garlic cloves have been the most scientifically studied part with relation to diabetes and diabetes-induced
complications than other parts of the plant. Administration of ethanolic extract of the cloves has been shown to
produce hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits (Sher et al., 2012). In
streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, elevated levels of glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides were found to be
decreased when garlic clove juice was administered for 3 weeks prior to streptozotocin injection, thus showing
that garlic has also preventive properties (Masjedi et al., 2013).
The hypoglycemic effect of methanol
extract of garlic cloves has also been shown in alloxan-induced diabetes in male Wistar rats. Administration of
extract led to inhibition of rat intestinal alpha-glucosidase and enhancement of pancreatic and cardiac Glut-4
mRNAs expression (Moradabadi et al., 2013). S-allylcysteine, a component of garlic clove has been shown to
improve streptozotocin-induced alterations of blood glucose, liver cytochrome P450 2E1, plasma antioxidant
system and adipocytes hormones in diabetic rats (Saravanan and Ponmurugan, 2013). Raw garlic clove
homogenate has been found to attenuate cardiac oxidative stress in fructose-fed diabetic rats via activation of
PI3K/AKT/Nrf2-Keap1 pathway (Padiya et al., 2014).
We have been conducting extensive pharmacological studies on Bangladeshi medicinal plants towards
identifying plants with antihyperglycemic, antinociceptive, and cytotoxic activities (Anwar et al., 2010; Jahan et
al., 2010; Rahman et al., 2010; Rahmatullah et al., 2010; Shoha et al., 2010; Ali et al., 2011; Barman et al.,
2011; Hossan et al., 2011; Jahan et al., 2011; Rahman et al., 2011; Sutradhar et al., 2011; Ahmed et al., 2012;
Corresponding Author: Mohammed Rahmatullah, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Development Alternative,
Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh.
Tel: 88-01715032621; Fax: 88-02-815739; E-mail: [email protected]
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Mohammed Rahmatullah et al, 2014
Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 8(8) July 2014, Pages: 66-69
Arefin et al., 2012; Haque et al., 2012; Sathi et al., 2012). The objective of this study was to evaluate the
antihyperglycemic potential of methanol extract of leaves of Allium sativum.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Leaves of Allium sativum were collected from Mullatagor, Kushtia district, Bangladesh during October
2013. The plant was taxonomically identified at the Bangladesh National Herbarium at Dhaka (Accession
Number 38,573). The sliced and air-dried leaves of Allium sativum were grounded into a fine powder and 100g
of the powder was extracted with 500 ml methanol for 48 hours. The extract was evaporated to dryness at 40 oC.
The final weight of the extract was 5.49g.
Chemicals:
Glibenclamide and glucose were obtained from Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Bangladesh.
Animals:
In the present study, Swiss albino mice (male), which weighed between 15-20g were used. The animals
were obtained from International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B). All animals
were kept under ambient temperature with 12h light followed by a 12h dark cycle. The animals were
acclimatized for three days prior to actual experiments. The study was conducted following approval by the
Institutional Animal Ethical Committee of the University of Development Alternative, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Antihyperglycemic activity:
Glucose tolerance property of methanol extract of Allium sativum leaves was determined as per the
procedure previously described by Joy and Kuttan (1999) with minor modifications. In brief, fasted mice were
grouped into six groups of six mice each. The various groups received different treatments like Group 1
received vehicle (1% Tween 80 in water, 10 ml/kg body weight) and served as control, group 2 received
standard drug (glibenclamide, 10 mg/kg body weight). Groups 3-6 received methanol extract of Allium sativum
leaves (ASME) at doses of 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg per kg body weight. Each mouse was weighed and doses
adjusted accordingly prior to administration of vehicle, standard drug, and test samples. All substances were
orally administered. Following a period of one hour, all mice were orally administered 2 g glucose/kg of body
weight. Blood samples were collected 120 minutes after the glucose administration through puncturing heart.
Blood glucose levels were measured by glucose oxidase method (Venkatesh et al., 2004).
The percent lowering of blood glucose level was calculated as follows.
Percent lowering of blood glucose level = (1 – We/Wc) X 100,
where We and Wc represents the blood glucose concentration in glibenclamide or ASME administered mice
(Groups 2-6), and control mice (Group 1), respectively.
Statistical analysis:
Experimental values are expressed as mean ± SEM. Independent Sample t-test was carried out for statistical
comparison. Statistical significance was considered to be indicated by a p value < 0.05 in all cases.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, and saponins in the extract.
In oral glucose tolerance tests conducted with glucose-loaded Swiss albino mice, methanolic extract of
leaves significantly and dose-dependently reduced blood glucose concentrations. At extract doses of 50, 100,
200 and 400 mg per kg body weight mice, the percent lowering of blood sugar by the extract was, respectively,
16.7, 37.0, 42.6, and 52.8. A standard antihyperglycemic drug, glibenclamide, when administered to glucoseloaded mice at a dose of 10 mg per kg body weight, reduced blood sugar levels by 47.3%. Thus at the highest
dose of the extract (400 mg), the percent lowering of blood sugar was greater than that of glibenclamide. The
results are shown in Table 1 and demonstrate that the methanolic extract possesses significant
antihyperglycemic potential, which can prove useful in lowering of blood glucose in diabetic patients.
Leaves of the plant are known to contain among other constituents cholorogenic acid, phloroglucinol,
quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucoside, rutin, and stigmasterol (Duke, 1992). Chlorogenic acid has been shown to
inhibit both alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes in a dose-dependent manner (Oboh et al., 2014) and
as such, can play a role in the observed antihyperglycemic activity of the extract. Notably, postprandial
hyperglycemia in diabetes could be ameliorated by inhibiting intestinal α-glucosidases, and ethanol extract of
banana pseudostems (containing stigmasterol) has been shown to inhibit mammalian intestinal alphaglucosidases activity (Ramu et al., 2014). A phloroglucinol derivative from the brown alga Eisenia bicyclis has
been found to be effective in inhibiting glycation and alpha-amylase (Okada et al., 2004). Quercetin-3-O-beta-
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Mohammed Rahmatullah et al, 2014
Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 8(8) July 2014, Pages: 66-69
D-glucoside has been isolated from a Chinese medicine, Tang-Zhi-Qing, used for the treatment of Type 2
diabetes in China (Tao et al., 2013). Rutin has been implicated as one of the active constituent in the blood
glucose lowering effect of Tectona grandis flowers in Type 2 diabetic rats (Ramachandran and Rajasekaran,
2014). Any or a combination of the above compounds may be responsible for the observed glucose-lowering
effects as seen in the present study with ASME. As such, the extract merits further studies towards isolation and
identification of the active component(s).
Table 1: Effect of methanol extract of Allium sativum leaves on blood glucose level in hyperglycemic mice following 120 minutes of
glucose loading.
Treatment
Dose (mg/kg body
Blood glucose level (mmol/l)
% lowering of blood
weight)
glucose level
Control (Group 1)
10 ml
5.98 ± 0.27
Glibenclamide (Group 2)
10 mg
3.15 ± 0.29
47.3*
ASME (Group 3)
50 mg
4.98 ± 0.21
16.7*
ASME (Group 4)
100 mg
3.77 ± 0.23
37.0*
ASME (Group 5)
200 mg
3.43 ± 0.19
42.6*
ASME (Group 6)
400 mg
2.82 ± 0.10
52.8*
All administrations were made orally. Values represented as mean ± SEM, (n=6); *P < 0.05; significant
compared to hyperglycemic control animals.
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