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"Three Fishery" Problems and the Poyang Lake Fishery Continual Development XU Bin Jiangxi Finance & Economic University, Business Administration College and Center for Regulation & Competition, P.R.China [email protected] Abstract: With the Poyang lake Fishery as example, based on introducing fishery resource's exhaustion, fisherman's economy polarization and fisher village's social conflict, the paper analyses "three fishery" problems and suggest resolving them in the Poyang Lake finally. Keywords: the Poyang Lake, "three fishery" problems, continual development 1 Introduction The Poyang Lake is the biggest fresh water lake in our country and an important fresh water fishery base, always called "precious lake", "natural fish storage" and has prominent position in national economy of Jiangxi province. But recently frequent disaster, contaminative environment, predatory fishing in the Po yang lake region cause the decline of fishery resources, thus make fishermen's in the lake per national income and per pure income is lower than the average level in the whole province, make living standard descend gradually and cause many social antinomies and fishery dispute in the lake region, even take place to fight and war, seriously influence on economy development and society stability in the lake. As a result, the study on "three fishery" problems in the Poyang lake region not only relates to the rise and fall of river fishery resources in Jiangxi province and Yangtze River valley, but also has great influence on national economy and people's livelihood and economic development of fisher village in the Poyang lake region. 2 Fishery resources exhausted in the Poyang Lake Take a wide view of the fishery industry development history in Jiangxi province, existent problem is very rigorous: (One) the fishery catching strength surge. Some fishermen disregard exaltation fishing strength, improve fishing way for the sake of brief income and use the illegal operation fishing method to drain the pond to get all the fish for example electrify fish, bomb fish, poison fish etc. They use packing a harmful fishing tackle and fishing method of rebuild or added mobile bottom dragnet net and airtight eye spread net, fixation net, enticing array, block river net and load spring dike, and moat spring lake etc., even still working in the "rest fishing period". Hence it appeared the vicious cycle of "more catching less fish, less fish more catch". (Two) the fishery catching yield is excessive. In order to obtain higher economic benefit, many fishermen illegally catch at forbidden fishing period and region, even carry on depredation catch, result in serious loss towards spawn relative body, young body resources and supplement resource colony. In order to catching strength exceed the natural reborn ability of fishery resources; several fishermen broke the natural continuance foundation of the Poyang lake fishery resources. They cause the fishery resources yield descended completely since 1980 and main economic fish decreased sharply. (Three) the water environment is worsen. A lot of adopted sand activity break fish dwell place for rest, wander and breed. According to understanding, in the Poyang lake region adopted sand ship dig region which radius reach 60 meters and depth reach more than 30 meters, but the clarity of lake water in the adopted sand district is almost zero, which polluted living ecosystem and internal water quality at lake bottom, seriously broke water living biologic existence environment and the vegetative chain that fish relied on existence. Great deals of ships adopted sand work still seriously influenced on fish activity passage and made fishery environment gradually worsen. 774 3 Fisherman's income descended in the Poyang Lake Along with fish catch efficiency declining day by day and fishery resources getting worse, the fishermen's income’ increase in the Poyang Lake slows down, the living standard starts to descend. Subjected to various restriction with subjective and external condition, a part of fishermen who leave lake, especially fishermen in the faraway fisher village, because of maladjustment or finding no a new employment post, they unemployed and got into plight. According to the survey on fishermen in the Po yang lake living condition, we find out that these are economy polarization phenomenon in the fishermen community currently. (A)Fishermen's living standard continuously falls. The Poyang lake carries out whole forbidden fishing system at 2002 year. It made that the fishery resources have instauration. However, after forbidden fishing for four years, fishery administration discovers that the total efficiency in fishery industry unexpectedly descends and a great deal of fishermen struggle for living. Sample survey suggests that before the whole lake forbidden fishing, fishermen's income is basic stable, professional per family fishermen's gross income is 17,500 dollars annual, the cost expenditure occupy 40% or so, fishermen is average five people per family, fishermen's income is 2100 dollars annual; professional per family fishermen's gross income just is 9,000 dollars annual, folded into net income is 5400 dollars, professional per family fishermen's pure income only is 1080 dollars annual[1]. It shows that fishermen at the inland water region differ from inshore fishermen, inshore fishermen can be engaged in ocean catch at forbidden fishing period, but the fishermen at inland water region get into living embarrassment very easily after forbidden fishing. (Two)The fishermen's income gap continues to extend. If fall of fishermen's income isn't enough to explain their living worse, so compared with the farmer in same period, the circumstance is more obvious. According to the survey on the fishing regions in Nanchang county, Poyang county, Jiujiang county near by Poyang lake, the per family fishermen's income respectively is 2667 dollars, 2621 dollars, 3000 dollars, 2496 dollars and 2500 dollars in Nanchang county in 2000~2004, per family farmer's incomes more than 5000 dollars in the county; the per family fishermen's income is 1320 dollars in Nanchang county in 2004, the per family farmer's income is more than 1800 dollars; the per family fishermen's income respectively is 2085 dollars, 1861 dollars, 2268 dollars, 2326 dollars and 2359 dollars in Jiujiang county in 2000~2004, the circumstance is wore than the Nanchang county[2]. (C)Special difficult community already forms. The fishermen's income gap extends, living standard descends, plus the life salvage mechanism of local government is imperfect or dysfunctional. These also make the fishermen who can not catch little or no fish face a larger predicament and remain that professional fishermen in the Poyang lake concentrates mostly Poyang and Yugan counties which are national poverty support and development pivot county, their financial power is limited and don't carry on salvage for fishermen up to now. In the Poyang lake region, there are also considerable proportional poor village populations. For example, the percentage(brief named as poverty rate) that poor population occupy total population in the Poyang lake region is 2.36% and 0.37 percentage points more than the whole province poverty rate(1.99%)[3]. 4 Fisher valley societies depredated in the Poyang Lake People’s satisfaction degree about their living condition directly influences their support attitude to the social stabilization, but people’s satisfaction degree about their living condition is directly again decided by their economy and social status. Higher economy and social status, higher satisfaction degree about the living condition, whereas lower. Generally said, people who are satisfied with themselves living condition usually choose normal outlet to expresses their disaffection; whereas people who are not satisfied usually choose abnormal outlet to expresses their disaffection by more vigorous ways. Along with the fishery resources excessive developed, the fish region is narrowing and forbidden fishing period extending, while boats and ships suddenly increase and fishing boat from other region in great quantities flow out into the lake, the fishing ground space attains saturation. In the fishery production process, these problems lead to the resources battle which causes benefit conflict and society contradiction. See from nearer year circumstance, the social conflict problem in the Poyang lake fisher village is mainly: (A) the influence on family peace and harmony. Fishermen long term work on the lake 775 and most family relationship are worse, many husband communicate with their wives seldom, fights and quarrel occurred usually, which cause family conflict sharpened, Especially death fishermen family and unemployed fishermen family among them. (B) The influence on the social public security. First, there are occurrences on fishing conflict affairs. In catching fish process of the Poyang lake fishery, catching fish conflict affairs continuously occurred, these are just 903 kind of contradict and dispute in the lake region, 119 across county dispute among them, 17 community fights with weapons in 2008 year. Second, the lake tyrants tyrannize by neighborhood and are rampant. The problem about the domination of harbor and lake has been perplexing resident in the Poyang Lake and once influenced on social public security and economic development of the region. 5 Policy and recommendations "Three fishery" problems about the fishery resources in the Poyang lake exhausted; fishermen's economy polarization and fishing village social conflict's are more outstanding. According to the actual circumstance of fishery, if fishing village and fishermen have no ability to establish reasonable measure, so solution of "three fishery" problems walk with difficulty and it is hard to obtain effect. Withal, we put forward a few suggestions as follows: The measure aiming at fishery resources exhausted 1. To father lake by law, strictly forbid fishing overly. All levels government and fishing administration want to increase strength for fishery administration further and carry through and implement related law such as fishery law, environmental protection law and marine products resources protection regulation and Poyang Lake in Jiangxi province marsh protection regulation etc. Poyang Lake in Jiangxi province marsh protection regulation rules out that from March 20 to June 20 every year is the forbidden fishing period for the Poyang Lake. This is first time systemizes to forbid fishing in the Poyang whole lake by law form in spring and protects commendably the fishery resources of Poyang lake in Jiangxi province, so it have to strictly be carried out. 2. To set out dredging sand programs and eradicate completely to dredge out-of-order sand. See from Poyang Lake in Jiangxi province marsh protection regulation, dredging sand should be allowed, but follows from the programs. Currently, the dredging sand examination and approve right of jiangxi province have been already transfer to a lower level, but the Poyang lake dredging sand region programs don't be set out to now. We suggest that the river dredging sand administration section draw up Poyang Lake dredging sand programs quickly and establish important protective economic fish ovipositors field of the Poyang lake region, field to ask for bait and live through the winter as the forbidden dredging sand region. 3. To increase strength for throwing artificial seed. Artificial multiplication put and flow is the most directly effective method that resumes fishery resources and also a universal international way. In order to make up the shortage of the Poyang lake fishery resources rebirth quantity, we should increase fund devotion firstly, build up the Poyang lake fish artificial multiplication put and flow station, extend artificial multiplication put and flow scale, increase amount of fish kinds, resume fishery resources and species diversity. The measure aiming at fishermen's economy polarization 1. To carry out fishery method, protect fishermen's right and interest. The nation should recognize "three fishery" problems as same as "three agriculture" problems. Indeed because of construction item, tour development, lake region property right definitude etc. the fishermen lose fishing water region should be given to reasonable repair and carefully settled their production and living. In the conditioned region, the fishermen can be brought into the lowest living guarantee; we actively investigate to establish the fishermen endowment insurance system. 2. To quicken fishery industry structure adjustment, increase fishermen's income. We should actively adopt payable measure, quicken fishery industry structure adjustment step and mainly engage in breed aquatics, deepen process, circulate flexible and develop leisure fishery as the important way that increases fishermen's income. We enlarge implantation strength for the marine products process firm leader and give special discount on the revenue tax; give marine products process firm technology 776 renovation item preferential tax discount; really fulfill concerning preferential province policy for the marine products process firm using electricity; do efforts to develop leisure fishery, expand fishery development space. 3. To push forward fishery insurance with each other, build up fishery insurance system. We try for recognition and support from all levels government, implement supporting local subsidy funds, exert adequately the direction function of policy. They are decisive factors to pull insurance scale with each other, quickly push forward building up the fishery insurance policy and system. First, we want to enrich insurance category firstly and carry on operation such as fish boat insurance and fishermen safety insurance, breed aquatics insurance, fish pond pollution insurance, emergency salvage subsidy insurance, fishing village salvage and fishermen welfare etc in the fishery system, enrich insurance category, satisfy fishermen's need. Second, we want to perfect insurance with each other association. The insurance with each other association isn't a mercantile organization, but an economic entity that provides good guarantee for the fishery economy development. The measure aiming at fishing village social conflict 1. To establish reasonable fishermen cooperate organization. Under the support of all levels government, the fishing administration should actively create condition for fishermen, establish cooperation relation between fishermen who have the same operation method, more concentrated work district on the work, more outstanding contradiction, actively investigate the fishery management at the Poyang lake region, organize individual and scatter fishermen to establish fishery association. We facilitate communication and pool between far-famed boatmen, promote exchanges between close village fishermen, cancel late district antinomy, and lay solid foundation to develop the fishing dispute intermediation activity smoothly. 2. To promote fishing village into small town construction. Because fishermen idea of "even if leave lake, not go into the city" is more serious, small town development is one feasible way to guide fishermen transfer to industry. By great and medial city drive medial and small town, medial and small town drive laggard fishing village, this can speed modern step and involve many aspect widely, provide vast space and place for fishermen settlement and development after economy polarization. 3. To perfect related policy on fishermen transferring to industry. In order to push forward "the double transfers and double reduction" work smoothly, we should to consider give certain economy compensation to produce fishermen transferring to another industry appropriately. The economy compensation can be considered as follows three levels: One is to carry on redeem compensation by the government on fish boat and ship tool, any fishing boat that is included into the reducing ship plan and discarded down should be given to respective economy expiation according to the boat property and function; Two is to give fishermen transferring to industry to set economy compensation of transferring to industry; Three is to bring fishermen changing work to bring into social insurance, thoroughly get rid of worry and unstable factor. 6 Epilogues To sum up, because of fishermen's economy polarization and fisher village social conflict resulted by exhausted fishery resources, we should reply from the high level and draw up some reasonable measure. At the time fishery resources exhausted day by day, looking for a continual development road: Only whole, reasonable, adequately making use of fishery resource, by more giving, less taking, reducing burden, we should suppress economy depravation, dredge, regulate and dissolve various social conflict at fisher village, so can properly solve "three fishery" problems which restrict economy development and social stable in Poyang lake fishing region. Author in brief: Xu Bin(1978-), male, China, Han nationality, from Nanchang city of Jiangxi province, lecturer in Jiangxi finance and economic university Business Administration college and part-time researcher at the Center for regulation and competition, Doctor of Economy, mainly engaged in industry organization and agriculture problem research.(mail code: 330013). 777 Tel: 13698001010. E-mail: xubin19781220@ sina.com. Acknowledgements: This paper is the achievement summary from the youth topic of Jiangxi finance and economic university ′"three fishery problems" and fishery management system: Based on investigation about the Po yang lake fishery resource exhausted′ References [1]. Reporters. The Po yang lake forbid fishing is difficult to reach original intention; fishermen's income reduces half for four years by forbidding fishing in the whole lake. http://www.China.com. 2005-12-10 [2]. Tangyi. Lifurong. Chuanghuibai. Chenhuili. Problem of fishermen minority community in our country and countermeasure analysis. Chinese Fishery Economy.2006(4):3-7 [3]. Huangguoqin Wangxiaohong, Liuyibai. Study on agriculture continual development in the Po yang lake. Journal of Jiangxi Agriculture University (social science edition). 2005(2):5-8 778