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Transcript
1. Principles of Electrical Engineering 1.1 Fundamentals of Electronics The purpose of this section is to briefly touch upon fundamentals of electronics that will be discussed in the report. 1.1.1 Current Current consists of the flow of very large numbers of charged particles through a conductor. These charged particles are electrons and protons which are commonly referred to as elementary charges. Electric current is defined as the time rate of change of charge passing through a predetermined area4. Electric current is measured in amperes or amps (A). 1.1.2 Voltage A voltage, or potential difference, between two points in a circuit indicates the energy required to move charge from one point to another4. The voltage is a measure of the driving force for the flow of current through a circuit or conductor. This potential difference is measured in a unit called Volt (V). 1.1.3 Resistance When electric current flows through a conductor it encounters a certain amount of resistance. Resistance is the opposition to current that is provided by the conductor5. This resistance is measures in a unit called ohms (Ω). 1.1.4 Direct Current Direct current (DC) is the flow of charge in one direction through a conductor. As shown in Figure 1, the current flows in one direction through the circuit and is constant in magnitude and direction. 1 Figure 1 – Direct Current5 1.1.5 Alternating Current Alternating current (AC) is bi-directional, meaning that the flow of charge changes direction periodically5. As shown in Figure 2, the magnitude and direction of the current are not constant. From period t0 to t1 the current is positive and the flow in the circuit is clockwise. From period t1 to t2 the current is negative and the flow in the circuit is counter-clockwise. Figure 2 – Alternating Current5 1.1.5.1 Three Phase AC Power Three phase power is produced when three sinusoidal voltages that are shown in Error! Reference source not found. are generated 120o out of phase with one another. Advantages of three phase over single phase power include increased efficiency and constant supply of power. 2 1.1.5.2 Three Phase Power Delta and WYE Connections Three phase delta and WYE connections are two different arrangements where AC sources are connected. Figure 3 shows a delta configuration on the left and a WYE configuration on the right. Figure 3 – Delta and WYE Configurations4 1.2 Fundamentals of Circuitry 1.2.1 Energy Storage in Circuits Capacitance and Inductance are two methods for energy storage in a circuit. Both these methods store energy in an electromagnetic field. Two electrical components that can induce capacitance and inductance in a circuit are called capacitors and inductors, respectively. 1.2.1.1 Capacitors The most basic type of capacitor is constructed with two parallel plates and is separated by an insulating material, as shown in Figure 4. In a DC circuit a capacitor acts as an open in the circuit. 3 Figure 4 – Capacitor Construction5 1.2.2 Inductors 1.2.3 Grounding 1.2.4 Shorting 1.3 Cabling 1.3.1 Wire Shielding 1.3.2 Isolated Wires 1.4 Signals 1.4.1 Signal Noise 1.5 Schematic Symbols Wires Connected Ground Symbols Coaxial Cable or Shielded Line XXXXXXX6 4 Shielded Conductor Shielded MultiConductor Cable 5