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COOPERATIVE NATIONAL PARK RESOURCES STUDIES UNIT
UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA
Department of Botany
3190 Maile Way
Honolulu, Hawaii 9 6 8 2 2
Technical Report 5 6
VASCULAR PLANTS OF PUWHONUA o H~NAUNAU
NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK, HAWAII1
Technical Report 57
VEGETATION MAP OF PUIUHONUA o H~NAUNAU
NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK, HAWAI'I
Technical Report
56
by
Clifford W. Smith, Lani Stemmermann,
Paul K. Higashino, and Evangeline Funk
Technical Report 57
by
Jack Leishmann
February 1986
UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT W O A
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
Cooperative Agreement No. CA8008
2 0001
VASCULAR PLANTS OF
PUIUHONUA o H~NAUNAUNATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK
Clifford W. smith1, Lani ~temmermann',
~ , Evangeline ~unk'.
Paul K. ~ i ~ a s h i n oand
ABSTRACT
Three ferns and 123 flowering plants are recorded from
Puluhonuao Hcnaunau National Park. Ninety two (74%) are
alien (introduced after 1778). Six species common
sandbur, fountaingrass, lantana, nutgrass, puncture vine,
and sourgrass - have been declared noxious by the State of
Hawaii. The following nine species could disrupt
archaeological sites if left unchecked: Christmasberry,
coarl berry, kiawe, klfi, koa haole, monkeypod, noni, Iopiuma
and shrubby fleabane. Six grasses (buffelgrass,
Californiagrass, fountaingrass, Guineagrass, Natal redtop
and pili) provide a fine fuel that carries hot fires very
rapidly when dry. Some management recommendations are made
for alien plant control, fire control, and research on the
impact of fire on archaeological resources.
-
l. Department of Botany, University of Hawaii at Manoa,
3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822.
2.
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, HI
96718
INTRODUCTION
Puluhonua o HBnaunau National Historical Park is
located on the western coast of the island of Hawai'i south
of Kailua-Kona, the principal township on the west side of
the island. The area was a favored residence of the early
ruling chiefs of the island and part of the area was a place
of sanctuary. The abundant archaeological remains attest to
a large population in the area which would indicate that the
vegetation was severely disturbed. Much of the surrounding
vegetation was probably burned either deliberately or
inadvertently. Since 1778, the area has been gradually
abandonned.
The native coastal vegetation survived but inland areas
were invaded by weedy species which arrived in Hawai'i after
1778. This study provides an exhaustive assessment of the
vascular plants present in the 182 acres of the Park.
METHODS
The park was surveyed during the dry and wet seasons
during three successive years. Plants were identified in
the field and voucher specimens were made of most species so
that the Park could have a reference collection.
The abundance of the species, from casual observations,
was recorded using the following abundance classification:
Dominant
The characteristic species of a widespread
vegetation type, occuring in large numbers with
greater than 75% cover.
Abundant
Occuring locally in large numbers with greater
than 7 5 % cover, but not a characteristic
species of a widespread vegetation type.
Common
Of widespread occurence in the Park with up to
75% cover in some areas.
Occasional
Occuring throughout the Park in many vegetation
types but with less than 25% cover.
Uncommon
Occuring in low numbers in several areas or
with several individuals in only one or two
localities.
Rare
Restricted in distribution within the Park to
only one or two localities, and occuring there
in low numbers.
Introduced plants are separated into two types: Those
introduced by the aboriginial Hawaiians prior to 1778
(Polynes. intro.) and those introduced subsequently
(Historic intro.)
The ethnobotany of the plants is taken principally from
Neal (1965).
RESULTS
Three ferns in three families and 123 flowering plants
in 48 families are recorded in the Park (Appendix). The
flowering plant nomenclature follows St. John (1973).
Three-quarters of the flora is alien, that is, introduced
since 1778, twelve percent is indigenous, five endemic and
eight of Polynesian introduction (Table 1). Six of these
alien plants have been declared noxious by the State of
Hawaii (Table 2). The State Department of Agriculture
should be consulted for assistance in eradicating these
pests from the Park. A further nine species grow in such a
way that they may disturb archaeological sites if they are
not controlled (Table 3). Six grasses provide a fine fuel
which when dry will carry hot fires very rapidly (Table 4).
MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS
The weed problem in the park is serious because some of
these plants can disrupt the archaeological sites and/or
present a fire hazard. The recent establishment of at least
two species of psyllid insects has changed the ecology of
most koa haole dominated ecosystems in Hawaili. Even though
a cocinellid and two syrphid insects are controlling the
psyllids to a certain extent, the decreased vigor of the koa
haole due to the sap-sucking of the psyllid allows more
light to pass through the canopy. Consequently, the
herbaceous layer is now invaded by dense stands of grasses
and forbs further increasing the fire hazard in this
ecosystem. Unfortunately, though the koa haole vigor has
been decreased, these plants are still aggressive enough to
disrupt archaeological sites and the seed bank will maintain
the population for many years.
Ignoring this problem will result in a build-up of fuel
loads. Thus fires will burn at greater intensities in
future. Their rate of spread will also increase due to the
continuum of fuel which is replacing the previous mosaic
pattern.
There are two possible alternatives to this dilemma:
(1) Prescribed burning.
(2) Increased emphasis on manual weed control
and removal of fuels.
Prescribed burning is a controversial issue in Hawaiian
ecosystems because there are very few native species which
can withstand burning on a regular basis. In the context of
historical areas, there is the added complication that it is
2
suspected that fire will have a negative impact on rock
archaeological structures, particularly the surface
characteristics and appearance. Increasing the fire
frequency in the area will probably result in the vegetation
changing from a scrubland to a grassland, probably dominated
by fountaingrass. Therefore, prescribed burning is not
recommended as a management option.
Manual weed removal in PUHO is an effective, though
expensive, alternative. Workers must be appropriately
trained in the identification of native plants, made
familiar with archaeological remains and taught how to avoid
all unnecessary disturbance. Dead plant material must also
be gathered to prevent the build-up of fuel.
While chemical control of weeds is an effective aid in
manual weed control it is very controversial. Because any
runoff could contaminate food resources along the coast
which is heavily utilized by Local Hawaiians, it cannot be
recommended as a management tool at PUHO. Alternatively, it
is recommended that the use of seawater for weed control be
investigated. Sea water is toxic to most land plants, it is
readily available, and has no toxic effects though it may
affect lichen growth on archaelogical structures.
The following recommendations are made for the control
of alien plants in the Park:
1. Test plots which are overrun by weeds should be
established and soaked with saltwater on an
experimental basis. The testing should evaluate the
best time for treatment, the minimum number of
treatments necessary, the sensitivity of the problem
weeds, the effect on rock surface characteristics, and
the buildup of salt in the environment. The
effectiveness, manpower requirements and economics of
this approach should be estimated prior to any
consideration of parkwide implementation of this method
of weed suppression.
2. Large trees, e.g., 'opiuma, should be removed
manually but prior to their removal attempts should be
made to establish young native trees and shrubs at the
site. The following species should be considered for
reintroduction into the Park:
Hala (Pandanus odoratissimus)
Lama (Diospvros ferrea)
Maiapilo (Capparis sandwiehiana)
'ohe (Reynoldsia sandwicensis)
lalei (Osteomeles anthyllidifolia)
Wiliwili (Erythrina sandwicensis)
These plants may be able to get established in sites
partially shaded by monkeypod, koa haole and 'opiuma
prior to their removal.
3. Fountaingrass should be removed immediatelv and
infested sites periodically monitored for recurrence.
Pili grass, an alternative indigene, should be
established in these sites. Lantana and shrubby
fleabane should be treated similarly.
4. All wildfires should be suppressed to prevent the
further spread of fountaingrass.
LITERATURE CITED
Neal, M. C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii.
Museum Special Publication 50.
B. P. Bishop
St. John, H. 1973.
List and summary of the flowerins
plants in the Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Tropical Botanical
Garden Memoir Number 1.
Table 1. Summary of the status of the flowering plants at Puluhonua
o Hdnaunau National Historical Park, Hawai'i
Status
Number
Endemic
Indigenous
Historical
Polynesian
Historical
Indigenous
Indigenous
6
15
91
10
2
1
1
introduction
introduction
or Polynesian introduction
or Polynesian introduction
or historical introduction
Percent
Table 2. Plants declared noxious by Hawaiti State Department of
Agriculture which are present in Pu'uhonua o Hdnaunau National
Historical Park, Hawaiti
Scientific name
Common name
Cenchrus echinatus
Cv~erusrotundus
Lantana camara
Pennisetum setaceum
Tribulus terrestris
Trichachne insularis
sandbur
purple nutsedge
lantana
fountaingrass
puncture vine
sourgrass
Table 3. Plants found at Puluhonua o Hdnaunau National Historical
Park, Hawaili,which could disrupt archaeological sites
Scientific name
Common name
Acacia farnesiana
Leucaena leucocephala
Morinda citrifolia
Pithecelobium dulce
Pluchea odorata
Prosopis pallida
~ivinahumilis
Samanea saman
Schinus terebinthifolius
kl6
koa haole
noni
I opiuma
shrubby fleabane
kiawe
coral berry
monkeypod
Christmasberry
Table 4. Grasses found at Puluhonua o Hdnaunau National Historical
Park, Hawaififthat produce a fine fuel which, when dry, carries hot
fires very rapidly.
Cenchrus ciliaris
Brachiara mutica
Pennisetum setaceum
Panicum maximum
Rhvnchelvtrum repens
Heteroposon contortus
buffelgrass
~aliforniagrass
fountaingrass
Guineagrass
Natal redtop
pili
APPENDIX
VASCULAR PLANTS OF PU'UHONUA 0 H~NAUNAUNATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK
FERNS
&
FERN ALLIES
NEPHROLEPIDACEAE
Indigenous
Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott.
sword fern, kupukupu, nilanilau
Occasional along steep inland cliffs.
ornamental
PKH
&
Used for leis, and as an
LS 10251
POLYPODIACEAE
(Polypody Family)
Phvmatosorus scolo~endria (Burm.) Pic.-Ser.
Syn. Microsorium scolopendrium (Burm.) Copel.
laua I e
Plants in planters surrounding Park auditorium.
and as an ornamental.
PKH
&
Historic intro.
Used for leis,
LS 10320
PSILOTACEAE
(Whisk Fern Family)
Indigenous
Psilotum nudum (L.) Beauv.
moa, pipi
Uncommon along cliffs. Occasional in pahoehoe cracks near
visitor center. Used for tea and leis; spores used for talcum.
PKH
&
LS
FLOWERING PLANTS
Monocotyledones
CANNACEAE
(Canna family)
Canna indica L.
Indian shot, poloke, aliqipoe,lilipoe
Historic intro.
Rare, scattered in archaeological sites near Park's southern
boundary. Seeds used in hula rattles, leis.
PKH
&
LS 10323
COMMELINACEAE
(Spiderwort family)
Commelina diffusa B u m . f.
hairy honohono
Occasional.
PKH
&
Historic intro.
Used for greens, cattle fodder.
LS 10315
Rhoeo spathacea (Sw.) Stearn
tradescantia, oyster plant
Historic intro.
Uncommon, on rock and areas between the Park and residential
area.
PKH
&
LS 10300
CYPERACEAE
(Sedge Family)
Cyperus compressus
Historic intro.
Occasional, found throughout the Park.
PKH
&
LS 10312, 10322, 10246, 10287
Cyperus javanicus Houtt.
Iahu1awa, Iehu1awa,marsh cyperus
Common by inland brackish ponds.
fiber for rope.
PKH
&
Common by inland brackish ponds.
used to strain awa.
&
Used to strain awa, and as
LS 10285
Cyperus laeviqatus L.
makaloa, 'ehulawa
PKH
Indigenous
Indigenous
Used to make fine mats; also
LS 10279
Cyperus meyenianus Kunth.
Historic intro.
Reported by Funk (1979), not seen on this survey.
Cvperus ~olvstach~os
Rottb.
Common throughout park
PKH
&
LS 10281
Indigenous
Cvgerus rotundus L.
nutgrass, kililolopu
Historic intro.
Highway median strip. This weed has been declared noxious by
Hawaii State Department of Agriculture (HDOA).
PKH
LS 10230
&
GRAMINEAE
(Grass Family)
Historic intro.
Brachiaria mutica (Forsk.) Stapf
California grass, Paragrass
Used for cattle fodder. Heavy infestations of this grass may
disturb archaeological sites.
Cenchrus echinatus L. var. echinatus
common sandbur, lumelalu
Occasional throughout Park.
PKH
Historic intro.
Declared noxious by HDOA.
LS 10235
&
Chloris inflata Link.
swollen fingergrass, maululei
Historic intro.
Common throughout park
PKH
LS 10252 and 10316
&
Cvnodon dactvlon (L.) Pers.
Bermuda grass, mhienie, mahiki
Common along coastal areas.
PKH
&
Historic intro.
Used for lawns.
LS 10228
Cvnodon sp.
Historic intro.
One patch along coast
PKH
&
LS 10218
Dactvloctenium aesvgtium (L.) Willd.
beach wiregrass
Historic intro.
Reported by Funk (1979) not seen on this survey.
Disitaria sp.
crabgrass
Occasional throughout park
Historic intro.
Historic intro.
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.
goosegrass, wiregrass, mbnienie-alili
Occasional in main lawn area by main cultural area and along
road to picnic area.
PKH
&
LS 10250
Erasrostis tenella (L.) Beauv. ex R.
Japanese lovegrass
&
Historic intro.
S.
Small annual grass, common throughout the Park.
very hard to find in dry season.
PKH
&
LS 10233
Heteroposon contortus (L.) Beauv.
pili
Indigenous or Polynesian intro.
Planted in median strip of parking lot.
PKH
&
This grass is
Used for thatch.
LS 10296
Historic intro.
Panicum maximum Jacq.
Guinea grass
Uncommon along service road to sewage treatment facility. Used
for forage. Heavy infestations of this grass may disturb
archaeological sites.
PKH
&
LS 10311
Pennisetum setaceum (Forsk.) Chiov.
fountain grass
Historic intro.
Currently this plant is in low numbers in the Park. Several
individuals were seen and pulled. This plant spreads and its
occurence should be monitored and controlled in the park.
Declared a noxious weed by HDOA. Originally imported as an
ornamental.
Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) C. E. Hubb.
Natal redtop
Historic intro.
Abundant throughout the Park. Used as forage, and as an
ornamental.
PKH
&
LS 10241
Saccharum officinarum L.
sugar cane, k6
Historic or Polynesian intro.
Planted in main visitor display area.
inside thatch for houses.
Used for sugar; also
~istoricintro.
Sporobolus diander (Retz.) Beauv.
Indian dropseed
Uncommon along service roads.
PKH
&
LS 10298
Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Ktze.
Historic intro.
buffalo grass, St. Augustine grass, manienie-mahiki, hikihiki,
manienie-'aki-haole
Adjacent to visitor center.
PKH
&
Common in lawn.
Used for lawns.
LS 10286
Trichachne insularis (L.) Nees.
sourgrass
Historic intro.
Uncommon along service road to sewage treatment facility.
Declared noxious by HDOA.
PKH
&
LS 10319
LILIACEAE
(Lily Family)
Aloe Vera L.
Aloe, panini 'awa'awa, star cactus
Historic intro.
~ccasionalon walls and near parking lot and near ruins at Parks
S. boundary. Sap used to treat sunburn.
PKH
&
LS 10288
Cordvline terminalis (L.) Kunth
kit ti
Polynes. intro.
Planted in main cultural area and visitor center area. Used for
thatch, cordage, wrappings, capes, hula skirts, leis, hedges;
the root may be used to make 'okolehao or when properly cooked,
it may be eaten during times of famine.
PKH
&
LS 10291
Pleomele marsinata (Lam.) N. E. Br.
Planted at superintendent's house.
Historic intro.
PALMAE
(Palm family)
Polynes. intro.
Cocos nucifera L.
coconut, coco palm, niu
Common in main cultural area area and along coast in front of
administrative buildings. Fruit used as a beverage and food,
the husks for cordage (sennit), fronds used for thatch. Many
other uses.
Pritchardia sp.
lo'ulu
Endemic
Planted in the median strip of the parking lot.
thatch, fans; unripe seeds may be eaten.
Fronds used for
PANDANACEAE
(Screw Pine Family)
Pandanus tectorius Warb.
hala, pahala, pandanus
Indigenous
Occasional around visitor center. Leaves used for plaiting,
fruit for leis, & paint brushes for tapa; dyes, adventitious
roots for paint.
PKH
&
LS 10268
Dicotvledones
A1ZOACEAE
(Carpetweed Family)
.um portulacastrum (L.) L.
Indigenous
Zkulikuli, sea purslane
Common along brackish ponds.
PKH
&
LS 10280
AMARANTHACEAE
(Amaranth Family)
Alternanthera repens (L.) Ktze.
khaki weed
Occasional along trails and service roads.
PKH
&
LS 10254
Historic intro.
Used for tea.
Amaranthus spinosus L.
spiny amaranth, thorny amaranth, pakai-kuk6
Historic intro.
Occasional throughout Park, Edible flower heads and leaves.
PKH
&
LS 10229
Historic intro.
Amaranthus viridis L.
slender amaranth, pakai
Occasional throughout Park. Edible inflorescence.
PKH
&
LS 10265
ANACARDIACEAE
(Mango Family)
Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi
Christmas berry, nani-o-hilo, wileaiki
Historic intro.
Uncommon throughout Park. This plant is in low numbers at the
present. Plants should be eradicated before they spread
throughout the Park. Red fruit clusters used in leis and
wreaths. Heavy infestations of this species could disturb
archaeological sites.
PKH
&
LS 10307, 10282
APOCYNACEAE
(Periwinkle Family)
Catharanthus roseus (E.) G. Don
red periwinkle, Madagascar periwinkle
Historic into.
Occasional throughout the Park. Used as an ornamental;
poisonous.
PKH
&
LS 10224
Historic intro.
plumeria ruba L.
red plumeria, frangipani
Planted in areas adjacent to parking lot and main entrance.
Used as an ornamental, leis; poisonous.
BIGNONIACEAE
(Bignonia Family)
~rescentiacujete L.
calabash tree, latamia
Planted behind visitors center.
PKH
&
LS 10274
Historic intro.
Fruit made into hula rattles.
BORAGINACEAE
(Heliotrope Family)
Cordia subcordata Lam.
kou
Polynes. intro.
Several trees near visitor center and along coast.
fine dark wood, ornamental, leis.
PKH
&
Used for
LS215
~eliotropiumcurassavicum L.
Nena, kipfikai, hinahina
Indigenous
Rare, along strand. Used for tea.
PKH
&
LS 10328
Messerschmidia arsentea (L.f.) Johnston
Tree heliotrope
Only one plant in main cultural area.
PKH
&
Historic intro.
Used for shade, greens.
LS 10290
Mvosotis azorica H. C. Wats. ex Hook
forget-me-not
~istoricintro.
Reported by Funk (1979), not seen on this survey. Used as an
ornamental.
CACTACEAE
(Cactus Family)
Cereus undatus Haworth
night blooming cereus, pspipipua
Historic intro.
Restricted to rock walls adjacent to park and residential area.
Used for hedges, and as an ornamental.
CAPPARACEAE
(Caper Family)
Capparis sandwichiana DC. var. zoharyi Deg.
maiapilo, pua-pilo
Rare, growing in a'a along main road.
to joints, broken bones.
PKH
&
LS 10264
&
Deg.
Endemic
Plant pounded and applied
Historic intro.
Cleome spinosa L.
spider flower
Reported by Funk (1979), not seen on this survey.
Historic intro.
Gvnandro~sisavnandra (L.) Briq.
African spider flower, wild spider flower, honohina
Common throughout Park.
PKH
61
LS 10257
CARICACEAE
(Papaya Family)
Historic intro.
Carica papaya L.
Papaya, pawpaw, mikana, milikana, papaia, heti
Rare, a few plants along inland cliffs.
flowers made into leis.
PKH
&
Edible fruit, male
LS 10220
CHENOPODIACEAE
(Goosefoot Family)
Atriplex semibaccata R. Br.
Australian salt bush, semibaccate salt bush
Historic intro.
Common throughout Park. Used for forage.
PKH
&
LS 10266
Chenopodium album L.
pigweed, lamb's quarters, "heahea
Historic intro.
Occasional, in transition zone between the strand and scrub.
Used for greens.
PKH
&
LS 10235
COMBRETACEAE
(Terminalia Family)
Terminalia catappa L.
Historic intro.
false kamani, tropical almond, kamani-haole, kamani'ula
Planted in areas adjacent to visitor center.
PKH
&
LS 10222
Edible nut.
COMPOSITAE
(Sunflower Family)
Historic intro.
Aberatum convzoides I,.
.
ageratum, maile honohono
Uncommon along inland cliffs, this plant may be more widely
distributed during wetter periods. Used medicinally in some
cultures.
PKH & LS 10245
Bidens cynapifolia HBK.
West indian beggar's tick
Historic intro.
Occasional throughout Park.
PKH
&
LS 10221
,I
Bidens pilosa L. var. minor (Bl.) Sherff
beggar's tick
__
t
_
-
Historic intro.
Occasional throughout Park.
PKH
&
LS 10244
Bidens pilosa L. var. pilosa
Historic intro.
Spanish needle, beggar's tick, ki-nehe, ki, ko~oko~olau,
pilipili
Occasional throughout Park.
PKH
&
LS 10278
Ecli~taalba (L.) Hassk.
false daisy
Historic intro.
Occasional in lawn and adjacent to brackish ponds. Used
medicinally - externally for skin diseases, internally as a
purgative.
PKH
&
LS 10270
~miliaiavanica (Burm. f.) C. B. Robins.
red pua-lele
Uncommon throughout the Park.
PKH
&
LS 10231
Historic intro.
Leaves eaten in Malaysia.
Historic intro.
Gnaphalium Durpureum L.
purple cudweed
Uncommon around Park storage facilities.
PKH
&
LS 10326
Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass.
pluchea, shrubby fleabane, sour bush
Historic intro.
Uncommon throughout Park. This weed should be monitored and
controlled. Its spread to archaeological sites should be
prevented. Dried, flower heads sometimes used for leis.
PKH
&
LS 10253
CONVQLW~ACEAE
(Morning-glory Family)
Polynes. intro
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Poir
luala, *iwala, sweet potato, kamara
.t .
Planted in median strip along Park entrance.
eaten.
PKH
&
.
Storage root
LS 10302
Ipomoea brasiliensis (L.) Sweet
p6huehue, beach morning glory
Indigenous
Occasional along strand; Some medicinal uses.
PKH
&
LS 10216
Ipomoea tuboides Deg. & van Ooststr
Hawaiian moon flower
Hawaiians ate roots and stems in time of famine.
PKI-I & LS 10276
CRASSULACEAE
(Orpine Family)
Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.
airplant, life plant, 'oliwa-ku-lcahakai
..
Historic intro.
Occasional along road to sewage facilities and near southern
boundary.
PKH
&
LS 10310
CRUCIFERAE
(Mustard Family)
Lepidium virqinicum L.
wild peppergrass
Historic intro.
Occasional near visitor center
CUCURBITACEAE
(Gourd, Squash Family)
Cucumis dipsaceus Ehrenb. ex Spach
wild cucumber, teasel-gourd, hedgehog gourd
Historic intro.
Rare.
Momordica charantia L. var. pave1 Crantz
balsam apple, peria
Occasional throughout the Park.
young shoots and leaves.
PKH
&
Historic intro.
Green fruit eaten along with
LS 10217
EUPHORBIACEAE
(Spurge Family)
Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.
kukui, tutui, candlenut tree
Polynes. intro.
Kernels strung together on coconut midribs and used as candles;
also eaten as a relish ('inamona) after baking. Raw kernal used
as a purgative. All parts of plant used in medicine. Primary
tapa dye from bark; primary black paint from burned fruit.
PKH
&
LS 10273, 10306
Euphorbia qlomerifera (Millsp.) L. C. Wheeler
Historic intro.
Occasional throughout the Park.
PKH
&
LS 10237
Historic intro.
Euphorbia hirta L.
garden spurge, hairy spurge, golondina, koko-kahiki
Occasional throughout the Park.
PKH
&
LS 10236
Historic intro.
~uphorbiaprostrata Ait.
prostrate spurge
Uncommon along service roads.
PKH
&
LS 10295
GOODENIACEAE
(Naupaka Family)
Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb. var. sericea
(Vahl) St. John
Indigenous
naupaka-kahakai, huahekili, beach scaevola, half flower
~ccasionalin coastal areas. Leaves used to treat indigestion,
and used for poultices. Leaves cooked for greens.
PKH
&
LS 10226
GUTTIFERAE
(Mangosteen Family)
Calo~hylluminophvllum L.
kamani, Alexandrian laurel
Polynes. intro.
Planted in the Heiau area. Seeds yield medicinal oil, wood used
for calabashes, boats, and cabinets.
PKH
&
LS 10292
LABIATAE
(Mint Family)
Ocimum qratissimum L.
Historic intro.
Occasional, near South boundary, in old sites.
PKH
&
LS 10324
Plectranthus parviflorus Willd,
spurflower, cockspurflower, lala'ala-wai-nui
Occasional on inland cliffs.
PKH
&
LS 10260
Historic intro.
LEGUMINOSAE
(Pea Family)
Historic intro.
Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.
klG, kolfi, aroma, popinac
Occasional. Flowers yield perfume, stems produce a glue.
infestations could disturb archaeological sites.
PKH
&
Heavy
LS 10312
Cassia bicapsularis L.
Historic intro.
Occasional. Leaves are a purgative, the wood used for
paper-making.
PKH & LS 10227
Historic intro.
Cassia leschenaultiana DC
partridge pea, lauki
Occasional throughout the Park.
trouble.
PKH
&
Roots used in India for stomach
LS 10305
Cassia occidentalis L.
coffee senna, faukoti,miki palalo
Historic intro.
Occasional.
PKH
&
LS
Historic intro.
Cassia sp.
PKH & LS 10327
Historic intro.
rotal la ria sp.
rattlebox
Plants and seeds poisonous to livestock.
PKH
&
LS 10258
Indisofera suffruticosa Mill.
indigo, linik6, Iinikoa, kolG
Occasional.
Dye derived from fermented plant.
PKH & LS 10248
Historic intro.
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
koa-haole, Gkoa, ipilipili
Historic intro.
Abundant. Seeds strung in leis. In the West Indies, young pods
are eaten by people, but can cause horses to lose their hair.
This plant forms dense thickets which could disturb
archaeological sites.
PKH
&
LS 10223
~ithecellobiumdulce (Roxb.) Benth.
Iopiuma, madras thorn, Manila tamarind
Historic intro.
Common. Used for hedges, lumber, gum, medicine, fodder. Should
be removed from important archeological sites to prevent damage.
PKH
&
LS 10238
Prosopis-pallida (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) HBK.
kiawe, algaroba, mesquite
Historic intro.
Common. Pods used for fodder, wood for fuel, flowers for honey,
trees for reforestation. This plant could disturb
archaeological sites.
PKH
&
LS 10308
Samanea samam (Jacq.) Merr.
monkeypod, rain tree, I6hai
Historic intro.
-
C
% -
occasional. Shade tree, wood used for bowls, leis made from
seeds. This plant could disturb archaeological sites.
PKH
&
LS 10255
Tamarindus indica L.
,
tamarind, wi, wi-Iawa1awa
r
Historic intro.
Rare. Planted near superintendentlshouse and along old road
mauka of sewage treatment facility. Fruit pulp used in curries,
candies, beverages; seeds and flowers are eaten.
PKH
I
I
&
LS 10304
Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers.
Iahuhu, Iauhuhu, "uhola,
Polynes. intro.
hola
Rare, along service road leading to sewage treatment facility..
Pounded plant used as fish poison.
PKH
&
LS 10309
LOGANIACEAE
(Strychnine Family)
Historic intro.
Fasraea berteriana Gray ex Benth.
pua-kenikeni
Planted in visitor center area.
Used for leis.
MALVACEAE
(Hibiscus Family)
Abutilon qrandflorum (Willd.) Sweet
hairy albutilon, ma'o
Historic intro.
-
Occasional throughout the park.
PKH
&
LS 10219
Historic intro.
Gossvpium barbadense L.
cotton, pulupulu-haole
Plant near canoe house. This plant should be removed.
fiber, seeds yield an oil used for cooking.
PKH
&
Cotton
LS 10284
Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke
false mallow, hauoi
Historic intro.
-
Occasional throughout the park.
PKH
&
LS 10242
Sida fallax Walp.
ilima
Uncommon.
PKH &
.e
Indigenous
Used for leis, some forms used medicinally.
LS 10259
Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland. ex Correa
milo, portia tree
Polynes. intro.
Occasional in main cultural area and near Visitors Center.
Beautifully grained wood used for calabashes.
PKH & LS 10275
4
% -
MORACEAE
(Mulberry Family)
Broussonetia papvrifera (L.) Vent.
wauke, paper mulberry
Polynes. intro.
Planted adjacent to visitor center.
PKH
&
Used for tapa.
LS 10321
NYCTAGINACEAE
(Four ofclock Family)
Boerhavia coccinea
Occasional along coast.
PKH
&
Historic intro.
LS 10225
Bousainvillea spectabilis Willd.
bougainvillea
Historic intro.
Planted along main highway to entrance. Used as an ornamental.
PKH
&
LS 10303
OLEACEAE
(Olive Family)
Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait.
pikake, Arabian jasmine, Queen Emmafs flower
Plant adjacent to canoe house.
PKH
&
Historic intro.
Used for leis.
LS 1010
Noronhia emarsinata (Lam.) Stadm. in Thouars
Madagascar olive
Historic intro.
Planted near visitor center.
PKH
&
LS 10277
OXALIDACEAE
(Wood Sorrel Family)
Oxalis corniculata L.
lady's sorrel, yellow wood sorrel, h i , h
Occasional throughout the park.
PKH
&
LS 10297, 10314
a
.
Polynes intro.
, 'ihi-'awa
Leaves used medicinally.
PAPAVERACEAE
(Poppy Family)
Arsemone slauca Pope, var. deci~iensG. B. Ownbey
pua-kala, kala, pokalakala, haule
Endemic
Rare, only one plant seen growing adjacent to storage area.
used for toothache.
Sap
PASSIFLORACEAE
(Passion Flower Family)
Passiflora foetida L.
Historic intro.
scarlet-fruited passion flower, love-in-a-mist, running pop,
Uncommon.
PKH
&
LS 10267
Historic intro.
Passiflora suberosa L.
huehue-haole
Uncommon near Visitor Center.
PKH
&
LS 10283
PHYTOLACCACEAE
(Pokeweed Family)
Rivinia humilis L.
rouge plant, coral berry
Common, growing in ruins.
to be poisonous.
PKH
&
Historic intro.
Roots, fruits, and young growth said
LS 10247
PIPERACEAE
(Pepper Family)
Peperomia le~tostachvaH. & A.
-
'alatala-wai-nui,kupaliti
Occasional, growing at base of cliffs.
PKH
&
LS 10239
Indigenous
PLUMBAGINACEAE
(Leadwort Family)
Plumbaqo zeylanica L.
'iliete,hiliege, kupukupu-'ula
Uncommon.
PKH
&
Indigenous
Poisonous, sap used for staining tattoo marks.
LS
POLYGONACEAE
(Buckwheat Family)
Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L.
sea grape
Historic intro.
Planted near main heiau area and superintendent's house.
edible fruits.
PKH
&
Sour
LS PO289
PORTULACACEAE
(Purslane Family)
Portulaca cvanosperma Egler
'ihi, blue-seeded portulaca
Endemic
Occasional throughout the Park.
PKH
&
LS 10263
Portulaca oleracea L.
Historic intro.
Common purslane, wild portulaca, pigweed, Iihi, 'ihi-'ai,
'dkulikuli-'lau-li'i, Akulikuli-kula
occasional throughout the Park.
many countries.
PKH
&
Cooked and eaten as greens in
LS 10299, 10256, 10269
Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn.
Historic intro.
Occasional in brushy areas.
PKH
&
LS 10243
Talinum trianqulare (Jacq.) Willd.
Occasionally along trail going past lava tube.
PKH
&
LS 10240
Historic intro.
RUBIACEAE
(Coffee Family)
Historic intro.
Borreria laevis (Lam.) Griseb.
buttonweed, spermacoce
Occasional near visitors center
PKH
&
LS 10294
~istoricintro.
Coffee arabica L.
Arabian coffee
Cultivated in vicinity of Visitors Center. Fruit yields coffee
beans which are dried roasted and ground for a beverage.
PKH 61 LS 10
Morinda citrifolia L.
noni, Indian mulberry
Polynes. intro.
Occasional throughout park. Roots yield a yellow dye, fruit a
famine food; leaves, fruit, and bark a medicine. This plant
could disturb archaeological sites.
PKH
&
LS 10262
SOLANACEAE
(Nightshade Family)
Nicotiana glauca Grah.
tree tobacco, wild tobacco, mdkdhala paka
Historic intro.
Reported by Funk (1979), not seen on this survey.
poison, medicinally used in Mexico.
Nicotiana tabaccum L.
tobacco, paka
Uncommon, growing in storage area.
PKH
&
Used for
Historic intro.
Dried leaves smoked.
LS 10325
Solanum niqrum L. var. niqrum
black nightshade, pdpolo
Uncommon.
Used medicinally.
PKH & LS 10293
Indigenous
or ~istoricintro.
STERCULIACEAE
(Cocoa Family)
Indigenous
Waltheria americana L.
hitaloa, 'uhaloa, kanakaloa
Occasional throughout the park. Juice of root used medicinally
as pain reliever - e.g. sore throats.
PKH & LS 10232
THYMELAEACEAE
(IAkia Family)
Endemic
Wikstroemia pulcherrima Skottsb.
bkia
Rare near visitors center.
PKH
&
Bark used for fiber, fish poison.
LS 10272
TILIACEAE
(Linden Family)
Triumfetta semitriloba (L.) Jacq.
burbush
Historic intro.
Occasional
VERBENACEAE
(Verbena Family)
Lantana camara L.
lantana, lgkana, mikinolia-hihiu
Occasional.
Historic intro.
Noxious weed should be eradicated.
PKH & LS 10261
Vitex ovata Thunb.
Indigenous
pdhinahina, p6linalina, kolokolo-kahakai, beach vitex
Planted in median strip at park entrance.
PKH & LS 10301
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
(Tribulus Family)
Tribulus terrestris L.
puncture vine
Historic intro.
Common along service road and trails. This plant should be
removed because of its sharp fruits and its potential to
spread. Declared noxious by HDOA.
PKH & LS 10249