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Chapter 24
An Age of Modernity,
Anxiety, and Imperialism,
1894 - 1914
The Eiffel Tower at the World’s Fair of 1900 in Paris
p723
Toward the Modern Consciousness:
Intellectual and Cultural Developments
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Developments in the Sciences: the
Emergence of a New Physics
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Challenging classical physics
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Marie Curie (1867 – 1934) and Pierre Curie (1859 –
1906): radiation and atoms
Max Planck (1858 – 1947): quantum theory
The work of Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955)
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Theory of relativity
Four dimensional space-time continuum
Energy of the atom
Marie Curie
p724
Toward a New Understanding of the
Irrational
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Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 – 1900)
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Glorification of the irrational
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Concept of the Superman
Henri Bergson (1859 – 1941)
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Blame Christianity for decadence of Western
society
“God is dead”
Reality could only be grasped intuitively and
experienced directly
Georges Sorel (1847 – 1922)

Revolutionary socialism and the general strike
Freud and Darwinism
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Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939) and
Psychoanalysis
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Role of the unconscious
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Battle among id, ego, and superego
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Repression and psychic conflict
The Impact of Darwin
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Social Darwinism
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Herbert Spencer (1820 – 1903): “fit” societies
Racism

Link of evolutionary ideas to national identity and
struggles

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Friedrich von Bernhardi (1849 – 1930)
Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855 – 1927)
Sigmund Freud
p726
The Attack on Christianity
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New Challenges: Science and Modernity
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State control of church courts, religious orders,
and appointments results in anticlericalism
Failed attempts at suppression of science
The emergence of higher criticism

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Ernst Renan (1823 – 1892): Life of Jesus
Response of the Churches
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Rejection of modern ideas and forms
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Pope Pius IX’s Syllabus of Errors (1864)
Growth (and condemnation) of Modernism
Compromise
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Leo XIII’s De Rerum Novarum (1891)
The Culture of Modernity: Literature
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Naturalism
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Continuation of Realism but with a new
pessimism about the future

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Golden age for Russian literature

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Example: Émile Zola (1840 – 1902)
Leo Tolstoy (1828 – 1910) and Fyodor Dostoevsky
(1821 – 1881)
Symbolism

Reaction against Realism
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Objective knowledge of the world was impossible
Art should function for its own sake
Modernism in the Arts
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Impressionism
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Innovation, originality, and new subjects

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Post-Impressionism
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Emphasis on light and color; new focus on
structure and form
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Camille Pissarro (1830 – 1903)
Claude Monet (1840 – 1926)
Subjective reality
Vincent van Gogh (1853 – 1890)
The Search for Individual Expressionism

New influences of photography
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Cubism: Pablo Picasso (1881 – 1973)
Abstract painting: Wassily Kandinsky (1866 – 1944)
Claude Monet, Impression, Sunrise
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Berthe Morisot, Young Girl by the Window
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Paul Cezanne, Mont Sainte-Victoire
p732
Vincent van Gogh, The Starry Night
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Modernism in Music
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New Styles and Emphases
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The influence of folk music and nationalism
Edvard Grieg (1843 – 1907)
Claude Debussy (1862 – 1918)
Musical primitivism
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Igor Stravinsky (1882 – 1971)
Sergei Diaghilev (1872 – 1929)
Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon
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Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon
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Wassily Kandinsky, Square with White Border
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Politics: New Directions and New
Uncertainties
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The Movement for Women’s Rights
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Gains in divorce and property rights
New professions
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The development of nursing
The right to vote
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Growing demands, division over tactics
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Efforts for peace
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Emmeline Pankhurst (1858 – 1928)
 Women’s Social and Political Union, 1903
Bertha von Suttner (1843 – 1914)
The New Woman
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Maria Montessori (1870 – 1952)
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New roles and teaching materials
The Struggle for the Right to Vote
p737
The Struggle for the Right to Vote
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The Struggle for the Right to Vote
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Jews in the European Nation-State
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Impact of Citizenship and Emancipation
Anti-Semitism in the Austrian Empire and
Germany
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Persecution of Jews in Eastern Europe
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Fusing anti-Semitism, nationalism, and politics
Home to 72 percent of world Jewish population
Limitations and pogroms fuel emigration
The Zionist Movement
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Theodor Herzl (1860 – 1904)
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The Jewish State, 1896
Palestine
p739
The Transformation of Liberalism
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Great Britain
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Liberal reforms driven by trade unions and the
Labour Party
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Trade union demands: “collective ownership”
Fabian Socialists: advocating political activism
 Formation of Britain’s Labour Party
David Lloyd George (1863 – 1945)
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Abandons laissez-faire, backs social reform measures
National Insurance Act, 1911
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Beginnings of the welfare state
The Irish problem: home rule and conflict
Italy
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Giovanni Giolitti’s use of trasformismo
France: Travails of the Third Republic
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The Fragility of the Third Republic
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Anti-Semitism in the Dreyfus affair
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Radicalism of government
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Impact at home and abroad
Purging of enemies
Separation of church and state, 1905
Quelling of political threats but little redress
for worker disconent
Growing Tensions
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Germany
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William II (1888 – 1918)
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Military and industrial power
Conflict of tradition and modernization
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Demands for more participation
Strong nationalists and right-wing politics
Austria-Hungary: the Problem of Nationalities
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Lack of stability
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Growing agitation and nationalism
Subjugation of nationalities
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Emperor Francis Joseph and Count István Tisza
Industrialization and Revolution in
Imperial Russia
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Surge of State-sponsored Industrialism
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Developing working class and socialist parties
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Marxist Social Democratic Party, Minsk, 1898
Growing opposition to tsarist regime of
Nicholas II (1894 – 1917)
The Revolution of 1905
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Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905
General strike, October 1905
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Granting of civil liberties and a legislative body,
Duma
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Curtailment of power of the Duma, 1907
Failure of the Revolution
Nicholas II
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CHRONOLOGY Politics, 1894–1914
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The United States and Canada
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The Rise of the United States
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Shift to an industrial nation, 1860-1914
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American Federation of Labor
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Reform in the Progressive Era
Woodrow Wilson, 1913-1921
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Included only 8.4 percent of industrial labor force
Income tax and Federal Reserve System
Growth of Canada
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Challenges to unity in the Dominion of Canada
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Distrust in divded Quebec
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William Laurier, First French Canadian prime minister
1896, and attempted reconciliation
Canada, 1871
p744
The New Imperialism
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Causes of the New Imperialism
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Competition among European nations
The role of Social Darwinism and racism
Religious motives
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Humanitarianism and the “white man’s burden”
The economic motive
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Economic imperialism
Soap and the White Man’s Burden
p745
The Scramble for Africa
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South Africa
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Britain’s Cape Colony
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Great Trek, 1835
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Region between Orange Free State and the Vaal River
(Transvaal)
Cecil Rhodes (1853 – 1902)
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Tensions with the Boers (Afrikaners)
Diamond and gold companies
Seizure of the Transvaal
Attempts to overthrow the neighboring Boer
Government
The Boer War, 1899-1902
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Lessons on the costliness of modern warfare
Union of South Africa, 1910
MAP 24.1 Africa in 1914
Map 24.1 p748
The Struggle for South Africa
p748
The Scramble for Africa
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Portuguese and French Possessions
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Other British Possessions
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Leopold II (1865 – 1909) and the Congo
German Possessions
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From Egypt and the Suez Canal to the Sudan
Belgium and Central Africa
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Portugal’s hold on Mozambique and Angola
French expansion: Algeria, West Africa, Tunisia,
and Morocco
Imperialism in South West Africa, Cameroon,
Togoland, and East Africa
Impact on Africa
CHRONOLOGY The New Imperialism: Africa
p749
Imperialism in Asia
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The British in Asia
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From private to imperial control in India, 1876
The Russians in Asia
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A product of Russia’s traditional expansionism
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Steady growth at the expense of the Ottoman
Empire
Temporary halt after defeat against Japan, 1905
China
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British acquisition of Hong Kong
Creation of Western spheres of influence
MAP 24.2 Asia in 1914
Map 24.2 p751
Imperialism in Asia
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Japan and Korea
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Southeast Asia
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New contacts: Matthew Perry opens Japan,
1853-1854
Japan’s emergence as a power allows for
domination of Korea
British and French control and rivalry
American Imperialism

The Spanish-American War, 1898
The French in Southeast Asia
p752
CHRONOLOGY The New Imperialism: Asia
p753
Responses to Imperialism
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Africa
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New class of educated African leaders
Resentment of foreigners for many exploited
by imperial practices
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Intellectual hatred of colonial rule
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Complaints of the middle-class Africans
Political parties and movements
China

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Antiforeign revolt: the failed Boxer Rebellion,
1900-1901
Sun Yat-sen (1866 – 1925) and the fall of the
Manchu dynasty, 1912
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Establishment of the Republic of China
The West and Japan
p754
Responses to Imperialism
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Japan
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Mutsuhito, 1867 – 1912
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Meiji Era (Enlightened Government)
Westernization of military and industry
India

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British control brings peace, honest
government, Western technology, and
Western education
The price of British rule

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Extreme poverty
Indian National Congress, 1883
Japanese Expansion
p754
International Rivalry and the
Coming of War
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The Bismarckian System
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The Balkans: decline of Ottoman power
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New Alliances
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The Congress of Berlin, 1878
Triple Alliance, 1882: Germany, Austria, and Italy
Reinsurance Treaty between Russia and Germany,
1887
Dismissal of Bismarck, 1890
New Directions and New Crises
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Triple Entente, 1907: Britain, France, Russia
Triple Alliance, 1907: Germany, AustriaHungary, Italy
The Balkans in 1878
p756
Crisis in the Balkans, 1908-1913
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Setting the Stage for World War I
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Austrian annexation of Bosnia and
Herzegovina, 1908
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First Balkan War, 1912
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Serbian protest and Russian support of Serbia
Balkan League defeats the Ottomans
Second Balkan War, 1913
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Greece, Serbia, Romania, and the Ottoman Empire
attacked and defeated Bulgaria
Serbia’s ambitions
London Conference
MAP 24.3 The Balkans in 1913
Map 24.3 p757
CHRONOLOGY European Diplomacy
p757
Chapter Timeline
p758
Discussion Questions
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How did the “new view” of science change thinking
about the universe?
What radical changes in concepts about human
behavior followed as a result of Sigmund Freud’s
work?
What was the new racism? How were Darwin’s
ideas of natural selection transformed to apply to
civilization?
Support or refute: Imperialism was beneficial to the
nations in which it occurred.
Why would the European nations worry about the
rise of a militaristic Germany?