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Biodiversity
Many metabolic processes evolved here.
Adaptation to an environment
filled with oxygen evolved.
Figure 15.10
The Diversity of Protists
– All protists are eukaryotes.
• Evolution of eukaryotic cells:
Protozoans
– Protozoans
• Live primarily by ingesting food.
Slime Molds
Plasmodial slime mold
Cellular
Slime molds
Unicellular Algae
– Algae
• Are photosynthetic protists.
• Are found in plankton (phytoplankton).
Evolution
of
multicellularity
Seaweeds
– Seaweeds
• Are large, multicellular marine algae.
• Grow on rocky shores and just offshore.
• Are often edible.
Figure 16.2
– Leaves
• Are the main photosynthetic
organs of most plants.
• Have stomata for gas
exchange.
• Contain vascular tissue for
transporting vital materials.
Vascular tissue is also
found in the roots and
shoots of plants.
Highlights of Plant Evolution
– The fossil record chronicles four major
periods of plant evolution.
Bryophytes
Seedless vascular plants
Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
Angiosperm
life cycle
Many adaptations for spreading seeds
Figure 16.19
Fungi
– Fungi are extremely important to
ecosystems because they decompose
and recycle organic materials.
What Is an Animal?
– Animals
• Are eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic
organisms that obtain nutrients by ingestion.
• Digest their food within their bodies.
Burgess Shale pics
http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/geo102/burgess/burgess.htm
Animal Diversity Web
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Daphnia_pulex.html
Animal Phylogeny
– To reconstruct
the
evolutionary
history of
animal phyla,
researchers
must depend
on clues from
the fossil
record,
comparative
anatomy,
embryology,
and molecular
biology.
– The first branch point is defined by the
presence of true tissues.
Sponge:
Lacks true tissues
Cnidarians - true tissues
– Phylum Cnidaria
• Is characterized by the presence of body
tissues, radial symmetry, and tentacles with
stinging cells.
Thimble jellies - cause
disorder called Seabather’s
eruption
http://animals.jrank.org/pages/
1495/Jellyfish-ScyphozoaTHIMBLE-JELLY-Linucheunguiculata-SPECIESACCOUNTS.html
Animal Phylogeny
– To reconstruct
the
evolutionary
history of
animal phyla,
researchers
must depend
on clues from
the fossil
record,
comparative
anatomy,
embryology,
and molecular
biology.
– The second major evolutionary split is
based partly on body symmetry.
Cnidarians - radial symmetry
– Phylum Cnidaria
• Is characterized by the presence of body
tissues, radial symmetry, and tentacles with
stinging cells.
Thimble jellies - cause
disorder called Seabather’s
eruption
http://animals.jrank.org/pages/
1495/Jellyfish-ScyphozoaTHIMBLE-JELLY-Linucheunguiculata-SPECIESACCOUNTS.html
Flatworms - bilateral symmetry
– Phylum Platyhelminthes
• Is represented by the simplest bilateral animals.
• Includes free-living forms such as planarians
and parasitic forms such the tapeworm.
Animal Phylogeny
– To reconstruct
the
evolutionary
history of
animal phyla,
researchers
must depend
on clues from
the fossil
record,
comparative
anatomy,
embryology,
and molecular
biology.
– Third, the evolution of body cavities led to
more complex animals.
– A body cavity
• Is a fluid-filled
space
separating the
digestive tract
from the outer
body wall.
• May be a
pseudocoelom
or a true
coelom.
Animal Phylogeny
– To reconstruct
the
evolutionary
history of
animal phyla,
researchers
must depend
on clues from
the fossil
record,
comparative
anatomy,
embryology,
and molecular
biology.
Giant octopus attacks submarine
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9L
HTWmaOKpg
Cool mollusc movie! Scroll down
1/3rd way down
http://www.junglewalk.com/popup.as
p?type=v&AnimalVideoID=722
Purple clam opens
http://www.junglewalk.com/popup.as
p?type=v&AnimalVideoID=3220
Roundworms
– Roundworms exhibit two innovations not found
in flatworms:
• A complete digestive tract with two openings, a mouth
and an anus
• A body cavity, which in this case is a pseudocoelom
Annelids
– Phylum Annelida
• Includes worms with body segmentation.
Christmas tree worms movie
http://www.junglewalk.com/popup.asp?type=v&AnimalVideoI
D=8797
Student project on annelids
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Ab96Fdt5Gs
leeches
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4BOsjHURdg&feature=r
elated
Animal Phylogeny
– To reconstruct
the
evolutionary
history of
animal phyla,
researchers
must depend
on clues from
the fossil
record,
comparative
anatomy,
embryology,
and molecular
biology.
Arthropod Diversity
– There are four main groups of arthropods:
• Arachnids, such as spiders, scorpions, ticks,
and mites
• Crustaceans, such as crabs, lobsters, crayfish,
shrimps, and barnacles
• Millipedes and centipedes
• Insects, most of which have a three-part body
Animal Phylogeny
– To reconstruct
the
evolutionary
history of
animal phyla,
researchers
must depend
on clues from
the fossil
record,
comparative
anatomy,
embryology,
and molecular
biology.
Echinoderms
– Phylum Echinodermata
• Is named for the spiny surfaces of
the organisms.
• Includes sea stars, sand dollars, sea
urchins, and sea cucumbers.
Animal Phylogeny
– To reconstruct
the
evolutionary
history of
animal phyla,
researchers
must depend
on clues from
the fossil
record,
comparative
anatomy,
embryology,
and molecular
biology.
Characteristics of Chordates
– Members of the phylum Chordata all share four
key features:
•
•
•
•
A dorsal, hollow nerve cord
A notochord
Pharyngeal slits
A post-anal tail
The Vertebrate Genealogy
– Vertebrates
• Are represented by mammals, reptiles,
amphibians, and fishes.
• Have unique features, including the cranium
and backbone.
Animal Phylogeny
– To reconstruct
the
evolutionary
history of
animal phyla,
researchers
must depend
on clues from
the fossil
record,
comparative
anatomy,
embryology,
and molecular
biology.
– An
overview of
chordate
and
vertebrate
evolution
– Cartilaginous fishes have a flexible
skeleton made of cartilage.
• Sharks have a lateral line system sensitive to
vibrations in the water.
– Bony fishes
• Have a skeleton reinforced by hard calcium
salts.
• Have a lateral line system, a keen sense of
smell, and excellent eyesight.
– An
overview of
chordate
and
vertebrate
evolution
Amphibians
– Amphibians
• Exhibit a mixture of
aquatic and terrestrial
adaptations.
• Usually need water to
reproduce.
– An
overview of
chordate
and
vertebrate
evolution
Reptiles
• lay amniotic eggs in which the embryo
develops.
• possess other adaptations for living on land
including waterproof skin.
Birds
– Almost every element of bird anatomy is
modified for flight:
• Bones that are honeycombed, which makes them
lighter
• The absence of some internal organs, which also
reduces weight
– Physiologically, birds are endotherms,
• Maintaining a warm, constant body temperature,
enhancing metabolic output.
Mammals
– Two features are mammalian hallmarks:
• Hair
• Mammary glands that produce milk and nourish
the young
– There are three major groups of mammals:
• Monotremes, the egg-laying mammals,
constitute the first group.
– The second group of mammals,
marsupials, are the so-called pouched
mammals.
Kangroo birth
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6xi0x_jGlK4
– Eutherians are also called placental
mammals.
• Their placentas provide more intimate and
long-lasting association between the mother
and her developing young than do marsupial
placentas.
The Human Ancestry
Humans are primates
The Emergence of Humankind
– Humans and apes have shared a common
ancestry for all but the last 5–7 million
years.
– Paleoanthropology
• Is the study of human evolution.
Some Common Misconceptions
– Our ancestors were
not chimpanzees or
any other modern
apes.
– Chimpanzees and
humans represent
two divergent
branches of the
anthropoid tree.
– Human evolution
• Is not a ladder with a series of steps leading
directly to Homo sapiens.
• Is more like a multi-branched bush than a
ladder.
– Upright posture and an enlarged brain
appeared at separate times during human
evolution.
Australopithecus and the
Antiquity of Bipedalism
– Before there was the genus Homo, several
hominid species of the genus
Australopithecus walked the African
savanna.
– Fossil evidence pushes bipedalism in A.
afarensis back to at least 4 million years
ago.
Homo Habilis and the
Evolution of Inventive Minds
– Homo habilis, “handy-man,”
• Had a larger brain.
• Probably made stone tools.
Homo Erectus and the Global
Dispersal of Humanity
– Homo erectus was the first species to
extend humanity’s range from Africa to
other continents.
– The global dispersal began about 1.8
million years ago.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
– Homo erectus
• Was taller than H. habilis.
• Had a larger brain.
• Gave rise to Neanderthals.
The Origin and Dispersal of
Homo Sapiens
– The oldest known fossils of our own
species, H. sapiens,
• Were discovered in Ethiopia.
• Date from 160,000 to 195,000 years ago.
– Fossil evidence suggests that our species
emerged from Africa in one or more waves,
• Spreading first into Asia and then to Europe
and Australia.
Evolution of Culture
Figure 17.45