Download Review questions for Exam 3

Review Questions for Exam #3
Lecture 11: Animal Nutrition (Ch. 41, plus pgs. 868-872 of Ch 40)
1. All the questions from the Ch 40/41 Reading guide (posted on Feb 13 if you want to print out a
blank copy). Please remember the Intracellular typo (not Inter) and revision of question #14
2. What are the four categories of macromolecules that animals are made of? What are the building
blocks (monomers) of each?
3. What happens in a hydrolysis reaction?
4. How is food prevented from going down the trachea?
5. How do the cells of the stomach prevent being destroyed by the HCL and pepsin as they are
produced?
6. How does the absorption of fats differ from the absorption of simple sugars or amino acids?
7. Provide examples of strategies to increase surface area in the digestive tract. Be specific.
8. Complete the Comparison Table for digestion
L12: Regulation of Digestion (Ch 41)
1. Compare and contrast the endocrine system and nervous system.
2. What is a reflex?
3. What is controlled by each of the following divisions: sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric.
4. What are satiety signals?
5. Provide at least one example of a mutualism between an animal and bacteria involving digestion.
4. Fill in the following table on hormones
where it is
released from?
(including cell
type if specified)
what triggers its
release?
Gastrin
Secretin
Cholecystokinin
(CCK)
Leptin
Gherelin
PYY (peptide YY)
Insulin
Glucogon
Page 1 of 3
what cell
type/structure its
acts on?
what are the
results?
L13: Circulation, Part 1 (Ch 42)
1. What are the different functions of a circulatory system?
2. Why do some organisms need a circulatory system?
3. Define diffusion.
4. What is a circulatory system made up of (components)?
5. Complete the Comparison Table for circulation
6. For each of the following, compare/contrast the structures and discuss any benefits/drawbacks:
A. gastrovascular cavity vs. circulatory system
B. open vs. closed circulatory system
C. single circulation vs double circulation
D. 2 vs 3 vs 4 chambered hearts
7. Draw a human heart (Fig 42.7) – make it large. Label all of the parts, including the major
arteries/veins. Add a representation of the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit (Fig. 42.6). Add
arrows showing the direction of blood flow.
8. What is a pulmocutaneous circuit?
9. What does a portal vein do?
L14: Circulation, Part 2 (Ch 42)
1. Draw a a series of pictures showing the 3 major stages of the cardiac cycle (use a human heart).
Label the chambers, valves, major arteries/veins, use the terms systole and diastole (what do these
mean?) and demonstrate what is happening in terms of blood flow.
2. Add the SA (sinoatrial) node and the AV (atrioventricular) node to your drawing above. Add
descriptions to your drawing that briefly explain what is happening with the SA node and the AV node
during the cardiac cycle.
3. Arteries & Veins
A. What are the structural differences between arteries and veins?
B. What do these different structures tell you about their functions?
C. Capillaries are the site of exchange in the body. What should their structure be like in
comparison to arteries or veins?
D. What happens to the flow (velocity) of liquid when it moves from a larger pipe to a smaller
pipe?
E. Make a quick sketch of what you think blood flow (velocity) would be at different locations in
the body. Include: Aorta, main arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, main veins, vena cava
F. Make a quick sketch of what you think blood pressure would be at different locations in the
body. Include: Aorta, main arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, main veins, vena cava
G. Compare your drawings to Fig 42.11. If there are differences in what you expect to see, what
might explain those differences?
4. How do vasoconstriction and vasodilation affect blood pressure?
5. How is blood flow too capillaries controlled?
6. What are 3 things (physiologically or structurally) that occur to help veins return blood to the heart?
7. What two factors control flow of fluid between the blood and the interstitial fluid?
8. What is the role of the lymphatic system in circulation?
9. What is blood?
10. What are the major components of plasma?
11. What are the cellular components of blood?
12. Explain the process of blood clotting, including the role of enzymes and enzyme activation, and
how it is an example of a positive feedback loop.
Page 2 of 3
L15: Gas Exchange (Ch 42)
1.
2.
3.
4.
What is the purpose of gas exchange?
How do you calculate partial pressure?
Compare/contrast air and water as respiratory media?
What are some factors that contribute to the variability of partial pressure of oxygen and carbon
dioxide in water?
5. What is a dead zone and what causes it?
6. What are common characteristics of all respiratory surfaces?
7. Complete the Comparison Table for respiration
8. What is the purpose of ventilation?
9. Compare/contrast the structures of gills, tracheal systems and lungs. Provide examples of how
each are ventilated.
10. What is counter current exchange and why is it found in so many different regulatory systems
(temp, respiratory, osmoregulatory)?
11. How do the lungs clean themselves?
12. Describe the processes of positive pressure breathing vs. negative pressure breathing.
13. Compare/contrast the structure/functionality of the lungs of mammals (human) vs. birds.
14. Return to the drawing you made for circulation which shows the heart, systemic circuit (and
tissues) and pulmonary circuit (and lungs). Add to the diagram where the partial pressure of
oxygen is highest and lowest. Add to the drawing where the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is
highest and lowest.
15. How do mammals solve the problem of oxygen’s low solubility in water?
16. What is cooperativity or cooperative binding and why is it important?
17. What is the Borh shift?
18. How does the concentration of carbon dioxide affect the pH of blood or interstitial fluid?
19. Make a diagram explaining how carbon dioxide is transported from tissues to lungs.
20. What part of the brain is considered the breathing control center?
21. Explain what is happening in Fig 42.29. Is this a positive or negative feedback loop?
22. What are some adaptations of diving mammals?
Page 3 of 3