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Lab #15 Muscles of the Head and Neck Muscles The Axial Muscles • Divisions based on location and function: – muscles of head and neck – muscles of vertebral column – oblique and rectus muscles – muscles of pelvic floor 6 Muscle Groups of the Head and Neck • 3. Muscles of mastication: – move the mandible • 4. Muscles of the tongue: – names end in glossus (FYI) • 5. Muscles of the pharynx: – begin swallowing process (FYI) • 6. Anterior muscles of the neck: – control position of larynx – depress the mandible – support tongue and pharynx 6 Muscle Groups of the Head and Neck • 1. Muscles of facial expression: – originate on skull • 2. Extrinsic (outside) eye muscles: (don’t need to know) Muscles of Facial Expression • Orbicularis oris: – constricts the mouth opening • Buccinator: – moves food around the cheeks • Corrugator supercilli – wrinkles forehead • Orbicularis oculi – sphincter of eye 1 Muscles of the Epicranium (Scalp) Others • Zygomaticus – pull skin of mouth up and out when smiling • Levator labii superiorus – raises upper lip • Depressor labii inferiorus – “pouting” muscle Muscles of Facial Expression • Temporoparietalis • Occipitofrontalis: – frontal and occipital bellies – separated by epicranial aponeurosis • Platysma: – covers anterior surface of neck Muscles of Facial Expression Figure 11–4a Summary: Muscles of Facial Expression Table 11–2 (1 of 2) Figure 11–4b Summary: Muscles of Facial Expression Table 11–2 (2 of 2) 2 3 Muscles of Mastication Muscles of Mastication • Masseter: – the strongest jaw muscle • Temporalis: – helps lift the mandible • Pterygoid muscles (FYI): – position mandible for chewing Figure 11–6 Summary: Muscles of Mastication Muscles of the Tongue Don’t need to know any of these Table 11–4 Muscles of the Neck Figure 11–7 Anterior Muscles of the Neck • Digastric: – from chin to hyoid – also hyoid to mastoid • Platysma: – covers anterior surface of neck • Sternocleidomastoid: – from clavicle and sternum to mastoid Figure 11–9 3 Summary: Anterior Muscles of the Neck Table 11–7 Lab 19: Muscles of the chest and abdomen • • • • • • • • • • Muscles of the chest and abdomen • Remember: if it’s not on the list, you don’t have to locate it or write about it in the lab report Muscles to know Oblique and rectus muscles pectoralis major serratus anterior intercostals (external, internal) diaphragm rectus abdominus obliques (external, internal) transverse abdominus trapezius latissimus dorsi splenius capitus • Lie within the body wall • Generally: – obliques groups are lateral – rectus muscles lie on the anterior midline 4 Oblique and Rectus Muscles • Oblique muscles: Cervical Oblique Muscles • FYI: Cervical region: – compress underlying structures – rotate vertebral column – scalene muscles – flex the neck • Rectus muscles: – flex vertebral column – oppose erector spinae Oblique and Rectus Muscles of the Thoracic region Thoracic Oblique Muscles • Thoracic region: – intercostal muscles (external and internal intercostals): • respiratory movements of ribs – FYI: transversus thoracis: • cross inner surface of ribs Figure 11–11a, b Thoracic Rectus Group Oblique and Rectus Muscles of the Abdominopelvic region • Diaphragmatic muscle or diaphragm: – divides thoracic and abdominal cavities – performs respiration Figure 11–11a, c 5 Abdominopelvic Oblique Muscles • Abdominopelvic region (same pattern as thoracic): – external oblique muscles – internal oblique muscles • Transversus abdominis – deep to internals Summary: Oblique and Rectus Muscles Rectus Group -Abdominopelvic • Rectus abdominis: – between xiphoid process and pubic symphysis – divided longitudinally by linea alba – divided transversely by tendinous inscriptions Muscles that Position the Pectoral Girdle Table 11–9 (1 of 2) Muscles that Position the Pectoral Girdle (1 of 3) • Trapezius: – HUGE – superficial – covers back and neck to base of skull – inserts on clavicles and scapular spines Figure 11–14b Muscles that Position the Pectoral Girdle (2 of 3) • Rhomboid and levator scapulae: – deep to trapezius – attach to cervical and thoracic vertebrae – insert on scapular border 6 Muscles that Position the Pectoral Girdle (3 of 3) Summary: Muscles that Position the Pectoral Girdle • Serratus anterior: – on the chest – originates along ribs – inserts on anterior scapular margin – “serrated” Tables 11–11 Muscles that Move the Arm Muscles that Move the Arm (1 of 3) • Deltoid: – the major abductor of arm • Supraspinatus: – assists deltoid • Subscapularis and teres major: – produce medial rotation at shoulder Figure 11–15b Muscles that Move the Arm (2 of 3) • Infraspinatus: – produce lateral rotation at shoulder Muscles that Move the Arm (3 of 3) • Pectoralis major: – between anterior chest and greater tubercle of humerus – produces flexion at shoulder joint • Latissimus dorsi: – between thoracic vertebrae and humerus – produces extension at shoulder joint 7 Shoulder flexion vs extension • Pecs and portion of delts • Lats and portion of delts The Rotator Cuff • Muscles involved in shoulder rotation – supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres minor,and their tendons Muscles that Position the Pectoral Girdle • Rhomboid and levator scapulae: – deep to trapezius – attach to cervical and thoracic vertebrae – insert on scapular border Muscles of the shoulders, arm, and hand • Also saw trapezius and serratus anterior Muscles to know • • • • • • • • • supraspinatus infraspinatus subscapularis teres major rhomboid levator scapulae deltoid biceps brachii brachialis • • • • • • • • Muscles that Move the Arm triceps brachii flexor carpi radialis flexor carpi ulnaris flexor digitorum sup. extensor carpi ulnaris extensor digitorum extensor carpi radialis brachioradialis Figure 11–15a 8 Muscles that Move the Arm Muscles that Move the Arm (1 of 3) • Deltoid: – the major abductor • Supraspinatus: – assists deltoid • Subscapularis and teres major: – produce medial rotation at shoulder Figure 11–15b Muscles that Move the Arm (2 of 3) • Infraspinatus: – produce lateral rotation at shoulder Muscles that Move the Arm (3 of 3) • Pectoralis major: – between anterior chest and greater tubercle of humerus – produces flexion at shoulder joint • Latissimus dorsi: – between thoracic vertebrae and humerus – produces extension at shoulder joint The Rotator Cuff Summary: Muscles that Move the Arm • Muscles involved in shoulder rotation – supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres minor,and their tendons Table 11–12 9 Muscles that Position the Pectoral Girdle • Rhomboid and levator scapulae: – deep to trapezius – attach to cervical and thoracic vertebrae – insert on scapular border Extensors and Flexors • Extensors: – mainly on posterior and lateral surfaces of arm • Flexors: – mainly on anterior and medial surfaces Muscles that Move the Forearm and Hand Muscles that Move the Forearm and Hand • Originate on humerus and insert on forearm • Exceptions: – the major flexor (biceps brachii) – the major extensor (triceps brachii) Muscles that Move the Forearm and Hand • Biceps brachii: – flexes elbow – stabilizes shoulder joint – originates on scapula and humerus – inserts on radial tuberosity Muscles that Move the Forearm and Hand -Extensors • Triceps brachii: – extends elbow – originates on scapula (three spots) – inserts on olecranon • Brachialis and brachioradialis: – assist in flexing elbow (synergists) Figure 11–16a 10 Muscles that Move the Forearm and Hand - Flexors Muscles that Move the Forearm and Hand • Flexor carpi ulnaris: – superficial – flexes wrist – adducts wrist Figure 11–16b Muscles that Move the Forearm and Hand • Flexor carpi radialis: – superficial – flexes wrist – abducts wrist Muscles that Move the Forearm and Hand • Extensor carpi radialis: – superficial – extends wrist – abducts wrist Muscles that Move the Forearm and Hand • Extensor carpi ulnaris: – superficial – extends wrist – adducts wrist Figure 11–16a 11 Summary: Muscles that Move the Forearm and Hand Figure 11–16b Table 11–13 (1 of 2) Muscles to know Muscles of the Pelvis, Leg and Foot Muscles of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs • Pelvic girdle is tightly bound to axial skeleton: – permits little movement – has few muscles • • • • • • • • • • • psoas major iliacus gluteus maximus gluteus medius sartorius quadriceps femoris (4) gracilus adductor longus biceps femoris semitendinosis semimembranosus • • • • • • • • tibialis anterior ext hallucis longus ext digitorum longus fibularis (peroneus) longus gastrocnemius soleus flexor hallucis longus flexor digitorum longus Muscles that Position the Lower Limbs 1. Muscles that move the thigh 2. Muscles that move the leg 3. Muscles that move the foot and toes 12 Generally… • • • • Muscles that are lateral are abductors Muscles that are medial are adductors flexors are on inner surface of joint extensors are on outer surface of joint Muscles that Move the Thigh • • • • Gluteal muscles Lateral rotators Adductors Iliopsoas group Note: in legs and feet, look at each joint individually (cf. arms) Muscles of hip and thigh • • • • • psoas major iliacus gluteus maximus gluteus medius adductor longus Gluteal Muscles (2 of 2) Gluteal Muscles (1 of 2) • Cover lateral surfaces of ilia • Gluteus maximus: – largest, most posterior gluteal muscle – produces extension and lateral rotation at hip – Originates on illiac crest, etc., inserts on illiotibial tract and femur Muscles that Move the Thigh • Gluteus medius and [gluteus minimus]: – originate anterior to gluteus maximus – insert on trochanter of femur Figure 11–19a, b 13 Muscles that Move the Thigh Adductors • Adductor longus: – hip flexion and adduction • Gracilis (UPPER LEG): – hip flexion and adduction Figure 11–19c, d Summary: Muscles that Move the Thigh Iliopsoas group • 2 hip flexors insert on the same tendon: – psoas major • originates on lumbar vetebrae, inserts on femur – iliacus • originates on illium/fossa Table 11–16 (1 of 2) Summary: Muscles that Move the Thigh Muscles that Move the Leg • Flexors of the knee: – originate on the pelvic girdle – generally: hamstrings • Extensors of the knee: – originate on the femoral surface – insert on the patella – generally: quads Table 11–16 (2 of 2) 14 Flexors of the Knee • • • • Hamstrings Biceps femoris Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Sartorius: • Made up of: – biceps femoris (long and short heads) – semimembranosus – semitendinosus – originates superior to the acetabulum – long, ribbon-like muscle – traverses the quads and wraps around to the back of the knee Muscles that Move the Leg • All are knee flexors Extensors of the Knee • 4 muscles of the quadriceps femoris: – 3 vastus muscles: • vastus lateralis • vastus medialis • vastus intermedius – rectus femoris muscle Figure 11–20a Muscles that Move the Leg Figure 11–20b, c Summary: Muscles that Move the Leg Table 11–17 (1 of 2) 15 Summary: Muscles that Move the Leg Muscles that Move the Foot and Toes • Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and toes include: – muscles that produce extension at the ankle (Plantar flexion) – muscles that produce flexion at the ankle – muscles that produce extension at the toes – muscles that produce flexion at the toes Table 11–17 (2 of 2) Muscles that Produce Extension at the Ankle (Plantar flexion) Muscles that Move the Foot and Toes Calf muscles Large posterior calf muscles, both insert on Achilles): • Gastrocnemius • Soleus • Fibularis longus Figure 11–21a, b Muscles that Move the Foot and Toes The Achilles Tendon • The calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon): – shared by the gastrocnemius and soleus Figure 11–21c, d 16 Muscles that Produce Flexion at the Ankle Muscles that Move the Foot and Toes • Tibialis anterior: – opposes the gastrocnemius Figure 11–21a, b Muscles that Move the Foot and Toes Muscles that Produce Extension at the Toes • Extensor digitorum longus • Extensor hallucis longus Toe extensors are on top of foot Note: there are no muscles in toes themselves (only tendons) Figure 11–21c, d The Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Muscles that Produce Flexion at the Toes • Flexor digitorum longus • Flexor hallucis longus: – oppose the extensors Toe flexors are on bottom of foot Figure 11–22a 17 The Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Figure 11–22b, c Summary: Muscles that Move the Foot and Toes Table 11–18 Lab 15 • This is a huge lab (it covers ~3-4 labs worth of material) • Due on day of practical (11/22) 18