Download Lab 15

Lab #15
Muscles of the Head and
Neck
Muscles
The Axial Muscles
• Divisions based on location and function:
– muscles of head and neck
– muscles of vertebral column
– oblique and rectus muscles
– muscles of pelvic floor
6 Muscle Groups of
the Head and Neck
• 3. Muscles of mastication:
– move the mandible
• 4. Muscles of the tongue:
– names end in glossus (FYI)
• 5. Muscles of the pharynx:
– begin swallowing process (FYI)
• 6. Anterior muscles of the neck:
– control position of larynx
– depress the mandible
– support tongue and pharynx
6 Muscle Groups of
the Head and Neck
• 1. Muscles of facial expression:
– originate on skull
• 2. Extrinsic (outside) eye muscles:
(don’t need to know)
Muscles of Facial Expression
• Orbicularis oris:
– constricts the mouth opening
• Buccinator:
– moves food around the cheeks
• Corrugator supercilli – wrinkles forehead
• Orbicularis oculi – sphincter of eye
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Muscles of the
Epicranium (Scalp)
Others
• Zygomaticus – pull skin of mouth up and
out when smiling
• Levator labii superiorus – raises upper
lip
• Depressor labii inferiorus – “pouting”
muscle
Muscles of Facial Expression
• Temporoparietalis
• Occipitofrontalis:
– frontal and occipital bellies
– separated by epicranial aponeurosis
• Platysma:
– covers anterior surface of neck
Muscles of Facial Expression
Figure 11–4a
Summary: Muscles of
Facial Expression
Table 11–2 (1 of 2)
Figure 11–4b
Summary: Muscles of
Facial Expression
Table 11–2 (2 of 2)
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3 Muscles of Mastication
Muscles of Mastication
• Masseter:
– the strongest jaw muscle
• Temporalis:
– helps lift the mandible
• Pterygoid muscles (FYI):
– position mandible for chewing
Figure 11–6
Summary: Muscles of
Mastication
Muscles of the Tongue
Don’t need to
know any of
these
Table 11–4
Muscles of the Neck
Figure 11–7
Anterior Muscles of the Neck
• Digastric:
– from chin to hyoid
– also hyoid to mastoid
• Platysma:
– covers anterior surface of neck
• Sternocleidomastoid:
– from clavicle and sternum to mastoid
Figure 11–9
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Summary:
Anterior Muscles of the Neck
Table 11–7
Lab 19: Muscles of the chest
and abdomen
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Muscles of the chest and
abdomen
• Remember: if it’s not on the list, you don’t
have to locate it or write about it in the lab
report
Muscles to know
Oblique and rectus muscles
pectoralis major
serratus anterior
intercostals (external, internal)
diaphragm
rectus abdominus
obliques (external, internal)
transverse abdominus
trapezius
latissimus dorsi
splenius capitus
• Lie within the body wall
• Generally:
– obliques groups are lateral
– rectus muscles lie on the anterior midline
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Oblique and Rectus Muscles
• Oblique muscles:
Cervical Oblique Muscles
• FYI: Cervical region:
– compress underlying structures
– rotate vertebral column
– scalene muscles
– flex the neck
• Rectus muscles:
– flex vertebral column
– oppose erector spinae
Oblique and Rectus Muscles of the
Thoracic region
Thoracic Oblique Muscles
• Thoracic region:
– intercostal muscles (external and internal
intercostals):
• respiratory movements of ribs
– FYI: transversus thoracis:
• cross inner surface of ribs
Figure 11–11a, b
Thoracic Rectus Group
Oblique and Rectus Muscles of the
Abdominopelvic region
• Diaphragmatic muscle or diaphragm:
– divides thoracic and abdominal cavities
– performs respiration
Figure 11–11a, c
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Abdominopelvic Oblique Muscles
• Abdominopelvic region (same pattern as
thoracic):
– external oblique muscles
– internal oblique muscles
• Transversus abdominis – deep to
internals
Summary: Oblique and
Rectus Muscles
Rectus Group -Abdominopelvic
• Rectus abdominis:
– between xiphoid process and pubic
symphysis
– divided longitudinally by linea alba
– divided transversely by tendinous inscriptions
Muscles that Position
the Pectoral Girdle
Table 11–9 (1 of 2)
Muscles that Position the
Pectoral Girdle (1 of 3)
• Trapezius:
– HUGE
– superficial
– covers back and neck to base of skull
– inserts on clavicles and scapular spines
Figure 11–14b
Muscles that Position the
Pectoral Girdle (2 of 3)
• Rhomboid and levator scapulae:
– deep to trapezius
– attach to cervical and thoracic vertebrae
– insert on scapular border
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Muscles that Position the
Pectoral Girdle (3 of 3)
Summary: Muscles that
Position the Pectoral Girdle
• Serratus anterior:
– on the chest
– originates along ribs
– inserts on anterior scapular margin
– “serrated”
Tables 11–11
Muscles that Move the Arm
Muscles that Move the Arm
(1 of 3)
• Deltoid:
– the major abductor of arm
• Supraspinatus:
– assists deltoid
• Subscapularis and teres major:
– produce medial rotation at shoulder
Figure 11–15b
Muscles that Move the Arm
(2 of 3)
• Infraspinatus:
– produce lateral rotation at shoulder
Muscles that Move the Arm
(3 of 3)
• Pectoralis major:
– between anterior chest and greater tubercle of
humerus
– produces flexion at shoulder joint
• Latissimus dorsi:
– between thoracic vertebrae and humerus
– produces extension at shoulder joint
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Shoulder flexion vs extension
• Pecs and portion of
delts
• Lats and portion of
delts
The Rotator Cuff
• Muscles involved in shoulder rotation
– supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus,
teres minor,and their tendons
Muscles that Position the
Pectoral Girdle
• Rhomboid and levator scapulae:
– deep to trapezius
– attach to cervical and thoracic vertebrae
– insert on scapular border
Muscles of the shoulders,
arm, and hand
• Also saw trapezius and serratus anterior
Muscles to know
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supraspinatus
infraspinatus
subscapularis
teres major
rhomboid
levator scapulae
deltoid
biceps brachii
brachialis
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Muscles that Move the Arm
triceps brachii
flexor carpi radialis
flexor carpi ulnaris
flexor digitorum sup.
extensor carpi ulnaris
extensor digitorum
extensor carpi radialis
brachioradialis
Figure 11–15a
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Muscles that Move the Arm
Muscles that Move the Arm
(1 of 3)
• Deltoid:
– the major abductor
• Supraspinatus:
– assists deltoid
• Subscapularis and teres major:
– produce medial rotation at shoulder
Figure 11–15b
Muscles that Move the Arm
(2 of 3)
• Infraspinatus:
– produce lateral rotation at shoulder
Muscles that Move the Arm
(3 of 3)
• Pectoralis major:
– between anterior chest and greater tubercle of
humerus
– produces flexion at shoulder joint
• Latissimus dorsi:
– between thoracic vertebrae and humerus
– produces extension at shoulder joint
The Rotator Cuff
Summary:
Muscles that Move the Arm
• Muscles involved in shoulder rotation
– supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus,
teres minor,and their tendons
Table 11–12
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Muscles that Position the
Pectoral Girdle
• Rhomboid and levator scapulae:
– deep to trapezius
– attach to cervical and thoracic vertebrae
– insert on scapular border
Extensors and Flexors
• Extensors:
– mainly on posterior and lateral surfaces of
arm
• Flexors:
– mainly on anterior and medial surfaces
Muscles that Move
the Forearm and Hand
Muscles that Move
the Forearm and Hand
• Originate on humerus and insert on
forearm
• Exceptions:
– the major flexor (biceps brachii)
– the major extensor (triceps brachii)
Muscles that Move
the Forearm and Hand
• Biceps brachii:
– flexes elbow
– stabilizes shoulder joint
– originates on scapula and humerus
– inserts on radial tuberosity
Muscles that Move
the Forearm and Hand -Extensors
• Triceps brachii:
– extends elbow
– originates on scapula (three spots)
– inserts on olecranon
• Brachialis and brachioradialis:
– assist in flexing elbow (synergists)
Figure 11–16a
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Muscles that Move
the Forearm and Hand - Flexors
Muscles that Move
the Forearm and Hand
• Flexor carpi ulnaris:
– superficial
– flexes wrist
– adducts wrist
Figure 11–16b
Muscles that Move
the Forearm and Hand
• Flexor carpi radialis:
– superficial
– flexes wrist
– abducts wrist
Muscles that Move
the Forearm and Hand
• Extensor carpi radialis:
– superficial
– extends wrist
– abducts wrist
Muscles that Move
the Forearm and Hand
• Extensor carpi ulnaris:
– superficial
– extends wrist
– adducts wrist
Figure 11–16a
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Summary: Muscles that
Move the Forearm and Hand
Figure 11–16b
Table 11–13 (1 of 2)
Muscles to know
Muscles of the Pelvis, Leg and
Foot
Muscles of the Pelvis
and Lower Limbs
• Pelvic girdle is tightly bound to axial
skeleton:
– permits little movement
– has few muscles
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psoas major
iliacus
gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
sartorius
quadriceps femoris (4)
gracilus
adductor longus
biceps femoris
semitendinosis
semimembranosus
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tibialis anterior
ext hallucis longus
ext digitorum longus
fibularis (peroneus)
longus
gastrocnemius
soleus
flexor hallucis longus
flexor digitorum longus
Muscles that Position
the Lower Limbs
1. Muscles that move the thigh
2. Muscles that move the leg
3. Muscles that move the foot and toes
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Generally…
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Muscles that are lateral are abductors
Muscles that are medial are adductors
flexors are on inner surface of joint
extensors are on outer surface of joint
Muscles that Move the Thigh
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Gluteal muscles
Lateral rotators
Adductors
Iliopsoas group
Note: in legs and feet, look at each joint
individually (cf. arms)
Muscles of hip and thigh
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psoas major
iliacus
gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
adductor longus
Gluteal Muscles (2 of 2)
Gluteal Muscles (1 of 2)
• Cover lateral surfaces of ilia
• Gluteus maximus:
– largest, most posterior gluteal muscle
– produces extension and lateral rotation at
hip
– Originates on illiac crest, etc., inserts on
illiotibial tract and femur
Muscles that Move the Thigh
• Gluteus medius and [gluteus minimus]:
– originate anterior to gluteus maximus
– insert on trochanter of femur
Figure 11–19a, b
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Muscles that Move the Thigh
Adductors
• Adductor longus:
– hip flexion and adduction
• Gracilis (UPPER LEG):
– hip flexion and adduction
Figure 11–19c, d
Summary: Muscles that
Move the Thigh
Iliopsoas group
• 2 hip flexors insert on the same tendon:
– psoas major
• originates on lumbar vetebrae, inserts on femur
– iliacus
• originates on illium/fossa
Table 11–16 (1 of 2)
Summary: Muscles that
Move the Thigh
Muscles that Move the Leg
• Flexors of the knee:
– originate on the pelvic girdle
– generally: hamstrings
• Extensors of the knee:
– originate on the femoral surface
– insert on the patella
– generally: quads
Table 11–16 (2 of 2)
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Flexors of the Knee
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Hamstrings
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Sartorius:
• Made up of:
– biceps femoris (long and short heads)
– semimembranosus
– semitendinosus
– originates superior to the acetabulum
– long, ribbon-like muscle
– traverses the quads and wraps around to the
back of the knee
Muscles that Move the Leg
• All are knee flexors
Extensors of the Knee
• 4 muscles of the quadriceps femoris:
– 3 vastus muscles:
• vastus lateralis
• vastus medialis
• vastus intermedius
– rectus femoris muscle
Figure 11–20a
Muscles that Move the Leg
Figure 11–20b, c
Summary: Muscles that
Move the Leg
Table 11–17 (1 of 2)
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Summary: Muscles that
Move the Leg
Muscles that Move
the Foot and Toes
• Extrinsic muscles that move the foot and
toes include:
– muscles that produce extension at the ankle
(Plantar flexion)
– muscles that produce flexion at the ankle
– muscles that produce extension at the toes
– muscles that produce flexion at the toes
Table 11–17 (2 of 2)
Muscles that Produce Extension
at the Ankle (Plantar flexion)
Muscles that Move
the Foot and Toes
Calf muscles
Large posterior calf muscles, both insert on
Achilles):
• Gastrocnemius
• Soleus
• Fibularis longus
Figure 11–21a, b
Muscles that Move
the Foot and Toes
The Achilles Tendon
• The calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon):
– shared by the gastrocnemius and soleus
Figure 11–21c, d
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Muscles that Produce
Flexion at the Ankle
Muscles that Move
the Foot and Toes
• Tibialis anterior:
– opposes the gastrocnemius
Figure 11–21a, b
Muscles that Move
the Foot and Toes
Muscles that Produce
Extension at the Toes
• Extensor digitorum longus
• Extensor hallucis longus
Toe extensors are on top of foot
Note: there are no muscles in toes
themselves (only tendons)
Figure 11–21c, d
The Intrinsic Muscles of the
Foot
Muscles that Produce
Flexion at the Toes
• Flexor digitorum longus
• Flexor hallucis longus:
– oppose the extensors
Toe flexors are on bottom of foot
Figure 11–22a
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The Intrinsic Muscles of the
Foot
Figure 11–22b, c
Summary: Muscles that
Move the Foot and Toes
Table 11–18
Lab 15
• This is a huge lab (it covers ~3-4 labs
worth of material)
• Due on day of practical (11/22)
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