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Logam dalam sistem kimiawi perairan laut (non essensial) Arsenic Lead Mercury Logam berat di perairan laut Essensial: Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn Non essensial: As, Cd, Pb, Hg Logam terlarut : Raksa (Hg) mg/l Baku mutu KepMenLH 51 2004 0,001 Kromium heksavalen ( Cr (IV) ) Arsen (As) mg/l 0,005 mg/l 0,012 Kadmium (Cd) mg/l 0,001 Tembaga (Cu) mg/l 0,008 Timbal (Pb) mg/l 0,008 Seng (Zn) mg/l 0,05 Nikel (Ni) mg/l 0,05 Hg Karakteristik It called hydragyrum, a silver-white Heavy liquid at ambient temperature (250C) It has atomic mass 200,6 g/mol and atomic number 80 It has boiling point of 356.70C, melting point of -38.870C Konsentrasi dan spesies Hg Hg mempunyai banyak spesies di alam antara lain elemen metal Hg, monovalen, ion divalen, dan campuran metalik organik Kandungan alami Hg di kerak bumi 0,8 mg/kg, sementara di air laut 0,015 mg/L Di lingkungan laut, 90 % senyawa Hg diubah menjadi alkil Hg The fate and transport of Hg The global Hg cycle comes from Atmosphere, Ocean and Surface soil Hg transportation from one reservoir to another mainly occurs through the atmosphere The atmospheric half-life of elemental Hg is ∼0.5 to 1 year, which is what allows it to be distributed globally Toxicity – Dependent on form Elemental - Hg0 : Vapour, highly toxic Inorganic – Hg+, Hg2+: Not easily absorbed, but risk of kidney damage if ingested Organic – R-Hg, e.g. methyl mercury: More toxic than inorganic, risk of brain & CNS damage. Can cross blood-brain barrier and placenta Attraction for sulphur groups, thus can inactivate enzymes When deposited in soil, organic mercury compounds are slowly broken down into inorganic compounds; inorganic mercury can be converted by microorganisms in soil and water into the organic compound methyl mercury, which is then bioconcentrated up the food chain. Source Anthropogenic activity altered the global Hg anthropogenic Hg sources are coal burning, waste incineration and mining. Industries activity such as some chemical, chlor-alkali, chlorine, metal-processing, electrical-equipment, automotive, and building industries and in medical and dental services. The main sources of Hg in municipal waste are batteries, thermostats, paint residues, fluorescent lamps HEALTH IMPACTS Daily sources Health impacts Pb Karakteristik Pb dikenal dengan nama plumbum Nomor atom (82), dan berat atom 207,2 Berwarna kecoklatan dan lunak Tahan terhadap korosi dan karat Titik lebur nya rendah (372,50C) Bukan konduktor yang baik Konsentrasi dan spesies Pb Lead can occur in three oxidation state Pb, Pb(II) and Pb(IV) ionic form (highly mobile and bio-available), organic complexes with dissolved humus materials (binding is rather strong and limits availability), attached to colloidal particles such as iron oxide (strongly bound and less mobile when available in this form than as free ions) or Atteched to solid particles of clay or dead remains of organisms (very limited mobility and availability). Lead in the atmosphere will deposit on surfaces or exist as a component of atmospheric particles. In soil, lead is generally not very mobile. Lead speciation in seawater is a function of chloride concentration and the primary species are PbCl3 > PbCO3> PbCl2> PbCl+> and Pb(OH)+ BIOACCUMULATION Sources Natural sources - releases due to mobilisation of naturallyoccurring lead in the Earth's crust and mantle, such as volcanic activity and weathering of rocks; Current anthropogenic (associated with human activity) releases from the mobilisation of lead impurities in raw materials such as fossil fuels – particularly ores, coal and other extracted, treated and recycled minerals; Current anthropogenic releases resulting from lead used intentionally in products and processes, due to releases by manufacturing, use, disposal, recycling, reclamation or incineration of products; (Micrograms per decilitre) Cd Cadmium is a soft silver-white metal that is usually found in combination with other elements. Cadmium compounds range in solubility in water from quite soluble to practically insoluble Cadmium occurs as a minor component in most zinc ores and therefore is a byproduct of zinc production cadmium is resistant to corrosion The atomic weight is 112.41 g/mol, the atomic number 48, and the density of cadmium is 8.64 g/cm3 Cadmium application Ni-Cd batteries are cost-effective well suited for high power applications, and have high cycle lives Applications for : industrial batteries include and portable batteries Cadmium emission Two major catagories cadmium emissions : natural sources man-made or anthropogenic sources. three major compartments of the environment cadmium emission : Air, water, soil Emissions to air are considered more mobile than those to water which in turn are considered more mobile than those to soils Sources and Potential Exposure Natural : Weathering and erosion of parent rocks result in the transport by rivers of large quantities, Volcanic activity is also a major natural source of cadmium release to the atmosphere, and Forest fires Man-made Cadmium containing product :Cd-Ni batteries, PVC products, Cd coated Ferrous products, Cd alloys, Cd electronic coumpond Non cadmium containing products : fossil fuel (oil, coal, and wood), cement, phosphat fertilizer Inceneration of waste material Smoking Natural cadmium emissions had indicated approximately 8,000 to 10,000 mt per year for anthropogenic emissions compared to 800 to 1,000 mt per year for natural cadmium emissions Background concentration 3 Atmosphere : 0.1 to 5.0 ng/m Earth’s Crust : 0.1 to 0.5 mg/g Marine Sediments : 1 mg/g Sea Water : <0.1 mg/L The average cadmium content in the world's oceans has variously been reported Low Higher levels have been noted around certain coastal areas (and variations of cadmium concentration with the ocean depth, presumably due to patterns of nutrient concentrations, have also been measured It may exist in water as the hydrated ion, as inorganic complexes such as carbonates, hydroxides, chlorides or sulphates, or as organic complexes with humic acids It rapidly adsorbed by particulate matter, and thus sediment may be a significant sink for cadmium emitted to the aquatic environment Distribusi vertikal Pola sebaran vertikal logam berat essensial mengikuti sebaran nutrient-like (bio-intermediate) Logam berat dan pencemaran laut GESAMP Masuknya energi atau zat-zat (substansi) ke dalam lingkungan laut dan estuari baik langsung maupun tidak langsung akibat adanya kegiatan manusia yang menimbulkan kerusakan pada lingkungan laut, kehidupan di laut, kesehatan manusia, mengganggu aktivitas di laut serta secara visual mereduksi keindahan (estetika)