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Antibiotic Macrolids Erythromycin Clarithromycin Azithromycin Target Ribosome (protein synthesis) Binds to P site of ribosome prevents next tRNA from binding and bringing next amino acid Ampicillin Penicillin Inhibits Transpeptidase enzyme (cell wall formation) Carbapenems Target beta-lactamase enzyme and inhibit it Cell wall of gram positive – inhibits formation of peptidoglycan cross-links Inhibit DNA synthesis by binding to DNA complex enzyme (DNA gyrase) -Inhibits growth, multiplication of bacteria -Inhibits dihydropterpate synthase, an enzyme involved in folate synthase B-lactam antibiotic Fluoroquinolones Sulfonamides Adaptation for resistance -Mutation in ribosome structure (proteins L4, L22) -Change to specific gene allows bacteria to avoid adhesion to the antibiotic -Methylation of target sites Produce beta-lactamase enzyme that breaks down antibiotic Specifically destruction of b-lactam ring on penicillin -penicillinase breaks down penicillin KPC enzymes - destroys antibiotic before it reaches cell membrane KPC enzymes - destroys antibiotic before it reaches cell membrane Mutation to binding site of enzyme Other adaptations: Altering the target site of enzyme so it can continue to function and won’t bind to antibiotic Changes to surface receptor protein shape/frequency Changes to permeability of membrane KPC genes-enzyme destroys antibiotic before it reaches cell membrane Efflux pumps – transports antibiotic out of cells Chemically mediating the antibiotic, rendering it inactive Change in metabolic pathway target by antibiotic (bacteria use folic acid instead of precursors)
