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Samoa ‐ Food and Nutrition Security Profiles Key Indicators • In Samoa per capita GDP and Dietary Energy Supply (DES) per person have increased, while undernourishment has decreased accordingly, in recent years • The proportion of underweight young children is just 1%, and all nutritional outcomes stand at acceptable levels. Nevertheless, a likelihood exists that overweight may become a public health concern, given the increasingly high proportion of animal‐ origin foods, vegetable oils and sugars in the diet. GDP per person, PPP (constant 2011 dollars) Undernourished in total population International $ 5500 Percent 18 4935 5000 16 MDG Target 30.3 18.1 25.2 8.5 4000 751 8 1865 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 2000 1998 1996 1994 1992 3000 2012 5 1990 Kcal per person per day 2148 Infant Neonatal Source: GDP: WDI 2014 / Undernourished: FAO FSI_2013 Figure 1.3 Child Malnutrition In 1999: • Stunting was 6%, underweight 2% and wasting1% • Overweight was 6% • Low Birth Weight stood at 10% 4 Overweight Stunting Underweight Wasting Children <5 years 36 Non ‐ pregnant women of reproductive age 20 Animal Origin 20 40 60 80 Prevalence of Anaemia (%) 100 Underweight women (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) ‐ ‐ Overweight adults (BMI >= 25 kg/m2) ‐ ‐ 10 % 2009 2 1 1999 Total Dietary Energy Supply (DES) Source : FAOSTAT FBS: 2014 update 0 Anthropometry (Table 1.1) 2011 Vegetal Origin 33 Source: WHO Worldwide prevalence of Anaemia (1993‐2005) 6 6 0 1990 Under fives Figure 1.5 Anaemia • Anaemia is a public health issue, high among pregnant women (33%), non‐pregnant women (20%) and under‐5 children alike (36%) • Deworming and iron supplementation can be effective for reducing anaemia in pregnant women as Total <2 yr well as children. Pregnant women 500 7.2 6 3255 1500 7.3 Source: Inter‐agency Group for CME (2013) 3500 1000 1995 10 1990 11 2015 11.1 2012 12 724 2000 15.5 15.3 4500 2500 17.8 18.3 14 2616 10 21.5 2010 2872 Figure 1.4 Child Mortality From 1990 to 2012: • Under‐5 mortality reduced 41%, will not achieve the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target • Infant mortality reduced 39% • Neonatal mortality reduced 35% 2005 3000 Figure 1.2 Undernourishment and Economic Growth From 1990 to 2012: • GDP increased 52% • Undernourishment declined 44% and is now at a low and stable level (5%) 2000 Figure 1.1 Food Availability From 1990 to 2011: •DES increased 10% •Animal‐origin supply decreased 4% •Vegetal‐origin products increased 15% and remain the major DES source Source: UNICEF‐WB‐WHO Joint Global Nutrition Dataset_2013 Proportion of infants with low birth weight Source: WHO Global Database on BMI & DHS 2008 Samoa ‐ Food and Nutrition Security Profiles Food Availability / Food Access Access to food Figure 2.2 Economic access to food General and food inflation Percent General inflation Food inflation 35 30 25 20 Food Availability 15 Figure 2.1 Food supply by food group 10 5 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 ‐5 2003 1990 2002 2011 2.0 0 2001 0 2000 (kcal/person/year) Total dietary energy supply= 2,872 (2011) 530 511 Cereals 123 Rice Wheat 155 Source: ILOSTAT Database Consumer Price Indices 2014 408 235 • Food inflation has recorded historically larger fluctuations than general inflation. The last significant variation between these two indices occurred in 2008, during the global food price crisis. 536 548 Meat & Milk & Eggs 246 208 Sugars and syrups 235 188 Fruits & vegetables 759 Vegetable oils 55 104 102 Fish & Fish products 82 Animal fats 102 Figure 2.3 Share of food expenditure 3 Pulses 0 100 294 Starchy roots Non food items 343 0 (2009) 400 17 800 80 Source: UN_FAO Food Balance Sheets_2014 Update 9 Fruits and vegetables Percent • Vegetable oil and oil crops are the main source of energy 26% of total energy source • Meat, milk or eggs (19%) continue to be one of the most important sources of energy in Samoan diets • Although wheat increased 74%, the contribution of cereals to overall DES has decreased from 20% to 18% Cereals 3 9 60 8 Fish 40 19 Sugars Veg oils 20 Meat, milk and eggs 0 36 Other % Total expenditure per person per day % Dietry energy Consumption Source: UN FAO RAP based on national HIES, ECS, SES, HLSS 2013 Update, Samoa Samoa ‐ Food and Nutrition Security Profiles Food Utilization Food utilization refers both to food preparation practices in households, which influence nutrient content of consumed foods, and to the absorption of nutrients by the human body after consumption. Nutrient absorption in the gut is strongly influenced by health status, particularly the presence of diarrhoea. Hygienic environmental conditions related to improved water and sanitation are important determinants of health and infection incidence and prevalence. Water and Sanitation 4 2 Rural Urban Rural Total Urban Source: WHO‐UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme, 2014 Rural 2011 2008 2005 2002 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 Total 0 1999 0.1 2005 2011 2008 2005 2002 1999 1996 1993 1990 Total 40 20 0 Source: WHO‐UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme, 2014 60 0.1 0.1 0 98 1996 20 99 1990 40 6 97 89 87 80 8 % Population 60 100 2012 % Population 80 91 92 Figure 3.3 Access to Improved Water Sources From 1990 to 2012: •Disparities in access to improved water sources between urban and rural areas have been solved • At least 98% of people have sustainable access to improved water sources 10 92 93 % Population 100 Figure 3.2 Open Defecation From 1990 to 2012: • Open defecation has not been an issue for more than 20 years 1993 Figure 3.1 Access to Improved Sanitation From 1990 to 2012: • Access to improved sanitation decreased 1% in 22 years •Issue remains for 8% of households, with slight differences between rural and urban areas Urban Source: WHO‐UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme, 2014 Food Safety Figure 3.4 Diarrhoea Management of Diarrhoea (Table 3.1) Zinc No Data Share of children under age 5 with diarrhoea receiving zinc treatment ‐ Existing policy framework Zinc Supplementation and Reformulated Oral Rehydration Salt in the Management of Diarrhea Source: Samoa ‐ Food and Nutrition Security Profiles Food Utilization Nutrition and Health Figure 3.5 Exclusive Breastfeeding • Exclusive breastfeeding is 51% and early initiation of breastfeeding is prevalent for 88% of children Figure 3.6 Complementary Feeding • Introduction of complementary feeding is timely for 85% of children • 45% of children aged 6‐23 months do not meet the minimum meal frequency • Meeting the recommended quality of diet remains a challenge, with only 48% achieving the minimum acceptable diet Early initiation of breastfeeding Exclusive breast feeding rate (0‐5 months) 88 100 Percent 80 60 40 51 20 0 Introduction of solid, semi‐solid or soft food (breastfed children… Minimum dietary diversity (breastfed children 6‐23 months) Minimum meal frequency (breastfed children 6‐23 months) Minimum acceptable diet (breastfed children 6‐23 months) 2009 Percent Source: WSM_DHS_2009‐2010 Source: WSM_DHS_2009‐2010 85 78 55 48 0 20 40 60 80 100 Figure 3.7 Duration of Breastfeeding No Data Figure 3.8 Child Malnutrition and Poverty Micronutrient Status Figure 3.9 Vitamin A •Vitamin A deficiencies (16% of pre‐schoolers) indicate that Vitamin A is lacking in the daily diet. Deficiencies at this level are a public health concern and deserve ongoing attention. 100 Vitamin A Supplementation Coverage ‐ full – children 6‐59 months Percent 75 No Data 50 25 16.1 Vitamin A Deficiency (Pre‐School Aged Children) <0.7umoL /a 0 * VAD is a severe public health problem if >20% of preschool children (6‐71 months) have low serum retinol (<0.7µmol/L) Source: a/ WHO Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in population at risk 1995‐2005 report. Iodine (Table 3.2) Households consuming iodized salt ‐ Iodine deficiency (Urinary Iodine Concentration <100ug/L) among school‐age children ‐ *Optimal UIE 100 ‐ 199ug/L Source: a/ WHO Global database on idodine deficiency, b/UNICEF State of the World’s Children Samoa ‐ Food and Nutrition Security Profiles Policy Table ‐ 1 Enabling environment for Nutrition and Food security ‐ Policy documents addressing nutrition issues Nutrition related issues covered in these policies Maternal and Child Undernutrition Child undernutrition Low Birth Weight Maternal undernutrition Child obesity Obesity and diet related Adult obesity NCDs Diet related NCDs Infant and Young Child Source: Nutrition Covered Comments Breastfeeding Complementary feeding Int’l Code of Marketing of BMS Supplementation: Vitamin A children/women Vitamins and Minerals Underlying and contextual factors Iron Folate children/women Zinc children Other vitamins & min child/women Food fortification Food Safety Food security Food Aid Nutrition and Infection Gender Maternal leave Social Protection policies or legislation including food or nutrition component Samoa ‐ Food and Nutrition Security Profiles Policy Table ‐ 2 Demographic Indicators (Table ‐ 5.1) Population size (thousands) /a Average annual population growth Proportion of population urbanised Year Economic Indicators (Table ‐ 5.3) Year 189 2012 GDP annual growth rate /c 2.89 % 2012 0.77 % 2012 GDP per capita (PPP) (constant 2011 international dollars) /c 4,935 2012 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 5 % 2001 Population below US $ 1.25 (PPP) per day /c (%) ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ Poorest 20% ‐ ‐ Richest 20% ‐ ‐ 19.7 % 2012 25 2012 ‐ ‐ 70 2012 76.2 2012 Agriculture population density(people/ ha of arable land /b) 0.8 2006‐2008 Employment in agriculture sector (% of total employment) /c 39.9 % 2001 Poverty gap ratio /e Women employed in agriculture sector (% of total female employment) /c) 15.8 % 2001 Income share held by households /c Number of children <5 years (thousand) Education level of mothers of under‐fives: None (%) Male Gini index /c (100= complete inequality; 0= complete equality) Unemployment rate /c Life expectancy at birth (Years) /a Female Adolescents (Table ‐ 5.2) Year Adolescent birth rate (number of births per 1,000 adolescent girls aged 15‐19) /a 29 2006 Adolescent girls aged 15‐19 currently married or in union /d 7 % 2000‐2010 5 2000‐2010 Women aged 20‐24 who gave birth before age 18 /d (%) Sources: a/ World Bank, Health Nutrition and Population Statistics Database 2014 Update b/ FAOSTAT 2013 Update; c/ World Bank, World Development Indicators Database, 2014 Update; d/ UNICEF, State of the World Children 2014 (data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified) The information inlcuded in this Food Security and Nutrition profile, is backed by recognized, validated and properlty published information available untill June 2014. Although updated information might be available at national level form different sources, until requirements of quality, validity and proper publication are met, it has not been inlcuded in this profile.