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Samoa ‐ Food and Nutrition Security Profiles
Key Indicators
• In Samoa per capita GDP and Dietary Energy Supply (DES) per person have increased, while undernourishment has decreased accordingly, in recent years
• The proportion of underweight young children is just 1%, and all nutritional outcomes stand at acceptable levels. Nevertheless, a likelihood exists that overweight may become a public health concern, given the increasingly high proportion of animal‐ origin foods, vegetable oils and sugars in the diet. GDP per person, PPP (constant 2011 dollars)
Undernourished in total population
International $
5500
Percent
18
4935
5000
16
MDG
Target
30.3
18.1
25.2
8.5
4000
751
8
1865
2010
2008
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
3000
2012
5
1990
Kcal per person per day
2148
Infant
Neonatal
Source: GDP: WDI 2014 / Undernourished: FAO FSI_2013
Figure 1.3 Child Malnutrition In 1999:
• Stunting was 6%, underweight 2% and wasting1%
• Overweight was 6%
• Low Birth Weight stood at 10%
4
Overweight
Stunting
Underweight
Wasting
Children <5 years
36
Non ‐ pregnant women
of reproductive age
20
Animal Origin
20
40
60
80
Prevalence of Anaemia (%)
100
Underweight women (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2)
‐
‐
Overweight adults (BMI >= 25 kg/m2)
‐
‐
10 %
2009
2
1
1999
Total Dietary Energy
Supply (DES)
Source : FAOSTAT FBS: 2014 update
0
Anthropometry (Table 1.1)
2011
Vegetal Origin
33
Source: WHO Worldwide prevalence of Anaemia (1993‐2005)
6
6
0
1990
Under fives
Figure 1.5 Anaemia • Anaemia is a public health issue, high among pregnant women (33%), non‐pregnant women (20%) and under‐5 children alike (36%)
• Deworming and iron supplementation can be effective for reducing anaemia in pregnant women as Total <2 yr
well as children. Pregnant women
500
7.2
6
3255
1500
7.3
Source: Inter‐agency Group for CME (2013)
3500
1000
1995
10
1990
11
2015
11.1
2012
12
724
2000
15.5
15.3
4500
2500
17.8
18.3
14
2616
10
21.5
2010
2872
Figure 1.4 Child Mortality From 1990 to 2012:
• Under‐5 mortality reduced 41%, will not achieve the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target
• Infant mortality reduced 39%
• Neonatal mortality reduced 35%
2005
3000
Figure 1.2 Undernourishment and Economic Growth From 1990 to 2012: • GDP increased 52%
• Undernourishment declined 44% and is now at a low and stable level (5%) 2000
Figure 1.1 Food Availability From 1990 to 2011: •DES increased 10% •Animal‐origin supply decreased 4% •Vegetal‐origin products increased 15% and remain the major DES source
Source: UNICEF‐WB‐WHO Joint Global Nutrition Dataset_2013
Proportion of infants with low birth weight
Source: WHO Global Database on BMI & DHS 2008
Samoa ‐ Food and Nutrition Security Profiles
Food Availability / Food Access
Access to food
Figure 2.2 Economic access to food
General and food inflation
Percent
General inflation
Food inflation
35
30
25
20
Food Availability
15
Figure 2.1 Food supply by food group 10
5
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
‐5
2003
1990
2002
2011
2.0
0
2001
0
2000
(kcal/person/year) Total dietary energy supply= 2,872 (2011)
530
511
Cereals
123
Rice
Wheat
155
Source: ILOSTAT Database Consumer Price Indices 2014
408
235
• Food inflation has recorded historically larger fluctuations than general inflation. The last significant variation between these two indices occurred in 2008, during the global food price crisis.
536
548
Meat & Milk & Eggs
246
208
Sugars and syrups
235
188
Fruits & vegetables
759
Vegetable oils
55
104
102
Fish & Fish products
82
Animal fats
102
Figure 2.3 Share of food expenditure
3
Pulses
0
100
294
Starchy roots
Non food items
343
0
(2009)
400
17
800
80
Source: UN_FAO Food Balance Sheets_2014 Update
9
Fruits and
vegetables
Percent
• Vegetable oil and oil crops are the main source of energy 26% of total energy source
• Meat, milk or eggs (19%) continue to be one of the most important sources of energy in Samoan diets
• Although wheat increased 74%, the contribution of cereals to overall DES has decreased from 20% to 18%
Cereals
3
9
60
8
Fish
40
19
Sugars
Veg oils
20
Meat, milk and
eggs
0
36
Other
% Total expenditure per person per
day
% Dietry energy Consumption
Source: UN FAO RAP based on national HIES, ECS, SES, HLSS 2013 Update, Samoa
Samoa ‐ Food and Nutrition Security Profiles
Food Utilization
Food utilization refers both to food preparation practices in households, which influence nutrient content of consumed foods,
and to the absorption of nutrients by the human body after consumption. Nutrient absorption in the gut is strongly influenced by
health status, particularly the presence of diarrhoea. Hygienic environmental conditions related to improved water and sanitation are important determinants of health and infection incidence and prevalence. Water and Sanitation
4
2
Rural
Urban
Rural
Total
Urban
Source: WHO‐UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme, 2014
Rural
2011
2008
2005
2002
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
Total
0
1999
0.1
2005
2011
2008
2005
2002
1999
1996
1993
1990
Total
40
20
0
Source: WHO‐UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme, 2014
60
0.1
0.1
0
98
1996
20
99
1990
40
6
97
89
87
80
8
% Population
60
100
2012
% Population
80
91
92
Figure 3.3 Access to Improved Water Sources From 1990 to 2012:
•Disparities in access to improved water sources between urban and rural areas have been solved • At least 98% of people have sustainable access to improved water sources
10
92
93
% Population
100
Figure 3.2 Open Defecation From 1990 to 2012:
• Open defecation has not been an issue for more than 20 years
1993
Figure 3.1 Access to Improved Sanitation From 1990 to 2012:
• Access to improved sanitation decreased 1% in 22 years
•Issue remains for 8% of households, with slight differences between rural and urban areas
Urban
Source: WHO‐UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme, 2014
Food Safety
Figure 3.4 Diarrhoea
Management of Diarrhoea (Table 3.1)
Zinc
No Data
Share of children under age 5 with diarrhoea receiving zinc treatment
‐
Existing policy framework
Zinc Supplementation and Reformulated Oral Rehydration Salt in the Management of Diarrhea
Source:
Samoa ‐ Food and Nutrition Security Profiles
Food Utilization
Nutrition and Health
Figure 3.5 Exclusive Breastfeeding • Exclusive breastfeeding is 51% and early initiation of breastfeeding is prevalent for 88% of children
Figure 3.6 Complementary Feeding • Introduction of complementary feeding is timely for 85% of children • 45% of children aged 6‐23 months do not meet the minimum meal frequency
• Meeting the recommended quality of diet remains a challenge, with only 48% achieving the minimum acceptable diet
Early initiation of breastfeeding
Exclusive breast feeding rate (0‐5 months)
88
100
Percent
80
60
40
51
20
0
Introduction of solid, semi‐solid or soft
food (breastfed children…
Minimum dietary diversity (breastfed
children 6‐23 months)
Minimum meal frequency (breastfed
children 6‐23 months)
Minimum acceptable diet (breastfed
children 6‐23 months)
2009
Percent
Source: WSM_DHS_2009‐2010
Source: WSM_DHS_2009‐2010
85
78
55
48
0
20
40
60
80
100
Figure 3.7 Duration of Breastfeeding
No Data
Figure 3.8 Child Malnutrition and Poverty Micronutrient Status
Figure 3.9 Vitamin A •Vitamin A deficiencies (16% of pre‐schoolers) indicate that Vitamin A is lacking in the daily diet. Deficiencies at this level are a public health concern and deserve ongoing attention. 100
Vitamin A Supplementation Coverage ‐ full – children 6‐59 months
Percent
75
No Data
50
25
16.1
Vitamin A Deficiency
(Pre‐School Aged Children)
<0.7umoL /a
0
* VAD is a severe public health problem if >20% of preschool children (6‐71 months) have low serum retinol (<0.7µmol/L)
Source: a/ WHO Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in population at risk 1995‐2005 report.
Iodine (Table 3.2)
Households consuming iodized salt ‐
Iodine deficiency (Urinary Iodine Concentration <100ug/L) among school‐age children ‐
*Optimal UIE 100 ‐ 199ug/L
Source: a/ WHO Global database on idodine deficiency, b/UNICEF State of the World’s Children
Samoa ‐ Food and Nutrition Security Profiles
Policy Table ‐ 1
Enabling environment for Nutrition and Food security ‐ Policy documents addressing nutrition issues Nutrition related issues covered in these policies
Maternal and Child Undernutrition
Child undernutrition
Low Birth Weight
Maternal undernutrition
Child obesity
Obesity and diet related Adult obesity
NCDs
Diet related NCDs
Infant and Young Child Source: Nutrition
Covered
Comments
Breastfeeding
Complementary feeding
Int’l Code of Marketing of BMS
Supplementation:
Vitamin A children/women
Vitamins and Minerals
Underlying and contextual factors
Iron Folate children/women
Zinc children
Other vitamins & min child/women
Food fortification
Food Safety
Food security
Food Aid
Nutrition and Infection
Gender
Maternal leave Social Protection policies or legislation including food or nutrition component
Samoa ‐ Food and Nutrition Security Profiles
Policy Table ‐ 2
Demographic Indicators (Table ‐ 5.1)
Population size (thousands) /a
Average annual population growth
Proportion of population urbanised
Year
Economic Indicators (Table ‐ 5.3)
Year
189
2012
GDP annual growth rate /c
2.89 %
2012
0.77 %
2012
GDP per capita (PPP) (constant 2011 international dollars) /c
4,935
2012
‐
‐
‐
‐
5 %
2001
Population below US $ 1.25 (PPP) per day /c (%)
‐
‐
‐
‐
Poorest 20%
‐
‐
Richest 20%
‐
‐
19.7 %
2012
25
2012
‐
‐
70
2012
76.2
2012
Agriculture population density(people/ ha of arable land /b)
0.8
2006‐2008
Employment in agriculture sector (% of total employment) /c
39.9 %
2001
Poverty gap ratio /e
Women employed in agriculture sector (% of total female employment) /c)
15.8 %
2001
Income share held by households /c
Number of children <5 years (thousand)
Education level of mothers of under‐fives: None (%)
Male
Gini index /c
(100= complete inequality; 0= complete equality)
Unemployment rate /c
Life expectancy at birth (Years) /a
Female
Adolescents (Table ‐ 5.2)
Year
Adolescent birth rate (number of births per 1,000 adolescent girls aged 15‐19) /a
29
2006
Adolescent girls aged 15‐19 currently married or in union /d
7 %
2000‐2010
5
2000‐2010
Women aged 20‐24 who gave birth before age 18 /d (%)
Sources:
a/ World Bank, Health Nutrition and Population Statistics Database 2014 Update
b/ FAOSTAT 2013 Update; c/ World Bank, World Development Indicators Database, 2014 Update; d/ UNICEF, State of the World Children 2014 (data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified) The information inlcuded in this Food Security and Nutrition profile, is backed by recognized, validated and properlty published information available untill June 2014. Although updated information might be available at national level form different sources, until requirements of quality, validity and proper publication are met, it has not been inlcuded in this profile.