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Kiribati ‐ Food and Nutrition Security Profiles
Key Indicators
•Dietary Energy Supply (DES) is high, but related to increased oils, sugar and carbohydrates. Dietary diversity is poor, with low levels of protein and vitamins.
•Overweight in adulthood represents a very significant public health problem, with 81.5% of people overweight Figure 1.2 Undernourishment and Economic Growth From 1990 to ‐2012: • GDP increased 22%
• Undernourishment decreased 16%
GDP per person, PPP (constant 2011 dollars)
Undernourished in total population
7.6
7
378
1500
1500
2645
Source: GDP: WDI 2014 / Undernourished: FAO FSI_2013
Figure 1.3 Child Malnutrition 2012
2010
2008
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
5
1992
1300
1990
48.2
24.1
22.2
Infant
6
2000
53.6
Neonatal
Under fives
Figure 1.5 Anaemia • Anaemia is a serious public health issue, high among pregnant women (38%) and non‐pregnant women (31%) and severe among under‐5 children (42%) • Deworming and iron supplementation can be effective for reducing anaemia in pregnant women as well as children. Total <2 yr
Children <5 years
2301
21.6
Source: Inter‐agency Group for CME (2013)
42
Non ‐ pregnant women
of reproductive age
1000
46.3
28.7
1453
286
Kcal per person per day
2500
8
59.9
2015
3022
3000
62.8
2012
1700
MDG
Target
31
68.2
2010
1772 9
71.1
2005
3500
94.1
2000
Percent
10
1995
International $
1900
9.1
2587
Figure 1.4 Child Mortality From 1990 to 2010:
• Under‐5 mortality reduced 36% and will not achieve the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target • Infant mortality reduced 35%
• Neonatal mortality reduced 25%
1990
Figure 1.1 Food Availability From 1990 to 2011: •DES increased 17% •Animal‐origin supply increased 32% •Vegetal‐origin products increased 15% and remained the major DES source
31
Pregnant women
38
0
500
20
40
60
80
Prevalence of Anaemia (%)
100
Source: WHO Worldwide prevalence of Anaemia (1993‐2005)
Anthropometry (Table 1.1)
0
1990
2011
Animal Origin
Vegetal Origin
Total Dietary Energy
Supply (DES)
Source : FAOSTAT FBS: 2014 update
No Data
Underweight women (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2)
0.6 %
2006
‐
‐
Overweight adults (BMI >= 25 kg/m2)
* BMI values calculated using adult cut off points, population < 20 should be analyzed using WHO growth reference for school aged children and adolescents
Proportion of infants with low birth weight
Source: 5 %
WHO Global Database on BMI & SOWC2014
1998
Kiribati ‐ Food and Nutrition Security Profiles
Food Availability / Food Access
Access to food
Figure 2.2 Economic access to food
General and food inflation
Percent
General inflation
Food inflation
25
19
20
15
Food Availability
10
Figure 2.1 Food supply by food group 5
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
1990
‐5
986
873
Cereals
‐10
596
528
Rice
0
2000
2011
0
2001
(kcal/person/year) Total dietary energy supply= 3,022 (2011)
Source: LABORSTA Labour Statistics Database, ILO (2013)
390
344
Wheat
• In 2008, food prices increased considerably (19%), followed by a significant increase in general inflation (12%) •In 2009, only 31% of dietary food consumption was comprised of cereals
206
141
Meat & Milk & Eggs
469
Sugars and syrups
298
152
128
Fruits & vegetables
747
Vegetable oils
180
151
134
Fish & Fish products
Animal fats
19
Pulses
18
12
Figure 2.3 Share of food expenditure
0
100
255
Starchy roots
Non food items
263
0
(2009)
400
800
1,200
Source: UN_FAO Food Balance Sheets_2014 Update
Percent
• Cereals are the most important source of food energy (33 %). Altogether, carbohydrates in the form of cereals and starchy roots contribute 41% of DES Nevertheless Vegetable oils and Oilcrops have increased significantly and contribute to the 25% of the total DES. • Sugars and syrups continued to be a significant contributor (16%) of DES also, while meat, milk and eggs comprised 7%
Cereals
31
Fruits and
vegetables
5
80
60
5
Fish
14
Sugars
5
40
8
Veg oils
20
Meat, milk and
eggs
33
Other
0
% Total expenditure per person
per day
% Dietry energy Consumption
Source: * FBS (2000) and ** 2000 Family Income and Expenditures Survey, NSO, , Kiribati
Kiribati ‐ Food and Nutrition Security Profiles
Food Utilization
Food utilization refers both to household preparation practices of foods, which influence nutrient content of consumed foods,
and to the absorption of nutrients by the human body after consumption. Nutrient absorption in the gut is strongly influenced by
health status, particularly the presence of diarrhoea. Hygienic environmental conditions related to improved water and sanitation are important determinants of health and infection incidence and prevalence. In Kiribati, water and sanitation conditions improved modestly from 1990 to 2005.
Water and Sanitation
Figure 3.2 Open Defecation From 1990 to 2012:
• Open defecation decreased 37% in 22 years, but 36% of the population continues with this practice 100
30
20
20
20
Rural
Urban
Total
Rural
2011
2008
2005
2002
1999
1996
1993
2011
2008
2005
2002
1999
1996
1993
1990
Total
Source: WHO‐UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme, 2014
1990
0
0
51
40
36
20
0
Urban
Source: WHO‐UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme, 2014
Total
Rural
2011
36
28
50
2008
44
67
2005
40
60
2002
40
49
57
1999
43
60
1996
52
87
80 75
1990
60
64
% Population
80
20
100
80
% Population
% Population
100
40
Figure 3.3 Access to Improved Water Sources From 1990 to 20012:
•Access to improved water sources increased by 35% during 22 years, but remain low, at 67%. •Disparities in access between urban and rural areas have remained almost unchanged; , only half of the rural population has access to
improved water sources
1993
Figure 3.1 Access to Improved Sanitation
From 1990 to 2012:
• Access to improved sanitation increased 42% in 22 years, although just 40% of the total population has access • Disparities between rural and urban areas have decreased, but not significantly • 70% of people in rural areas do not have access to improved sanitation Urban
Source: WHO‐UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme, 2014
Food Safety
Figure 3.4 Diarrhoea
Management of Diarrhoea (Table 3.1)
Zinc
No Data
Share of children under age 5 with diarrhoea receiving zinc treatment
‐
Existing policy framework
Zinc Supplementation and Reformulated Oral Rehydration Salt in the Management of Diarrhea
Source:
Kiribati ‐ Food and Nutrition Security Profiles
Food Utilization
Nutrition and Health
Figure 3.5 Exclusive Breastfeeding • Exclusive breastfeeding stood at 69% in 2009 and early initiation at 80 %, some of the highest rates in the region for these indicators
Early initiation of breastfeeding
Exclusive breast feeding rate (0‐5 months)
100
Figure 3.6 Complementary Feeding • Introduction of complementary feeding is timely for 68% of children • Complementary feeding practices deserve ongoing attention: 47% of children aged 6‐23 months do not meet the minimum meal frequency, 41% do not meet minimum dietary diversity, and 64% do not receive the minimum acceptable diet 80
Introduction of solid, semi‐solid or…
68
Percent
80
60
69
Minimum dietary diversity (breastfed…
40
Minimum meal frequency (breastfed…
20
Minimum acceptable diet (breastfed…
0
Percent
2009
Source: KIR_Kiribati Demographic and Health Survey 2009_2010
0
59
53
36
20
40
60
80
Source: KIR_Kiribati Demographic and Health Survey 2009_2010
Figure 3.7 Duration of Breastfeeding
No Data
Figure 3.8 Child Malnutrition and Poverty Micronutrient Status
Figure 3.9 Vitamin A • Vitamin A deficiencies represents a severe public health concern (22% of pre‐schoolers) 100
Vitamin A Supplementation Coverage ‐ full – children 6‐59 months
Percent
75
50
25
0
No Data
21.8
Vitamin A Deficiency
(Pre‐School Aged Children)
<0.7umoL /a
0
* VAD is a severe public health problem if >20% of preschool children (6‐71 months) have low serum retinol (<0.7µmol/L)
Source: a/ WHO Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in population at risk 1995‐2005 report.
Iodine (Table 3.2)
Households consuming iodized salt ‐
Iodine deficiency (Urinary Iodine Concentration <100ug/L) among school‐age children ‐
*Optimal UIE 100 ‐ 199ug/L
Source:
Kiribati ‐ Food and Nutrition Security Profiles
Policy Table ‐ 1
Enabling environment for Nutrition and Food security ‐ Policy documents addressing nutrition issues Nutrition related issues covered in these policies
Maternal and Child Undernutrition
Child undernutrition
Low Birth Weight
Maternal undernutrition
Child obesity
Obesity and diet related Adult obesity
NCDs
Diet related NCDs
Infant and Young Child Source: Nutrition
Covered
Comments
Breastfeeding
Complementary feeding
Int’l Code of Marketing of BMS
Supplementation:
Vitamin A children/women
Vitamins and Minerals
Underlying and contextual factors
Iron Folate children/women
Zinc children
Other vitamins & min child/women
Food fortification
Food Safety
Food security
Food Aid
Nutrition and Infection
Gender
Maternal leave Social Protection policies or legislation including food or nutrition component
Kiribati ‐ Food and Nutrition Security Profiles
Policy Table ‐ 2
Demographic Indicators (Table ‐ 5.1)
Population size (thousands) /a
Average annual population growth
Year
Economic Indicators (Table ‐ 5.3)
Year
101
2012
GDP annual growth rate /c
2.8 %
2012
75375351
2012
GDP per capita (PPP) (constant 2011 international dollars) /c
1,772
2012
Gini index /c
(100= complete inequality; 0= complete equality)
‐
‐
‐
‐
Unemployment rate /c
‐
‐
Population below US $ 1.25 (PPP) per day /c (%)
‐
‐
‐
‐
Poorest 20%
‐
‐
Richest 20%
‐
‐
44.07 %
2012
11
2012
‐
‐
66
2012
71.4
2012
Agriculture population density(people/ ha of arable land /b)
0.7
2006‐2008
Employment in agriculture sector (% of total employment) /c
2.8 %
2000
Poverty gap ratio /e
Women employed in agriculture sector (% of total female employment) /c)
1.1 %
2000
Income share held by households /c
Proportion of population urbanised
Number of children <5 years (thousand)
Education level of mothers of under‐fives: None (%)
Male
Life expectancy at birth (Years) /a
Female
Adolescents (Table ‐ 5.2)
Adolescent birth rate (number of births per 1,000 adolescent girls aged 15‐19) /a
Adolescent girls aged 15‐19 currently married or in union /d
Women aged 20‐24 who gave birth before age 18 /d (%)
Year
39
2005
15.8 % 2005‐2012
9
Sources:
a/ World Bank, Health Nutrition and Population Statistics Database 2014 Update
b/ FAOSTAT 2013 Update; c/ World Bank, World Development Indicators Database, 2014 Update; d/ UNICEF, State of the World Children 2014 (data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified)
2008‐2012
The information inlcuded in this Food Security and Nutrition profile, is backed by recognized, validated and properlty published information available untill June 2014. Although updated information might be available at national level form different sources, until requirements of quality, validity and proper publication are met, it has not been inlcuded in this profile.