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Chapter 3 Lecture Outline Cells Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Outline History of Cell Theory Modern Microscopes Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells Cell Structure and Communication Cell Components Cellular Reproduction History of Cell Theory 1665 - Cells discovered by Robert Hooke. Cell Theory: (1838) ** VIRUSES DUE NOT HAVE CELLS. Are they ALIVE? Modern Microscopes Light Microscopes - Increase magnification as ____________ passes through a series of ____________. • Compound Microscopes: – Distinguishes 2 micrometers and larger – Magnifies 1500x • Dissecting Microscopes (Scanning Microscopes) – Three-dimensional viewing of opaque objects – Magnifies 30x EUKARYOTIC VERSUS PROKARYOTIC CELLS ALL CELLS HAVE: CLASSIFIFICATION BY TYPE OF CELLS: Prokaryotes - Cells lack a ______________________ • Type of Organisms = _________ Eukaryotic - Cells contain a ____________________ • Type of Organisms ________________________ • Organelles - Membrane-bound bodies found which each have a particular function within eukaryotic cells • PLANTS– have ___________ Cell Structure and Communication in Plants Cell Wall surrounds protoplasm. Protoplasm = _____________________ Cell (Plasma) Membrane & Cytoplasm. = • Bound by plasma membrane – Cytoplasm consists of all cellular components between the _________________________________. o Cytosol - _________________________ o Organelles - ______________________ « Most, but not all, are bound by membranes. PLANT CELL Drawing of plant cell Cell Size Higher plants--length between 10-100 mm m Cell of Plant, Elodea CELL WALL FUNCTION: ________________________ STRUCTURE: Main biochemical is? • Also contains: – Hemicellulose – function = __________________ – Pectin - _________________________________ – Glycoproteins ____________________________ • Middle lamella •first part produced; •Contains: ____________________________ LOCATION: __________________________ Shared by: ____________________ primary walls Secondary walls: • What cells have & why? _______________ • Additional component: _______________ • Location ___________ Secondary cell wall structure COMMUNICATION THROUGH CELL WALLS • Plasmodesmata = _____________________ – FUNCTION: ____________________________ PLASMA MEMBRANE Plasma Membrane: • FUNCTIONS: ________________________________ • Biochemical Composed of: ________________ – Orientation of double layer • OTHER COMPONENTS: – ____________________ Fluid mosaic model _________________________ NUCLEUS Nucleus: • FUNCTIONS: • STRUCTURE – Nuclear Envelope: – Nuclear Pores: – Nucleoplasm plant cell • Nucleoli - Composed primarily of RNA • Chromatin Strands – Composed of: – Become: • Chromosomes – Chromatids = – Centromeres = o Kinetochore = protein complex « location = o Spindle fibers (made of microtubules): function = RIBOSOMES Ribosomes • COMPOSITION: • STRUCTURE: • FUNCTIONS: ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Endoplasmic reticulum • Structure: • 2 Types Rough ER: has • FUNCTIONS: Smooth ER • FUNCTIONS: Endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes MICROBODIES, VESSICLES: • Structure: EXAMPLES • Transport • Peroxisomes - Serve in Hot conditions VACUOLES VACUOLES– Central Vacuole: 90% water • Tonoplast: • Cell Sap: – Contains dissolved substances – FUNCTIONS: o o Anthocyanins (red, blue, purple) DICTYOSOMES Dictyosomes, Golgi Apparatus • STRUCTURE: • FUNCTIONS: – – EXPORT OF Substances in VESICLES o Migrate o Fuse o Secrete Examples: cell wall components, nectars, and oils . MITOCHONDRIA Mitochondria– Overall Function: • STRUCTURE – Cristae. – Matrix Drawing of a mitochondrion – AEROBIC RESPIRATION: C6H12O6 + O2 - CO2 + H2O + ENERGY ATP CYTOSKELETON Cytoskeleton: • General Function: TYPES • Microtubules: – Functions: o Move cellulose for: Cell Wall Microtubules … - Functions … o Found in flagella and cilia for: o Found in spindles for: in • Microfilaments - Role in cytoplasmic streaming PLASTIDS Plastids = CHLOROPLASTS: • STRUCTURE: – Membrane – Grana and thylakoids TEM and drawing of chloroplast structure Structure … Stroma: Small circular DNA molecule: Replication: EQUATION: CO2 + H2O + Light Energy + Chlorophyll -- C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O . Plastids … CHROMOPLASTS – Structure – Function: LEUCOPLASTS – Structure – Amyloplasts: – Elaioplasts: Chromoplasts in red pepper cells Amyloplasts in Potato cells Cellular Reproduction & The Cell Cycle Cell Cycle = • Divided into: ONION ROOT TIP– with cells in various stages of Interphase and phases of Mitosis Interphase: • Amount of Life Cycle? STAGES – G1 = 1ST GROWTH: – S = SYNTHESIS: – G2 = 2nd GROWTH: Interphase & Mitosis in Onion Root Cells MITOSIS Mitosis = • Produces: number of cells • Location in Plants: • Is a continuous process-- 4 phases: Prophase • Chromosomes o Spindle fibers « collectively spindle o Nuclear envelope and nucleolus: Prophase Metaphase • Chromosomes align: Metaphase Anaphase • Spindle fibers: • Chromosomes & Sister chromatids: • Daughter Chromosomes. Anaphase Telophase • Nuclear envelope & Nucleoli: • Daughter chromosomes: • Spindle fibers: • Cytokinesis: – Telophase cell plate: Cell plate formation Review History of Cell Theory Modern Microscopes Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells Cell Structure and Communication Cell Components Cellular Reproduction Onion Root Elodea Leaf