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Chapter 3
Lecture Outline
Cells
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Outline

History of Cell Theory

Modern Microscopes

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells

Cell Structure and Communication

Cell Components

Cellular Reproduction
History of Cell Theory

1665 - Cells discovered by Robert Hooke.

Cell Theory:
(1838)
** VIRUSES DUE NOT HAVE CELLS. Are they
ALIVE?
Modern Microscopes

Light Microscopes - Increase magnification
as ____________ passes through a series of
____________.
• Compound Microscopes:
–
Distinguishes 2 micrometers and larger
–
Magnifies 1500x
• Dissecting Microscopes (Scanning Microscopes)
–
Three-dimensional viewing of opaque objects
–
Magnifies 30x
EUKARYOTIC VERSUS PROKARYOTIC CELLS

ALL CELLS HAVE:
CLASSIFIFICATION BY TYPE OF CELLS:
Prokaryotes - Cells lack a ______________________
• Type of Organisms = _________
Eukaryotic - Cells contain a ____________________
• Type of Organisms ________________________
• Organelles - Membrane-bound bodies found which each
have a particular function within eukaryotic cells
• PLANTS– have ___________
Cell Structure and Communication in Plants

Cell Wall surrounds protoplasm.

Protoplasm = _____________________
Cell (Plasma) Membrane & Cytoplasm.
=
• Bound by plasma membrane
–
Cytoplasm consists of all cellular components between
the _________________________________.
o
Cytosol - _________________________
o
Organelles - ______________________
« Most, but not all, are bound by membranes.
PLANT CELL
Drawing of plant cell
Cell Size

Higher plants--length between 10-100 mm m
Cell of Plant, Elodea
CELL WALL

FUNCTION: ________________________

STRUCTURE: Main biochemical is?
• Also contains:
– Hemicellulose – function = __________________
–
Pectin - _________________________________
–
Glycoproteins ____________________________
• Middle lamella
•first part produced;
•Contains:
____________________________
LOCATION: __________________________
Shared by: ____________________


primary walls
Secondary walls:
• What cells have & why?
_______________
• Additional component:
_______________
• Location ___________
Secondary cell wall structure
COMMUNICATION THROUGH CELL WALLS
• Plasmodesmata = _____________________
–
FUNCTION: ____________________________
PLASMA MEMBRANE

Plasma Membrane:
• FUNCTIONS: ________________________________
• Biochemical Composed of: ________________
–
Orientation of double layer
• OTHER COMPONENTS:
–
____________________
Fluid mosaic model _________________________
NUCLEUS

Nucleus:
• FUNCTIONS:
• STRUCTURE
–
Nuclear Envelope:
–
Nuclear Pores:
–
Nucleoplasm
plant cell
• Nucleoli -
Composed
primarily of RNA
• Chromatin Strands
–
Composed of:
–
Become:
• Chromosomes
–
Chromatids =
–
Centromeres =
o
Kinetochore = protein complex
« location =
o
Spindle fibers (made of microtubules): function =
RIBOSOMES

Ribosomes
• COMPOSITION:
• STRUCTURE:
• FUNCTIONS:
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Endoplasmic reticulum
• Structure:
• 2 Types

Rough ER: has
• FUNCTIONS:

Smooth ER
• FUNCTIONS:
Endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes

MICROBODIES, VESSICLES:
• Structure:
EXAMPLES
• Transport
• Peroxisomes - Serve
in Hot conditions

VACUOLES
VACUOLES– Central Vacuole: 90% water
• Tonoplast:
• Cell Sap:
–
Contains dissolved
substances
–
FUNCTIONS:
o
o
Anthocyanins (red, blue, purple)
DICTYOSOMES

Dictyosomes, Golgi Apparatus
• STRUCTURE:
• FUNCTIONS:
–
–
EXPORT OF Substances in VESICLES
o
Migrate
o
Fuse
o
Secrete
Examples: cell wall components, nectars, and oils .
MITOCHONDRIA

Mitochondria– Overall Function:
• STRUCTURE
– Cristae.
–
Matrix
Drawing of a
mitochondrion
–
AEROBIC RESPIRATION: C6H12O6 + O2 -
CO2 + H2O + ENERGY
ATP
CYTOSKELETON

Cytoskeleton:
• General Function:
TYPES
• Microtubules:
–
Functions:
o
Move cellulose for:
Cell Wall
Microtubules …
- Functions …
o
Found in flagella and cilia for:
o
Found in spindles for:
in
• Microfilaments - Role in cytoplasmic streaming
PLASTIDS

Plastids =

CHLOROPLASTS:
• STRUCTURE:
–
Membrane
–
Grana and thylakoids
TEM and drawing of chloroplast structure
Structure …
Stroma:
Small circular DNA molecule:
Replication:
EQUATION: CO2 + H2O + Light Energy + Chlorophyll --
C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O
.
Plastids …


CHROMOPLASTS
–
Structure
–
Function:
LEUCOPLASTS
–
Structure
–
Amyloplasts:
–
Elaioplasts:
Chromoplasts in red pepper cells
Amyloplasts in Potato cells
Cellular Reproduction & The Cell Cycle

Cell Cycle =
• Divided into:
ONION ROOT
TIP– with cells in
various stages of
Interphase and
phases of Mitosis

Interphase:
• Amount of Life Cycle?
STAGES
– G1 = 1ST GROWTH:
–
S = SYNTHESIS:
–
G2 = 2nd GROWTH:
Interphase & Mitosis in Onion Root Cells
MITOSIS

Mitosis =
• Produces: number of cells
• Location in Plants:
• Is a continuous process-- 4 phases:

Prophase
• Chromosomes
o
Spindle fibers
« collectively spindle
o
Nuclear envelope and
nucleolus:
Prophase

Metaphase
• Chromosomes align:
Metaphase

Anaphase
• Spindle fibers:
• Chromosomes & Sister
chromatids:
• Daughter Chromosomes.
Anaphase

Telophase
• Nuclear envelope & Nucleoli:
• Daughter chromosomes:
• Spindle fibers:
• Cytokinesis:
–
Telophase
cell plate:
Cell plate formation
Review

History of Cell Theory

Modern Microscopes

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells

Cell Structure and Communication

Cell Components

Cellular Reproduction
Onion Root
Elodea Leaf