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Introduction Section 1: The Land Section 2: Climate and Vegetation Visual Summary Africa south of the Sahara is a region of dramatic landforms and tremendous natural resources. A study of its physical geography will explain some of the processes that have shaped and continue to shape the diverse landscapes, climates, and vegetation of Africa south of the Sahara. Section 1: The Land Physical processes shape Earth’s surface. Africa south of the Sahara was formed millions of years ago by various physical processes that continue to influence and shape the region today. Section 2: Climate and Vegetation Physical processes shape Earth’s surface. Location near the Equator, elevation, rainfall, and ocean air masses influence the region’s climates and natural vegetation. The Land This section discusses the landforms, water systems, and natural resources of Africa south of the Sahara and the physical processes that have shaped them. The Land • rift valley • desertification • fault • delta • escarpment • estuary • cataract • region • network The Land A. Great Rift Valley B. Lake Tanganyika C. Ruwenzori Mountains D. Drakensberg Range E. Lake Victoria F. Niger River G. Zambezi River H. Victoria Falls I. Congo River The Land Can you explain why writer David Quamman refers to Africa as “a million places”? 0% C C. Somewhat B B. No A. A B. B C. 0% C 0% A A. Yes Landforms Africa south of the Sahara is a region of step-like plateaus, rising to mountains and slashed in the east by a rift valley, which was formed by shifting tectonic plates. • The Great Rift Valley: – Kilimanjaro – Lake Tanganyika – Lake Malawi The Great Rift Valley Landforms (cont.) • Mountains and plateaus: – This region is a series of plateaus that rise in elevation from the coast inland and from west to east. – Ethiopian Highlands – Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya – Ruwenzori Mountains – Drakensberg Range Which mountains are referred to as the “Mountains of the Moon”? A. Ruwenzori B. Drakensberg Range C. The Alps D. Mount Kenya 0% A A. B. C. 0% D. B A B C0% D C 0% D Water Systems Landforms and physical processes have influenced the region’s water systems, which include deep lakes, spectacular waterfalls, and great rivers. • Land of lakes: – Lakes Tanganyika and Malawi Water Systems (cont.) – Lake Victoria—world’s second-largest freshwater lake – Lake Chad—threatened with extinction Water Systems (cont.) • A Human-made lake: – Lake Volta • River basins: – Niger – Zambezi – Congo Water Systems in Africa South of the Sahara Which of following is a benefit due to Lake Volta? A. Irrigation for farming B. Fish supply C. Hydroelectric power D. All of the above 0% A A. B. C. 0% D. B A B C 0% D C 0% D Natural Resources Mineral resources and water are among the region’s most abundant natural resources. • The wealth of natural resources is not distributed evenly among the region’s countries. Natural Resources (cont.) • Resources: – Mineral resources—copper, iron ore, manganese, zinc, uranium – Half the world’s gold lies in Africa. – Diamonds – Water – Solar power African vs. U.S. Crude Oil Reserves How much of the world’s oil is located in Africa? A. 4% B. 10% C. 25% D. 40% 0% A A. B. C. 0% D. B A B C 0% D C 0% D Climate and Vegetation Location near the Equator, elevation, rainfall, and ocean air masses influence the region’s climates and natural vegetation. Climate and Vegetation • leach • harmattan • savanna • maximum • undergone • recover Climate and Vegetation A. Serengeti Plain B. Sahel C. Namib Desert D. Kalahari Desert Climate and Vegetation Which of the following influences this region’s climate and natural vegetation? D. Rainfall 0% B E. All of the above A 0% 0% 0% 0% E C. Ocean air masses A B C D E D B. Elevation A. B. C. D. E. C A. Location near the Equator Tropical Climates The region’s location in the Tropics near the Equator influences its climate and vegetation. • Tropical climates: – Tropical wet – Tropical dry—savanna; Serengeti Plain Africa South of the Sahara: Climate Regions Is the harmattan located in the tropical wet or tropical dry climate? A. Wet B. Dry 0% C A 0% A. A B. B C.0%C B C. Both Dry Climates The dry climates of Africa south of the Sahara are located in the north and south. • Dry climates: – Steppe—Sahel – Desert—Namib, Kalahari The Steppe as Transition Zone Dry Climates (cont.) • Possible reasons for desertification: – Climate change – Human land use and animal activities Dry Climates (cont.) • Midlatitude climates: – Marine west coast—Southern coastal areas – Humid subtropical—Southern coastal areas – Mediterranean—Cape Town – Highland—areas in East Africa Which climate region is a transition zone between two other regions? A. Desert B. Tropical dry C. Steppe D. Highland 0% A A. B. C. 0% D. B A B C 0% D C 0% D A. Niger River • Main artery in western Africa; a major means of transportation for people in the area • Splits into a large delta in southern Nigeria • Flows through tropical and dry climate regions B. Eastern Highlands and Mountains • Stretch from Ethiopia almost to the Cape of Good Hope • Include Ethiopian Highlands as well as volcanic summits of Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya • Ruwenzori Mountains are located in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. • Drakensberg Range in South Africa C. Great Rift Valley • Formed by the shifting of tectonic plates • Stretches from Syria in Southwest Asia to Mozambique in the southeastern part of Africa • Lakes Tanganyika, Malawi, and Victoria located in or near Great Rift Valley D. Lake Volta • Among the largest human-made lakes in the world • Powers hydroelectric plant that generates electricity used throughout Ghana • Important for crop irrigation E. Congo River • Forms largest network of navigable waterways on the continent • Reaches the sea through a deep estuary, which is easily navigated by oceangoing ships • Flows through rain forests in tropical wet climate region F. Deserts • Namib Desert located along coast in southern Africa; Kalahari Desert located in interior of southern Africa • Hot weather with little rainfall • Deserts support some plant, animal, and human life G. Escarpments • Edges of African plateaus marked by steep, jagged slopes or cliffs • Most escarpments located close to coast • Rivers flowing across plateaus plunge down escarpments in waterfalls H. Diamonds and Gold • Major diamond deposits found in South Africa, Botswana, and Congo River basin • About half the world’s gold deposits in South Africa rift valley a crack in the Earth’s surface created by shifting fault a crack or break in the Earth’s crust escarpment steep cliff or slope between a higher and lower land surface cataract a large waterfall desertification process in which arable land is turned into desert delta alluvial deposit at a river’s mouth that looks like the Greek letter delta (Δ) estuary an area where the tide meets a river current leach to wash nutrients out of the soil savanna a tropical grassland containing scattered trees harmattan a dust-laden wind on the Atlantic coast of Africa in some seasons To navigate within this Presentation Plus! product: Click the Forward button to go to the next slide. Click the Previous button to return to the previous slide. Click the Return button to return to the main presentation. Click the Home button to return to the Chapter Menu. Click the Help button to access this screen. Click the Exit button or press the Escape key [Esc] to end the chapter slide show. Links to Maps in Motion, static maps and charts, and transparencies appear near the bottom of slides as they are relevant. Links to the Reference Atlas and Geography Online are located on the navigation bar of most screens. This slide is intentionally blank.