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Geography and Physical Features of Africa Landforms of Africa • Africa is roughly three times the size of the United States. • About 225 million years ago, Africa was the center of the earth’s only continent— Pangaea. • Pangaea broke up into separate continents that floated apart. • The piece that became Africa didn’t move. Landforms of Africa • Africa has two major land types: lowlands and highlands. • The lowlands are in the north and west. • The highlands are in the south and east. • Several of Africa’s highest peaks rise out of the highlands of Kenya and Tanzania. • Mt. Kilimanjaro is the highest peak in Africa. Landforms of Africa • Most of Africa south of the Sahara lies on a high plateau. • A plateau is a raised area of relatively flat land. • The African plateau rises from coastal plains along much of the north and west coastlines. • Steep cliffs line much of the southern and eastern coasts, rising sharply from the Atlantic and Indian oceans. Landforms of Africa • The tectonic plates on which Africa sits have been slowly pulling apart for 50 million years. • This pulling apart of plates has been forming rifts—a series of broad, steepwalled valleys. • These rifts make up the Great Rift Valley, which stretches from the Red Sea to Mozambique. Landforms of Africa • The Great Rift Valley will become larger and larger as East Africa pulls away from the rest of the continent. • Over a long period of time, East Africa may become an island. • The island of Madagascar was formed in this way. Great Rift Valley Great Rift Valley Great Rift Valley • Parts of the Great Rift Valley have filled with water to form huge lakes such as Lake Tanganyika. • Africa’s lakes and rivers provide fresh water and fish. Lake Tanganyika Rivers of Africa • Many of Africa’s rivers have exceptional features. • The Nile River flows out of the mountains of central Africa all the way to the Mediterranean and is the world’s longest river. • The Zambezi River features many powerful waterfalls, including Victoria Falls. • Mist from Victoria Falls can be seen 25 miles away. Victoria Falls Climates of Africa • There are four major climatic regions in Africa: desert (arid), semi-arid, tropical, and equitorial. • The different temperatures and amounts of rainfall affect which plants and animals live in each region. Desert (Arid)Climates • Desert climates are found in the Sahara in northern Africa and the Namib and Kalahari in southern Africa. • These areas have little rainfall, high temperatures, and few plants and animals. Semi-Arid Climates • Semi-arid areas are found on the outer edges of deserts. • They also have high temperatures, but have more rainfall than the deserts. • Semi-arid regions have some animal and plant life. • The Sahel is a large semi-arid region located south of the Sahara Desert. Tropical Region • The tropical climate extends from the semiarid areas toward the Equator. • There is a rainy season of up to six months, and the rest of the year is dry. • Savannas are found in tropical and semi-arid climates— flat grasslands with scattered trees and shrubs. • More than 4.5 million square miles of Africa are savannas. • Many African animals (lions, elephants, giraffes, and zebras) live in these grasslands. Equatorial Region • The equatorial region has two rainy seasons and two brief dry seasons each year. • Located at the Equator, this climate has high temperatures year-round and an annual rainfall of 50-60 inches. • Rain forests with trees as tall as 195 feet grow here.