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Chapter Introduction
Section 1 The Land
Section 2 Climate and Vegetation
Chapter Summary & Study Guide
Chapter Assessment
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.
Chapter Objectives
• Identify the major landforms, water
systems, and natural resources of
Africa south of the Sahara. 
• Describe the relationship between
climate and vegetation in the region.
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As you read this chapter, use your journal
to compare and contrast the physical
geography of Africa south of the Sahara
with that of Latin America. List similarities
and differences in your journal.
The Land
Objectives
• Describe the major landforms in Africa
south of the Sahara. 
• Explain how the land affects the water
systems of Africa south of the Sahara. 
• List the most important natural resources
of Africa south of the Sahara.
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The Land
Terms to Know
• escarpment 
• cataract 
• rift valley 
• fault 
• delta 
• estuary
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The Land
Places to Locate
• Ruwenzori Mountains 
• Drakensberg Range 
• Great Rift Valley 
• Lake Victoria 
• Niger River 
• Zambezi River 
• Congo River
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to listen to the audio again.
At nearly 27,000 square miles (69,500
sq. km), Lake Victoria is the world’s
second-largest freshwater lake, after
Lake Superior in North America. Lake
Albert, named for Queen Victoria’s
husband, Prince Albert, is much smaller,
at only a little over 2,000 square miles
(5,300 sq. km). However, it is nearly
100 feet deeper than Lake Victoria,
which is substantially shallower than
most of the world’s other large lakes.
Landforms
• Plateaus, Mountains, and Highlands
Africa south of the Sahara is a series of
plateaus that rise in elevation from the
coast inland and from west to east. 
• The Ruwenzori Mountains, which form
the border between Uganda and the
Democratic Republic of the Congo, are
one of the few mountain ranges in
the region.
(pages 499–500)
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Landforms (cont.)
• The Great Rift Valley The Great Rift
Valley, stretching from Syria to
Mozambique, was formed millions of
years ago by shifting tectonic plates. 
• Volcanic mountains, including
Kilimanjaro, rise at its edges, and
deep lakes run parallel to its length.
(pages 499–500)
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Landforms (cont.)
Why do you think so much of the
African continent can be studied as
one region?
It is characterized by a series of
plateaus that rise from the coast
inland and from west to east.
(pages 499–500)
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Water Systems
Africa’s rivers originate high in the plateaus
and flow toward the sea. Rapids and
waterfalls make it impossible to navigate
most of the rivers from mouth to source.
(pages 500–504)
Water Systems (cont.)
• Land of Lakes Most of the region’s
lakes are near the Great Rift Valley. 
• Lake Victoria, the largest lake in Africa,
lies between the eastern and western
branches of the Great Rift.
(pages 500–504)
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Water Systems (cont.)
• A Lake Meets Many Needs The
human-made Lake Volta in West Africa
was created in the 1960s by damming
the Volta River. 
• The lake is a source of hydroelectric
power and supplies water for irrigation
farming. 
• It also has an abundance of fish.
(pages 500–504)
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Water Systems (cont.)
• River Basins The Niger River, the main
artery of western Africa, flows 2,600
miles (4,184 km) northeast and then
curves southeast. 
• As the river nears the Atlantic Ocean
at Nigeria’s coast, it forms a delta 150
miles (241 km) long. 
• The 2,900 miles (4,667 km) of the
Congo River form the largest network
of navigable waterways on the
continent.
(pages 500–504)
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Water Systems (cont.)
(pages 500–504)
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Water Systems (cont.)
• Daunting Physical Barriers
Between the late 1400s and early
1700s, Europeans were limited to
trading with Africans from offshore
islands or at coastal forts. 
• Inland water travel was nearly
impossible because of waterfalls,
rapids, sandbars, and sometimes
dry riverbeds.
(pages 500–504)
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Water Systems (cont.)
How do Africa’s rivers both foster and limit
transportation?
Parts of these rivers are navigable even by
large ships. However, it is not possible to
navigate the full length of the rivers. Cargo
can be transported only so far inland
before it must to be unloaded for land
transport. The same is true of passenger
ships. This may mean that there are areas
that cannot easily trade with other areas
and that there are places to which people
can travel only with difficulty.
(pages 500–504)
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Natural Resources
• Mineral resources of the region include
oil, uranium, diamonds, and about half
the world’s supply of gold. 
• Water is an abundant resource for
irrigation and hydroelectric power, but
irregular and unpredictable rainfall
poses a challenge to the control and
use of this power. 
• Solar power provides a vital source of
power to rural areas. Between 1986 and
1996, 20,000 small-scale solar power
systems were installed in Kenya.
(page 504)
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Natural Resources (cont.)
How do you think Africans might make
better use of their water supply?
They might build dams, dredge and
redirect rivers and streams, or build
industries near sources of water.
(page 504)
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
__
C 1. a crack in the earth’s surface
created by shifting
A. escarpment
__
D 2. a crack or break in the earth’s
crust
C. rift valley
__
F 3. an area where the tide meets a
river current
__
B 4. a large waterfall
__
A 5. steep cliff or slope between a
higher and lower land surface
__
E 6. alluvial deposit at a river’s
mouth that looks like the Greek
letter delta (Δ)
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B. cataract
D. fault
E. delta
F.
estuary
Critical Thinking
Identifying Cause and Effect Physical
features such as the Sahara to the north
and oceans to the east and west isolated
Africa south of the Sahara from other
regions. What effects did this isolation have?
For some time, goods, ideas, people, and
conflicts from other regions did not easily
spread to Africa south of the Sahara.
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Critical Thinking
Making Inferences Considering the
region’s physical geography, what
advancement in transportation do you think
has contributed the most to improved travel
in Africa?
Air travel has greatly improved travel in
the region. Travelers can cross areas
where roads and rivers are not navigable.
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Analyzing Maps
Place Study this
map. What do
most of the
countries with
elevations of less
than 1,000 feet
(300 m) have in
common?
They are located
along the coast.
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Applying Geography
Identifying Cause and Effect As a
geographer from Kenya, write a paper on
the geological process that caused the
formation of the Great Rift Valley to deliver
to the National Council for Geographic
Education.
Possible answer: The Great Rift Valley was
formed millions of years ago by a shift in
tectonic plates, which created a system of
faults in the earth’s crust. Volcanic eruptions
and earthquakes also contributed to the
unique landscape of the valley and continue
to shape it today.
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Close
Imagine you are traveling to Africa south of
the Sahara for the first time. What physical
feature do you most want to see? Write a
letter to a friend or family member
explaining why you want to see your
chosen feature.
Climate and Vegetation
Objectives
• Relate the geographic factors that affect
climate in Africa. 
• Identify the kinds of climate and vegetation
that are found in Africa south of the Sahara.
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Climate and Vegetation
Terms to Know
• leach 
• harmattan 
• savanna
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Climate and Vegetation
Places to Locate
• Serengeti Plain 
• Sahel 
• Namib Desert 
• Kalahari Desert
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to listen to the audio again.
The dry climate of Namibia has
contributed to the preservation of the
rock art of ancient peoples. Granite
caves and rock shelters house a great
variety of images of hunters, as well as
of giraffes, antelopes, and other animals,
painted in warm pigments of red, yellow,
ochre, and brown. These caves were
first occupied around 800 B.C. Although
paintings from this period have long
faded, many later ones remain intact.
Tropical Climate
• Tropical Rain Forest Dense tropical
rain forest covers the land near the
Equator in central Africa. 
• The region has warm temperatures and
receives 60 inches of rain each year.
(pages 505–508)
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Tropical Climate (cont.)
• Cutting Crops at a Cost Cash crops
in rain forest areas include bananas,
pineapples, coffee, cocoa, and rubber
grown on large plantations. 
• Farmers and loggers are clear-cutting
so much land that the rain forest may
disappear.
(pages 505–508)
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Tropical Climate (cont.)
• Savanna Savanna, or tropical
grassland with scattered trees, covers
about half of Africa. 
• The harmattan–hot, dry air from the
Sahara–dries the moisture left from
heavy summer rains, while cool,
humid air blows in from the
southwest.
(pages 505–508)
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Tropical Climate (cont.)
(pages 505–508)
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to listen to the audio again.
Tropical Climate (cont.)
Why do you think so many of Africa’s
large mammals live in the savanna?
It provides zebras and other grazing
animals with plenty of grass. These
animals are a food source for lions
and other meat-eating mammals.
Grassy plains with few trees are perfect
for both herding and hunting animals.
(pages 505–508)
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Dry Climates
• Steppe A semiarid steppe separates
the savanna from the desert. 
• The northern edge of the steppe–the
Sahel–has natural pastures of grasses,
shrubs, and acacia trees.
(pages 508–509)
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Dry Climates (cont.)
• Desertification Increasing amounts of
productive land in the Sahel has turned
into desert. 
• People have stripped more and more
of the steppe’s vegetation for firewood
or farming. 
• As a result, desertification has
advanced, stressing human and animal
populations that struggle to survive.
(pages 508–509)
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Dry Climates (cont.)
• Desert Isolated parts of southern Africa
are deserts. 
• The Namib Desert runs along the
Atlantic coast of Namibia. 
• The Kalahari Desert occupies eastern
Namibia, most of Botswana, and part
of South Africa.
(pages 508–509)
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Dry Climates (cont.)
What might result if desertification
continues unchecked?
There could be massive starvation,
destruction of wildlife, and a warmer
climate if desertification continues
unchecked.
(pages 508–509)
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Moderate Climates
Coastal areas of South Africa and
highlands regions in East Africa enjoy
moderate climates with comfortable
temperatures and enough rain for
farming.
(pages 508–509)
Moderate Climates (cont.)
Where in the region might the climate
be similar to what most North
Americans are accustomed to?
Americans would be most used to the
climate in coastal South Africa or the
highlands of East Africa.
(pages 508–509)
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column with the
appropriate term in the right column.
__
C 1. a tropical grassland containing
scattered trees
A. leach
__
A 2. to wash nutrients out of the soil
C. savanna
__
B 3. hot, dry air from the Sahara
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B. harmattan
Critical Thinking
Making Predictions Do you think
desertification will continue in Africa south
of the Sahara? Explain your answer.
Possible answer: Desertification will continue.
Vegetation has been destroyed by people,
their animals, and the climate, and without
rain it is unlikely that new vegetation will grow.
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Critical Thinking
Identifying Cause and Effect In what ways
are people affecting Africa’s tropical rain
forests?
People are using more land for farming,
and commercial loggers are clear-cutting
tropical timber.
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Critical Thinking
Making Generalizations How does
physical geography affect the climate and
vegetation in this region?
Areas at higher elevations have cooler
temperatures and receive plentiful
precipitation, which results in lush
vegetation.
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Analyzing Maps
Region Study the
maps on the right.
Which climate
regions lie on the
Equator? What
kind of vegetation
thrives there?
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Analyzing Maps
Tropical rain forest,
tropical savanna,
steppe, highlands,
and desert climate
regions are on the
equator. The
vegetation that
thrives there is
tropical forest and
tropical grassland.
Applying Geography
Rainfall’s Impact As a geographer studying
rainfall in Africa south of the Sahara, write a
report explaining how precipitation defines
climate and vegetation there.
Close
Summarize orally what you have learned
about climate and vegetation in Africa
south of the Sahara. What questions do
you still have about the region’s climate
and vegetation?
Section 1: The Land (pages 499–504)
Key Points
• Africa south of the Sahara is a series of step-like
plateaus, rising in a few places to mountains
and slashed in the east by a rift valley. 
• High elevations and narrow coastal plains
characterized by escarpments have made
traveling to Africa’s interior very difficult. 
• The region’s water systems include numerous
long, large, or deep lakes; spectacular
waterfalls; and great rivers that drain expansive
basins. 
• Minerals and water are the region’s most
abundant natural resources.
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Section 2: Climate and Vegetation
Key Points
(pages 505–509)
• Rainfall, tropical latitudes, nearness to the
Equator, ocean air masses, and elevation are
the main factors influencing climate variations
in Africa south of the Sahara. 
• The region can be divided into four main
climate zones: tropical rain forest, savanna,
steppe, and desert. 
• Moderate climates such as humid subtropical
and marine west coast are also found in Africa
south of the Sahara.
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Reviewing Key Terms
Insert the key term that matches the definition below.
cataract
estuary
leach
delta
fault
rift valley
escarpment
harmattan
savanna
1. ________________
a crack in the earth’s surface
fault
created by shifting of the
earth’s tectonic plates
2. ________________
tropical grassland with
savanna
scattered trees
3. ________________
a towering waterfall
cataract
4. ________________
a triangular section of land
delta
formed by sand and silt
carried downriver to a river’s
mouth
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Reviewing Key Terms
Insert the key term that matches the definition below.
cataract
estuary
leach
delta
fault
rift valley
escarpment
harmattan
savanna
5. ________________
a steep, often jagged slope
escarpment
or cliff
6. ________________
a northeast trade wind
harmattan
crossing the Sahara
7. ________________
to dissolve and carry away
leach
8. ________________
a passage where freshwater
estuary
meets seawater
9. ________________
a long valley between faults
rift valley
in the earth, with volcanic
mountains and deep lakes
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Reviewing Facts
Section 1: The Land
Where are the main highlands areas and
mountains in Africa south of the Sahara?
The main highlands areas and mountains
are in the eastern highlands from Ethiopia
almost to the Cape of Good Hope.
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Reviewing Facts
Section 1: The Land
What three great river basins are located in
Africa south of the Sahara?
The three great river basins are the Niger,
Zambezi, and Congo.
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Reviewing Facts
Section 1: The Land
What natural resources are especially
plentiful in Africa south of the Sahara?
Describe the locations of these resources.
Water, oil, gold, uranium, and diamonds
are the natural resources especially
plentiful in Africa south of the Sahara.
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Reviewing Facts
Section 2: Climate and Vegetation
Describe vegetation changes in the Sahel
and the causes that contribute to these
changes.
The Sahel has lost much of its vegetation.
People have stripped the trees for firewood
and cleared land for farming, and livestock
have eaten the short grasses of the Sahel.
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Reviewing Facts
Section 2: Climate and Vegetation
What kind of vegetation grows in the
savannas of this region?
Scattered trees and tall grasses grow
in the savannas.
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Reviewing Facts
Section 2: Climate and Vegetation
What is the wettest climate zone in Africa
south of the Sahara, and what types of
vegetation grow there?
The wettest climate zone is the tropical
rain forest, and tropical forest vegetation
grows there.
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Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions What resources
make Africa important to the world
economy? Why?
Minerals make Africa important to the
world economy. The region’s minerals are
in demand because supplies of many of
them are limited elsewhere in the world.
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Critical Thinking
Making Generalizations What general
observations can you make about the
areas of the region that have moderate
climates?
Areas in the region with moderate
climates are usually close to the coast
or at higher elevations.
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Locating Places
Match the letters on the map with the physical features of
Africa south of the Sahara.
__1.
Lake Chad
C
__2.
Kilimanjaro
F
__3.
Kalahari Desert
E
__4.
Lake Malawi
B
__5.
Great Rift Valley
J
__6.
Okavango Delta
D
__7.
Lake Victoria
A
__8.
Zambezi River
H
__9.
Lake Tanganyika
I
__10.
Congo River
G
__11.
Niger River
K
__12.
Namib Desert
L
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Study the time zone map below. Then choose the
best answer for the following multiple-choice
questions. If you have trouble answering the
questions, use the process of elimination to narrow
your choices.
1. If it is noon in Accra, Ghana, what time is it in Cape Town, South Africa?
A
2 p.m.
B
2 a.m.
C
10 p.m.
D
11 p.m.
Test-Taking Tip Be sure to pay close attention to the locations
mentioned in the question. By studying the map, you can see that
the time zone in which Nairobi lies is located next to the time
zone in which Durban is located. Therefore, the difference
between the times should be one hour. Notice that the sample
times shown on the map are different from those in the question,
however, so you will need to subtract to find the correct answer.
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2. If you were standing in Nairobi, Kenya, at 2:00 in the afternoon, what
time would it be in Durban, South Africa?
F
2 p.m.
G
11 a.m.
H
1 p.m.
J
4 p.m.
Test-Taking Tip Be sure to pay close attention to the locations
mentioned in the question. By studying the map, you can see that
the time zone in which Nairobi lies is located next to the time
zone in which Durban is located. Therefore, the difference
between the times should be one hour. Notice that the sample
times shown on the map are different from those in the question,
however, so you will need to subtract to find the correct answer.
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Many of the plant and animal species on
Madagascar are found nowhere else in
Africa south of the Sahara. How would
you explain this?
Madagascar is an island. Vegetation and
animal species there developed separately
from those on the continent of Africa, and
those that developed on the island were
never carried to the mainland.
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Explore online information about the topics
introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the
Glencoe World Geography Web site. At this site, you will find
interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites
correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you
finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this
presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web
site, manually launch your Web browser and go to
http://geography.glencoe.com
Ngorongoro Crater formed when an ancient volcano
to the west of Kilimanjaro exploded and collapsed on
itself, leaving a hollow measuring 10-12 miles (16-19
km) across and 2,000 feet (610 m) deep. The crater
has been a popular tourist destination for more than
half a century. Elephants, rhinoceroses, leopards,
zebras, and other wildlife range across its open
grasslands.
Understanding Time Zones
As the earth rotates on its axis, half of the planet experiences
day and the other half experiences night. By international
agreement there are 24 time zones around the world.
Understanding Time Zones
Learning the Skill
Each of the 24 time zones represents 15° longitude, or the
distance that the earth rotates in one hour. The base time
zone, called Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) or Universal Time,
is set at the Prime Meridian (0°). As one travels west from
Greenwich, the time becomes earlier; as one travels east, the
time becomes later. The international date line generally
follows the 180° meridian. Traveling west across this
imaginary line, you add a day. Traveling east, you subtract
a day.
Understanding Time Zones
Learning the Skill
The imaginary lines that divide time zones sometimes curve
or form angles. The lines are drawn to allow for geographic or
political needs. For example, certain lines curve around
Pacific island groups so that island countries that cover
relatively small areas will not have multiple time zones.
Understanding Time Zones
Learning the Skill
To determine the time and day of the week in different time
zones, follow these steps: 
• Locate on the map a place for which you already know
the time and day of the week. 
• Locate the place for which you wish to know the time
and day of the week. 
• Count the time zones between the two places. 
• Calculate the time by either adding or subtracting an
hour for each time zone, depending on whether you are
moving east or west. 
• If you have crossed the International Date Line, identify
the day.
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Understanding Time Zones
Practicing the Skill
Study the map on page 510 of your textbook and answer
the following questions.
1. How many time zones does continental Africa have?
Continental Africa has five time zones.
2. Does Africa have more, fewer, or the same number of time
zones as the United States?
Africa has fewer than the United States. The United States
has six time zones.
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Understanding Time Zones
Practicing the Skill
Study the map on page 510 of your textbook and answer
the following questions.
3. If it is 4:00 P.M. Saturday in Cape Town, South Africa,
what time and what day is it in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil?
It is 11:00 A.M. Saturday in Rio de Janeiro.
4. If it is 10:00 A.M. Tuesday in Sydney, Australia, what time
and what day is it in Honolulu, Hawaii?
It is 2:00 P.M. Monday in Honolulu.
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Understanding Time Zones
Practicing the Skill
Study the map on page 510 of your textbook and answer
the following questions.
5. Notice that some time zones have crooked boundaries.
Why do you think that is?
The time zones have crooked boundaries because they
follow political boundaries so people in a common
political unit will be in the same time zone.
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Maps
Africa South of the Sahara: Physical-Political
Africa South of the Sahara: Climate Regions
Africa South of the Sahara: Natural Vegetation
Chart
Leading Diamond-Producing Countries
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