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Chapter 1 , Section
World Explorer
Chapter 1
The World of Geography
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1 , Section
World Explorer
Chapter 1: The World of Geography
Section 1: The Five Themes of Geography
Section 2: The Geographer's Tools
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1 , Section 1
The Five Themes of Geography
• What is geography?
• How can the five themes of
geography help you understand the
world?
Chapter 1 , Section 1
The Five Themes of Geography
Key Terms
• geography- the study of Earth’s surface and the processes that
shape it; the connections between places and the relationships
between people and their environment
• latitude lines- the series of imaginary lines, also called parallels,
that circle Earth parallel to the Equator; used to measure a
distance north or south of the Equator in degrees
• parallel- in geography, any of the imaginary lines that circle the
Earth parallel to the Equator; a latitude line
• degree- a unit of measure used to determine absolute location;
on globes and maps, latitude and longitude are measured in
degrees
• equator- an imaginary line that circles the globe at its widest
point (halfway between the North and South poles), dividing the
Earth into two halves called hemispheres; used as a reference
point from which north and south latitudes are measured
Chapter 1 , Section 1
The Five Themes of Geography
Key Terms (continued)
• longitude lines- the series of imaginary lines, also called
meridians, that run north and south from one pole to the
other; used to measure a distance east or west of the Prime
Meridian in degrees
• meridian- an imaginary line that circles the globe from north
to south and runs through the North and South poles; the
lines of longitude on maps or globes are meridians
• prime Meridian- an imaginary line of longitude, or meridian,
that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole through
Greenwich, England; it is designated 0° longitude and is used
as a reference point from which east and west lines of
longitude are measured
• plain- a large area of flat or gently rolling land usually without
many trees
Chapter 1 , Section 1
The Study of the Earth
•
•
Geography is the study of the Earth, our
home.
Geographers analyze the Earth from
many points of view.
Things that geographers study:
• oceans
• plant life
• landforms
• people
• how the Earth and its people affect each
other
Chapter 1 , Section 1
The Themes of Geography: Five Ways to Look at
the Earth
Two questions guide geographers in their work.
• Where are things located?
• Why are they there?
To answer these questions, geographers use five themes
to organize information. The first is below.
Location
• Geographers use location, or where something is, to
begin their study of a place. There are two ways to talk
about location:
– Absolute location is a place’s exact position on the
globe. Geographers identify the absolute location
by using lines of latitude and longitude.
– Relative location is a place’s position in relation to
its surroundings.
Chapter 1 , Section 1
Five Ways To Look At The Earth (continued)
Place
• A location’s place includes its physical and human
features.
Human-Environment Interaction
• The theme of interaction stresses how people affect
their environment, the physical characteristics of their
natural surroundings, and how their environment
affects them.
Movement
• The theme of movement helps explain how people,
goods, and ideas get from one place to another.
Regions
• The theme of regions is used to make comparisons. A
region has a unifying characteristic such as climate,
land, population, or history.
Chapter 1 , Section 1
How Latitude and Longitude Form the Global Grid
Chapter 1 , Section 1
The Hemispheres
Chapter 1 , Section 1
The Five Themes of Geography–Assessment
Geography is
a) the study of mammals.
b) the study of postage stamps.
c) the study of space.
d) the study of the Earth.
Which of the following are themes of geography?
a) Location
b) Human-environment interaction
c) Regions
d) All of the above
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Chapter 1 , Section 1
The Five Themes of Geography–Assessment
Geography is
a) the study of mammals.
b) the study of postage stamps.
c) the study of space.
d) the study of the Earth.
Which of the following are themes of geography?
a) Location
b) Human-environment interaction
c) Regions
d) All of the above
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Chapter 1 , Section 2
The Geographer’s Tools
• What are some of the different
ways of showing the Earth’s
surface, and why do geographers
use them?
• What are the advantages and
disadvantages of different kinds of
maps and globes?
Chapter 1 , Section 2
The Geographer’s Tools
Key Terms
• globe- a round model of the Earth that shows the continents
and oceans in their true shapes
• scale- the size of an area on a map as compared with the
area’s actual size
• distortion- a misrepresentation of the true shape; each map
projection used by a cartographer produces some distortion
• projection- a representation of the Earth’s rounded surface on
a flat piece of paper
• compass rose- a map feature that usually shows the four
cardinal directions
• cardinal direction- one of the four compass points: north,
south, east, and west
• key- the section of a map that explains the symbols for the
map features; also called a legend
Key People
Gerardus Mercator
Arthur Robinson
Chapter 1 , Section 2
Globes and Maps
•
•
•
•
The most accurate way to present information on the
islands, continents, and bodies of water of the world is
to put it all on a globe, a round ball like the Earth itself.
The only difference between a globe and the Earth
itself is the scale, or size, represented on the globe.
Globes have a disadvantage: They cannot be complete
enough to be useful and at the same time be small
enough to be convenient. Therefore, people invented
flat maps.
Maps try to show the Earth, which is round, on a flat
surface. This causes distortion, or a change in
accuracy of the shapes and distances of places. It is
impossible to show the Earth on a flat surface without
some distortion.
Chapter 1 , Section 2
Getting It All On the Map
The World: Mercator Projection
• In 1569, a geographer named
Gerardus Mercator created a flat
map to help sailors navigate long
journeys across the globe.
• The Mercator projection, or method
of putting a map of the Earth onto a
flat piece of paper, is used by
nearly all deep-sea navigators.
• The Mercator projection is a
conformal map, meaning that it
shows correct shapes, but not true
distances or sizes.
• There are many types of other
projections of the globe.
Chapter 1 , Section 2
The World: Three Projections
Interrupted Projection
There are many ways to show a globe on a flat
map. The interrupted projection map, on the left,
shows real sizes and shapes of continents. The
equal area map , below left, shows size
accurately. The Peters projection, below, shows
land and oceans areas and correct directions
accurately
Equal-Area Projection
Peters Projection
Chapter 1 , Section 2
The World: A Robinson Projection
ARCTIC
OCEAN
Chapter 1 , Section 2
The Parts of a Map
Compass Rose
• A compass rose is a model of a compass. It tells the cardinal
directions, which are north, south, east, and west.
Scale
• The scale on a map tells you the relative distance on the map
to the real world. For example, a map’s scale may tell you that
one inch on the map equals one mile in the real world.
Key
• The key, or legend, on a map explains what the symbols on a
map represent, such as triangles representing trees.
Grids
• Some maps use a grid of parallels and meridians. On a map of
a small area, letters and numbers are often used to help you
find your location.
Chapter 1 , Section 2
The Geographer’s Tools–Assessment
The most accurate way to represent the Earth’s landmasses and
bodies of water is to use
a) an orange peel map.
b) a Mercator projection.
c) a globe.
d) a Robinson projection.
Which part of a map will tell you the cardinal directions?
a) The key
b) The compass rose
c) The legend
d) The title
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Chapter 1 , Section 2
The Geographer’s Tools–Assessment
The most accurate way to represent the Earth’s landmasses and
bodies of water is to use
a) an orange peel map.
b) a Mercator projection.
c) a globe.
d) a Robinson projection.
Which part of a map will tell you the cardinal directions?
a) The key
b) The compass rose
c) The legend
d) The title
Want to connect to the PHSchool.com Web activities for this section? Click here.