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Georgia and the American Experience Chapter 5: From Royalty to Independence, 1752-1783 Part 1 Study Presentation © 2005 Clairmont Press Georgia and the American Experience Section 1: The Colonial Period Section 2: Georgia Becomes a Royal Colony Section 1: The Colonial Period • Essential Question: – What were the similarities and differences between the three colonial regions in terms of political, economic, and socio-religious development? Section 1: The Colonial Period • What words do I need to know? – New England Colonies – Middle Colonies – Southern Colonies – apprentice – puritans Comparing the Colonies New England Colonies Middle Colonies Southern Colonies Land and Climate cold; rugged terrain with rocky soil milder climate; rich soils mildest climate; rich soils Farming small family farms larger farms; wheat large plantations; tobacco, rice, silk, indigo Other Industry shipbuilding, whaling, fishing, and furniture building manufacturing, mining, textiles, shipbuilding casks and barrels from longleaf pine forests Colonial Transportation and Communication • Boats used for shipping and transportation • Stagecoaches were available, but slow mode of transportation • Many old Indian trails were used • Newspapers read in cities; news often old when it arrived in rural areas Education in the Colonies • Schooling took place in home or church; boys were taught practical skills • Girls learned homemaking skills • Apprentices learned specific skills from master craftsmen • First public schools began in New England; only boys attended • Wealthy families in South hired private tutors or had their sons schooled in Europe • Primitive “Old Field Schools” opened for boys from “common” families Religion in Colonial Georgia • Anglican Church, or Church of England, made official church of Georgia colony in 1758 • Church attendance expected; shorter sermons and music common • Moravians and Jews also practiced religion in Georgia Leisure Activities in Southern Colonies • Fox hunting, horse races, week-long parties with friends and relatives popular • Food central to large social gatherings • Children’s games: jump rope, hoops, tennis, London bridge, hopscotch, leap frog, yo-yos and puzzles • Storytelling Romance and Marriage • Girls often married in their early teens • Courtships took place at dances, church, or during supervised home visits • Weddings were a day-long affair with great celebrations • Some wealthy families arranged marriages for business gain • Husbands were expected to provide; wives could not own property Click to return to Table of Contents Section 2: Georgia Becomes A Royal Colony • ESSENTIAL QUESTION – What political forces shaped Georgia after it became a royal colony? Section 2: Georgia Becomes a Royal Colony • What words do I need to know? – proprietary colony – royal colony – parish – French and Indian War – palisades – cracker – independence Change in Colonial Government Status • Proprietary Colony: governed by a Board of Trustees • Georgia ceased to be Proprietary Colony in 1752 • Royal Colony: colony directly governed by the King • Georgia became a Royal Colony in 1752; some people returned to Georgia who had left the colony while it was proprietary The First Royal Government • Naval Captain John Reynolds, first royal governor, arrived in 1754 • Reynolds introduced the idea of selfgovernment • Two-chamber legislature set up: Commons House of Assembly (Lower House) and Governor’s Council (Upper House) • Court of Conscience settled disputes; overseen by justice of the peace • Only people owning 50 or more acres of land could vote North America, 1754 • Spain claimed Florida and Mexico • France claimed land from Louisiana to the Great Lakes, and parts of Canada; New Orleans (south) and Detroit (north) anchored French settlements • Great Britain had established the 13 colonies along the Atlantic coast French and Indian War Origins • France and Great Britain wanted the treasures of the American continent • Both countries feared the other would gain the most power • France had the stronger army with more experienced leadership; British had better navy • Both sides had allies with certain Indian tribes The French and Indian War • Both sides claimed the Ohio River Valley area (more than 200,000 square miles) • The French built several forts in the area; many Indians sided with the French • The Virginia governor sent Captain George Washington with soldiers to Fort Necessity (near today’s Pittsburgh); a battle erupted • The war soon spread to Europe; by 1758, the British controlled the Ohio Valley • The Treaty of Paris (1763) ended the war Georgia and the War’s Aftermath • Treaty of Paris set Georgia’s western boundary at the Mississippi River • Proclamation of 1763 (King George III): Georgia’s southern boundary set at St. Mary’s River; Georgia colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains • Cherokee and Creek tribes gave up land claims north of Augusta and in the coastal region Georgia’s First Assembly • • • • • First met in Savannah in 1755 Passed bills to repair and build roads Organized a militia Codes created to limit rights of slaves Governor Reynolds was replaced in 1757 by Captain Henry Ellis Governor Henry Ellis • Believed Savannah was one the world’s hottest places • Colonists immigrated to Georgia from South Carolina and the West Indies • Offered large land grants and slavery increased (3,600 slaves by 1759) • The economy flourished; more farms and goods to buy • In 1761, Ellis became royal governor of Nova Scotia, in Canada Governor James Wright • Wanted to expand Georgia’s western lands to settlers • Completed Savannah’s defenses by strengthening forts and building palisades (fences made of sharpened stakes) • Sunbury became Georgia’s official port of entry • Land purchases increased greatly • More schools established, but for upper class children Georgia Crackers • People from Virginia and the Carolinas settled into middle and western parts of the colony • Plantation owners viewed them as “undesirable people” • Soon, these lower class peoples were called “crackers,” which was meant as an insult • Crackers were not welcome and thought of as ones who did not obey the colony’s laws Click to return to Table of Contents Click to return to Table of Contents