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EUROPE III
(CHAPTER 1: 64-78)
REGIONS OF
EUROPE
•WESTERN
•BRITISH ISLES
•NORTHERN
•MEDITERRANEAN
•EASTERN
MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE
MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE
 SIX COUNTRIES
 A DISCONTINUOUS
REGION
 ON THE PERIPHERY
 CULTURAL
CONTINUITY DATES
FROM GRECO-ROMAN
TIMES
 MEDITERRANEAN
CLIMATE
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HOT - DRY SUMMERS
WARM/COOL - MOIST
WINTERS
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ITALY
 MOST POPULATED OF MEDITERRANEAN
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COUNTRIES (57.8 MILLION)
BEST CONNECTED TO THE EUROPEAN CORE
MOST ECONOMICALLY ADVANCED
DISPLAYS A SHARP NORTH/SOUTH CONTRAST
(ANCONA LINE )
MILAN
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ITALY’S LARGEST CITY (4.1 MILLION PEOPLE)
AND MANUFACTURING CENTER
ALSO THE COUNTRY’S FINANCIAL AND
SERVICE-INDUSTRY CENTER
IBERIA
 SPAIN
 42.6 MILLION
 DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT WITH 17 AUTONOMOUS
COMMUNITIES
 CATALONIA (6.5 MILLION) IS THE LEADING
INDUSTRIAL AREA
 MADRID – THE COUNTRY’S PRIMATE CITY
 PORTUGAL
 10.5 MILLION
 POPULATION EXHIBITS A COASTAL ORIENTATION
 LISBON – THE COUNTRY’S PRIMATE CITY
GREECE, CYPRUS, & MALTA
 GREECE
 A CRADLE OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION
 11 MILLION PEOPLE
 ATHENS – PRIMATE CITY
 A GEOGRAPHICALLY FRAGMENTED COUNTRY
 CYPRUS
 GREEK MAJORITY WITH A TURK MINORITY
 STILL CONTESTED WITH A NORTHERN TURKISH AND
SOUTHERN GREEK SECTOR
 MALTA
 A SMALL ARCHIPELAGO WITH ABOUT 400,000 PEOPLE
 AN ANCIENT CROSSROADS
 RELIES ON TOURISM
FORMER
EASTERN
EUROPE
EASTERN EUROPE
(REGIONAL IDENTIFIERS)
EUROPE’S LARGEST REGION
ADJOINS 3 OF 4 OTHER EUROPEAN REGIONS
CONTAINS THE MOST COUNTRIES
INCLUDES EUROPE’S LARGEST STATE
INCORPORATES EUROPE’S POOREST
COUNTRY
 IN 1990, NONE OF ITS STATES COULD MEET
THE CRITERIA FOR MEMBERSHIP IN THE EU
 REACHES INTO THE RUSSIAN ZONE OF
INFLUENCE
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KEY CONCEPTS
 BALKANIZATION
 IRREDENTISM
 ETHNIC CLEANSING
 DEVOLUTION
 SHATTER BELT
BALKANIZATION
 FROM THE VERB BALKANIZE, WHICH MEANS
TO BREAK UP (AS IN A REGION) INTO
SMALLER AND OFTEN HOSTILE UNITS
 ORIGINATES FROM A MOUNTAIN RANGE IN
BULGARIA
 APPLIED TO THE SOUTHERN HALF OF
EASTERN EUROPE, i.e., THE BALKAN
COUNTRIES OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA
UNDERLYING FORCES
 CENTRIFUGAL FORCES
 REFER TO FORCES THAT TEND TO DIVIDE A
COUNTRY
 RELIGIOUS, LINGUISTIC, ETHNIC, OR
IDEOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES
 CENTRIPETAL FORCES
 FORCES THAT UNITE AND BIND A COUNTRY
TOGETHER
 A STRONG NATIONAL CULTURE, SHARED
IDEOLOGICAL OBJECTIVES, AND A
COMMON FAITH
IRREDENTISM
 A POLICY OF CULTURAL
EXTENSION AND POLITICAL
EXPANSION AIMED AT A
NATIONAL GROUP LIVING
IN A NEIGHBORING
COUNTRY
BORDER
ADJUSTMENT
COUNTRIES
RIVER & BORDER
MINORITY
POPULATION
A
A
B
ETHNIC CLEANSING
 REFERS TO THE FORCIBLE
OUSTER OF ENTIRE
POPULATIONS FROM THEIR
HOMELANDS BY STRONGER
POWERS BENT ON TAKING
THEIR TERRITORIES
MINORITY
POPULATION
A
B
BORDER
COUNTRIES
A
SHATTER BELT
 A TERM APPLIED TO
EASTERN EUROPE BY
GEOGRAPHERS TO
DESCRIBE A ZONE OF
CHRONIC POLITICAL
SPLINTERING AND
FRACTURING
 WHY HERE?
THE NEW EASTERN EUROPE
 COUNTRIES FACING
THE BALTIC SEA
 THE LANDLOCKED
CENTER
 COUNTRIES FACING
THE ADRIATIC SEA
 COUNTRIES FACING
THE BLACK SEA
COUNTRIES FACING THE
BALTIC SEA
 POLAND
A CLASSIC NATION-STATE
 TRADITIONALLY AGRARIAN - WHEAT
 POST WWII INDUSTRY - SILESIA
 WARSAW - PRIMATE CITY
 LITHUANIA
 LOST INDEPENDENCE IN 1940, REGAINED IN 1991
 KALININGRAD - A RUSSIAN EXCLAVE
 LATVIA
 SIMILAR HISTORY AS LITHUANIA
 CONSTITUTE BARE MAJORITY IN OWN COUNTRY
 BELARUS: RUSSIA’S CLOSEST ALLY
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THE LANDLOCKED CENTER
 CZECH REPUBLIC
 THE REGION’S MOST WESTERNIZED
 PRAGUE- A CLASSIC PRIMATE CITY
 SLOVAKIA
 THE LEAST DEVELOPED, MOST RURAL PART
OF THE FORMER “CZECHOSLOVAKIA”
 HUNGARY
 A NATION-STATE OF 10 MILLION
 THE MAGYARS MOVED INTO THE PRESENT
DAY COUNTRY MORE THAN 1,000 YEARS AGO
 BUDAPEST- A CLASSIC PRIMATE CITY
COUNTRIES FACING THE
BLACK SEA
 BULGARIA: LIBERATED BY RUSSIA IN 1878
 ROMANIA: A FORMER ROMAN PROVINCE;
RAW MATERIALS (COAL, IRON ORE, OIL,
NATURAL GAS)
 MOLDOVA: IMPOVERISHED, AGRICULTURALBASED ECONOMY
 UKRAINE: REGION’S LARGEST AND MOST
POPULOUS (46.7 MILLION) COUNTRY;
SUPERB AGRICULTURAL AND NATURAL
RESOURCES
COUNTRIES FACING THE
ADRIATIC SEA
 SLOVENIA: FIRST TO SECEDE; ETHNICALLY MOST
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HOMOGENEOUS
CROATIA: 4.4 MILLION PEOPLE (85% CROAT)
BOSNIA: LANDLOCKED AND CENTRALLY
POSITIONED
SERBIA: LARGEST AND MOST POPULOUS
MACEDONIA: 60% MACEDONIAN, 25% ALBANIAN
SERBIA: POPULATION OF 10 MILLION
MONTENEGRO: 620,000 INHABITANTS
ALBANIA: REMNANT OF TURKISH OTTOMAN
EMPIRE; 70% MUSLIMS; LOWEST ECONOMIC
RANKING IN EUROPE
KOSOVO: ADMINISTERED BY NATO
EUROPE III
(CHAPTER 1: 64-78)