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Chapter 10, Section
World Geography
Chapter 10
Mexico
Chapter 10, Section
World Geography
Chapter 10: Mexico
Section 1: Geography of Mexico
Section 2: Place of Three Cultures
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Chapter 10, Section 1
Geography of Mexico
• What are the main physical
characteristics that affect daily life in
Mexico’s heartland region?
• How do Mexico’s four coastal plains
regions differ?
Chapter 10, Section 1
The Heartland Region
Natural Hazards
• Mexico’s
central plateau,
or area of high,
flat land, is
geologically
unstable.
Chapter 10, Section
• Mexico is located
at intersection of
four tectonic
plates.
• Some mountains
are active
volcanoes.
• Frequent
earthquakes
shake the land.
Chapter 10, Section
Climate Factors
• The mountains block
rainfall in much of the
central plateau.
• The southern end of
the plateau receives
more rain than the
arid north.
• High elevation keeps
temperatures mild
year-round.
• The majority of the
population live here.
Chapter 10, Section 1
The Coastal Regions
Northern Pacific
Coast
•It has a hot and arid
climate.
•Irrigation, or
artificial watering,
gives this region
some of the best
farmland in Mexico.
Chapter 10, Section
Southern Pacific
Coast
•The Sierra Madre
del Sur mountain
range edges a
narrow coast.
•There is little
farmland, but a
spectacular setting
and tropical climate
favor tourism.
Chapter 10, Section
Gulf Coastal Plain
•Vast deposits of
petroleum and
natural gas are
under the plain and
Gulf of Mexico.
•It is one of the
major oil-producing
regions of the world.
Chapter 10, Section
Yucatán Peninsula
•Rainfall dissolves
the limestone
bedrock, producing
underground
caverns that
sometimes collapse,
forming sinkholes.
•Mayan ruins attract
tourists and
archaeologists.
Chapter 10, Section 1
Section 1 Review
The geological instability of the central plateau
a) is slowly dividing the plateau in half.
b) produces dangerous volcanoes and earthquakes.
c) causes heavy rainfalls.
d) has created a flat, low land.
Mayan ruins have attracted tourists and archaeologists to which
region?
a) the northern Pacific coastal plain
b) the Gulf coastal plain
c) the southern Pacific coastal plain
d) the Yucatán peninsula
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Chapter 10, Section 1
Section 1 Review
The geological instability of the central plateau
a) is slowly dividing the plateau in half.
b) produces dangerous volcanoes and earthquakes.
c) causes heavy rainfalls.
d) has created a flat, low land.
Mayan ruins have attracted tourists and archaeologists to which
region?
a) the northern Pacific coastal plain
b) the Gulf coastal plain
c) the southern Pacific coastal plain
d) the Yucatán peninsula
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Chapter 10, Section
Guided Reading Answers Section 1
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1. lies between the Sierra Madres; region with most people,
major cities, and best farmland; has earthquakes and active
volcanoes; climate is mild
2. dry, hot, and thinly populated; Tijuana, fast-growing city;
irrigated farmland produces wheat, cotton, and other crops;
Baja California peninsula is mountainous desert
3. narrow coastland along steep-sided Sierra Madre del Sur;
tourist area; resort cities of Alcapulco, Mazatlan, and Puerto
Vallarta
4. deposits of petroleum and natural gas along the plain and
offshore; major oil-producing region
5. generally flat; rain drains underground, dissolves limestone,
and creates caverns; sinkholes formed when cavern roofs
collapse
6. area of high, flat land
7. strip of land that juts out into a body of water
8. the artificial watering of farmland by storing and distributing
water from reservoirs or rivers
9. depression formed by the collapse of the roof of an
underground cavern
Chapter 10, Section 2
A Place of Three Cultures
• How did Mexico become a Spanish
colony?
• What were key political events in the
development of democracy in Mexico?
• What social problems face Mexico today?
• What are the main characteristics of the
Mexican economy?
Chapter 10, Section 2
Aztecs and Spaniards
• The Aztecs had
built a powerful
empire in central
Mexico.
• Tenochtitlán
occupied the site
of modern Mexico
City.
Chapter 10, Section
• Hernán Cortés, a
Spanish adventurer,
marched his soldiers
into Tenochtitlán in
1519.
• Within two years, the
Aztec empire was
destroyed.
• The territory won by
Cortés became the
colony of New Spain.
Chapter 10, Section
Four social classes emerged in New Spain:
the peninsulares
Spanish person born in Spain
the criollos
Spanish ancestry living in America
the mestizos
mixed Spanish and Indigenous ancestry
the Indians
Native Americans
Chapter 10, Section
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Indians provided labor
on Spanish-owned
haciendas, large estates
run as farms or cattle
ranches.
The Spanish king
rewarded the
conquistadors by
granting them both
haciendas and the
Indians who worked
them in a system known
as encomienda.
Under encomienda,
Indians lived a slave-like
existence.
Chapter 10, Section
Chapter 10, Section 2
Road to Democracy
• Criollo resentment
of the privileges of
peninsulares
erupted into
conflict in the
early 1800s.
• Mexico achieved
independence by
1821, but was not
democratic.
Chapter 10, Section
• The Mexican
Revolution began in
1910 when Peasants
and middle-class
Mexicans rebelled.
• The new Mexican
government was a
federal republic with
an elected president
and congress.
• The Institutional
Revolutionary Party
(PRI) controlled
Mexican politics until
the election in 2000.
Chapter 10, Section 2
Social Conditions
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After the Mexican
Revolution, the
government divided
haciendas among
landless peasants in
policy of land
redistribution.
The government
awarded most of the
redistributed land in
ejidos, land held
collectively by members
of a rural community. In
an ejidos, farmers
generally practice
subsistence farming,
only growing enough to
meet their own needs.
Chapter 10, Section
• One third of Mexico’s
farms are huge
commercial farms
called latifundios,
which, along with
some ejidos, raise
cash crops-crops
raised for sale and
profit.
Chapter 10, Section
• Many landless,
jobless peasants
travel from place to
place as migrant
workers.
• Cities offer better job
opportunities and
chances for education
than the countryside,
but most urban
dwellers in Mexico are
very poor and
struggle to survive.
Chapter 10, Section
• Since NAFTA
was passed,
manufacturing
has increased
and
unemployment
has declined in
Mexico.
Chapter 10, Section 2
Economic Activities
Major Industries
• Petroleum extraction and
tourism are important to
Mexico’s economy.
• The state-owned oil
company provides revenue
that rises or falls along with
oil prices.
• Climate, scenery, and
cultural history make
tourism an important
source of income for
Mexico.
• Tourism is a cleaner
alternative to industry;
Mexicans call tourism the
“smokeless industry.”
Chapter 10, Section
Border Industries
• Maquiladoras, factories
that assemble products
for export to the United
States, are clustered
along the United StatesMexico border.
• People have raised
concerns about work
and pay in
maquiladoras, but
employment has
increased and workers’
skills have improved.
• Concerns have been
raised about pollution
from factories and the
damage to health and
the environment.
Chapter 10, Section 2
Section 2 Review
How did Hernán Cortés affect the Aztec empire?
a) He traded European goods with the Aztecs.
b) He conquered the Aztec empire for Spain.
c) He exchanged ideas and technology with the Aztecs.
d) He gave the Aztecs tribute from the Spanish king.
What are two of the most important industries in Mexico?
a) diamond mining and electronics
b) petroleum extraction and timber cutting
c) steel and tourism
d) petroleum extraction and tourism
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Chapter 10, Section 2
Section 2 Review
How did Hernán Cortés affect the Aztec empire?
a) He traded European goods with the Aztecs.
b) He conquered the Aztec empire for Spain.
c) He exchanged ideas and technology with the Aztecs.
d) He gave the Aztecs tribute from the Spanish king.
What are two of the most important industries in Mexico?
a) diamond mining and electronics
b) petroleum extraction and timber cutting
c) steel and tourism
d) petroleum extraction and tourism
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Chapter 10, Section
Guided Reading Ch. 10 Section 2
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1. Mexico became a colony of Spain when Spanish adventurer
Hernan Cortes and his conquistadors conquered the Aztecs,
as well as the other Indian groups in Mexico, claiming the
territory for Spain.
2. Mexico achieved democracy after the Mexican Revolution
(1910-20). Peasants and middle-class Mexicans rebelled
against the military dictators who took over when Mexico
achieved independence in 1821.
3. After the Mexican Revolution, the government began
redistributing the land of the haciendas to landless peasants.
Some of the land was given to entire communities, to be
farmed as ejidos. Other lands are owned by individuals or
farming companies and are farmed as latifundios.
4. Mexico’s major industries are petroleum extraction and
tourism. Petroleum extraction is a major industry because
great reserves lie off the Gulf coast, and tourism thrives
because of Mexico’s climate, scenery, tropical beaches, and
rich cultural history.
5.c, 6.e, 7.a, 8.d, 9.g, 10.i, 11.b, 12.f, 13.h