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Biomes are regions in the world with similar: • Climate (weather, temperature) • Flora (vegetation, or plants) • Fauna (animals & insects) How is sunlight different at different latitudes? 90°N North Pole Sunlight Arctic circle 66.5°N Sunlight Tropic of Cancer 23.5°N Equator 0° Most direct sunlight Tropic of Capricorn 23.5°S Sunlight Arctic circle Sunlight 66.5°S 90°S South Pole Figure 4-11 The World’s Major Land Biomes Section 4-3 Tropical rain forest Temperate grassland Temperate forest Tundra Tropical dry forest Desert Mountains and ice caps Tropical savanna Temperate woodland and shrubland Northwestern coniferous forest Boreal forest (Taiga) TERRESTRIAL or LAND BIOMES INCLUDE: • • • • • • • • • • Tundra Northwest Coniferous Forest Temperate Forest Temperate Grassland Temperate Woodlands Boreal Forest Tropical Rainforest Tropical Savannah Tropical Dry Desert Tundra Coniferous forest Deciduous Forest Savannah Desert Rainforest TUNDRA • Has a permanently frozen subsoil called permafrost • too cold for many animals or plants to survive (Avg. temp. -10° c) • Average precipitation is less than 50 cm/year • Plants: includes mosses, lichens, grass & small shrubs. • Animals: Polar bears, Arctic foxes, caribou TUNDRA T U N D R A • Coniferous Forest • • • • Cold, wet climate Has long cold winters (average temp. 0° c) Average annual precipitation 100 cm. Animals: Deer, lynx, fox, hare and grizzly bears. Many animals hibernate or migrate to escape the long, cold winter months. - Plants: Coniferous trees (pine tree, fir, evergreens) Coniferous Forest Coniferous Forest TEMPERATE FOREST Deciduous Forest • Deciduous trees lose their leaves once each year when weather turns cold. • Houston, Texas is in a temperate forest • • • • Weather is moderate (Avg. temp. 10° c) Rainfall tends to be heavy (70-105 cm). Animals include deer, black bear, squirrels Oak and hickory trees, grasses and flowering plants grow here. HOUSTON TEMPERATE FOREST (Deciduous Forest) Temperate Forest TROPICAL RAINFOREST • Most diverse biome – over 2 million species. • Humid, temperature is consistent, (avg. temp. 25° c). • lots of rain - year round (avg. 200-400 cm/year) • Plants: diverse flowers, hard wood trees, medicinal plants and canopy trees. • Animals: monkeys, cat like mammals (jaguar), reptiles, sloth and insects. R A I N F O R E S T R A I N F O R E S T Tropical Rain Forest Washington State Costa Rica The Amazon River Tropical Savannah • Also called prairies or savannahs • Good soil, most crops are grown here. • • • • Average temperature 15° c. semi-dry biome. Rain Avg. (25-75 cm/year) Plants: Grasses are the main plant life. Animals: antelope, buffalo, giraffes and other large herbivores. Also, lions and cheetahs. Savannah S A V A N N A H DESERT • Very hot, dry biomes • there is little rainfall (less than 25 cm/year) • few types of plants. Vegetation includes cactus and the Joshua tree. • Desert animals include snakes and lizards. • Animals are nocturnal or live underground or under rocks when the sun is out. Desert Desert Tropical Dry Forest Biome that experiences an annual hard, dry season Precipitation VARIES Mild Temperature, RICH SOIL Many found in Mexico and Central America Plants and trees can survive long periods of little to no precipitation-a leafless period exists and plants/trees have DEEP roots. Vegetation includes: Acacias, Giant Barrel Cactus TREES/GRASSES medium Moderate diversity Animals include: Howler Monkeys, scorpions *Estivation- The summer equivalency of hibernation. Tropical Dry Forest Tropical Dry Forest Temperate Grassland • Contain some of the world’s most fertile soil. • Drought and fire play large roles in keeping trees from taking over the grasslands. • Avg. rain 20-35 in/yr (moderate) • Temp is HOT • Vegetation includes: buffalo grass, Johnson grass (GRASSES dense!) Trees ABSENT • Animals include: bison, pronghorns, deer, mice, rabbits, grouse, badgers, skunks, owls, garter snakes, rattle-snakes, red-tailed hawks and prairie dogs. Temperate Grassland Temperate Woodlands • Also known as the Mediterranean Biome • Summers are hot and dry in interior locations and cooler near the coasts. Their winters are rainy but mild. • Poor soil, low diversity • Vegetation: Trees and grasses are medium • Animals include: Coyotes, bobcats, mountain lions, badgers, foxes, small rodents • Avg. Rainfall- 27 in/yr growing season about 140 to 200 days Temperate Woodlands Boreal Forest/ Taiga • Climate in the taiga is cold, with average annual temperatures from about +5 to -5 degrees C • Precipitation varies Boreal Forest/Taiga Aquatic Environments Fresh Water Ecosystems: lakes, ponds, streams, rivers and Wetlands. Marine Ecosystems: intertidal and estuaries • photic zone – area of the marine biome where sunlight can penetrate. It is the most productive region. Why? • Aphotic zone – the area of the marine biome where sunlight does not penetrate. Animals in this biome are heterotrophic. Why? Ten Major Biomes Biome Tropical Rain Forest Tropical Dry Forest Tropical Savanna Desert Temperate Grassland Temperate woodland and Shrubland Temperate Forest Precipitatio Temperature n high hot Soil Diversity Trees Grasses poor high dense sparse variable mild rich moderate medium medium variable mild clay moderate sparse dense low moderate variable summer hot poor rich moderate moderate sparse absent sparse dense summer low, winter moderate moderate summer hot poor low medium medium summer rich moderate, winter cold summer mild, rocky, winter cold acidic high dense sparse low dense sparse summer mild, poor, winter cool acidic summer mild, poor winter cold moderate dense sparse low absent medium Northwestern Coniferous Forest Boreal Forest high Tundra low moderate
