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EXPANSION OF PULP PRODUCTION IN THE THIRD WORLD William Ladrach Zobel Forestry Associates, Inc. zfaforestry.com Allegheny SAF Meeting Roanoke, West Virginia February 16-18 2010 WOOD FURNISH FOR PULP MILLS Outside of North America and Eurasia, the great majority of pulp mills use plantation wood as furnish. Common plantation species used for pulp: Eucalyptus grandis, E. urophylla, E. globulus Clonal hybrids of Urograndis Acacia mangium, A. crassicarpa Pinus radiata, P. taeda, P. caribaea FAO 2005 PLANTATION SUMMARY Forest plantations Asia Europe North & Central America South America Africa Oceania Total % 62 17 9 6 4 2 100 Projected world forest plantation area (from STCP, Brazil) year tropical temperate 2005 2010 2015 millions of acres 173 297 267 343 410 398 2020 630 462 total 469 610 808 1,092 According to PriceWaterhouse Coopers, the world average return on capital employed (ROCE) in forest lands was 4.8% in 2007. In Latin America, industrial forest lands continue to generate income with ROCE’s of 9.3% in 2006 and 7.8% in 2007, according to FAO. The US pulp and paper industry is largely composed of widely held companies listed on the stock market and must compete with other sectors (electronics, energy, transportation, pharmaceuticals, etc.) for investors’ dollars. The US pulp & paper industry has not been generating favorable returns on capital employed in timberlands and has largely divested itself of its forest lands, selling them to timber investment management organizations (TIMO), real estate investment trusts (REIT) and to a lesser degree to limited liability corporations (LLC) and limited partnerships (LP). Notable exceptions: Weyerhaeuser, (closely held public company), Simpson Timber (privately owned) WOOD PULPS & THEIR USES Kraft pulp: wood free pulp or free sheet (all lignin removed), used for fine papers, packaging Semi-chemical pulp: some lignin removed, used as corrugated medium Dissolving (sulfite) pulp, used for acetate, film, rayon Goundwood pulp (GW) wood is ground off of logs, used for newsprint Pressure groundwood pulp (PGW) logs ground under pressure & steam, used for newsprint Thermo-mechanical pulp (TMP) chips ground under pressure and superheated steam, used for newsprint, fiber board (hardboard, MDF) Chemi-thermo-mechanical pulp (CTMP), used like TMP (uses chips, superheated steam & some caustic soda) New pulp mills in Third World countries: Are predominantly kraft mills, producing wood free (lignin free) pulps. Produce short fiber chlorine-free bleached pulps from tropical plantation trees A few produce long fiber unbleached pulps in temperate regions using plantation pines PULP PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY FAO statistics, 2007 Country United States Canada Finland Sweden Brazil Japan Russian Federation China Indonesia Chile Germany Pulp 1000 mt 52,277 22,235 12,856 12,588 12,083 10,850 7,010 6,435 5,177 4,675 3,001 Paper & paper board 1000 mt 83,826 18,113 14,334 11,902 5,836 28,930 7,559 78,026 7,223 1,344 23,172 Other countries Country South Afrcia India Spain New Zealand Australia Thailand Argentina Korea Mexico Venezuela Malaysia World total Pulp 1000 mt 2,310 2,308 2,065 1,529 1,182 1,025 794 416 333 73 54 176,986 Paper & paper board 1000 mt 3,033 4,183 6,714 872 3,192 4,484 1,545 10,932 5,594 610 1,062 383,603 BRAZIL Existing pulp capacity by state 2009 State Region São Paulo Espirito Santo Bahia Paraná Minas Gerais Santa Catarina Rio Grande do Sul Pará Maranhão Pernambuco Brazil south central north south central south south north north north Plants 10 1 2 4 1 5 2 1 1 1 28 Pulp Production mtyp 3,981,250 2,330,000 2,308,000 1,396,000 1,200,000 934,100 535,000 430,000 56,000 28,000 13,198,350 BRAZIL RATIO OF KRAFT PULPS IN BRAZIL 2008 pulp long fiber short fiber Brazil total pulp unbleached bleached total metric tons per year 1,470,000 106,000 1,576,000 567,000 10,046,000 10,613,000 12,189,000 BRAZIL New and planned pulp mills Company Locality Suzano (Kimberly-Clark) Suzano (Kimberly-Clark) Suzano (Kimberly-Clark) Suzano (Kimberly-Clark) Murcuri Mercuri Veracel I (Aracruz & Stora) Eunápolis Veracel II (Aracruz & Stora) Eunápolis Cenibra (Nippon, Japan) Belo Oriente Aracruz Votorantim Tres Lagoas Stora Enso (Finland) CMPC (Chile) Guaíba CMPC (Chile) Guaíba Province, State not specified Maranhão Piauí Bahia Bahia Bahia Minas Gerais Minas Gerais Mato Grosso do Sul Rio Grande do Sul Rio Grande do Sul Rio Grande do Sul Const. Completion Region Capacity Cost Date mtpymt US$ 1000 north 1,300 billions 2015 north 1,300 2015 north 1,300 2015 north 400 2015 north 1,100 2005 north 1,400 on hold central 800 1.60 2013-14 central 1,400 2015 south 1,300 1.50 2009 south 1,000 2012-13 south 450 2009 south 1,350 2011 BRAZIL ADVANTAGES Fast-growing tree species High level of forest research to improve tree growth and health Arable land available for more plantations at relatively low cost Trained & motivated work force Favorable wood transport systems BRAZIL ADVANTAGES University technical & professional support Close cooperation among companies, government, universities Strong economy National Bank for Social and Economic Development (BNDES) supplies financing for industrial development BRAZIL According to a report by Jakko Pöyry Oy and BRACELPA, the average yield of Brazilian industrial pulpwood plantations is: 40 m³/ha/year (8 cords/a/yr) for eucalypts on a 7year rotation (double the growth in 1970) 30 m³/ha/year (6 cords/a/yr) for pines on a 15-year rotation. (The trees are measured over bark) BRAZIL To keep up with growing demands for wood products worldwide, Brazil’s current tree plantation area of 5.6 million ha (13.8 million acres) needs to be increased to 12.8 million ha (31.6 million acres) during the next 20 years for Brazil to maintain its relative market share in wood products sales. Harvesters produce 6 m (20’) debarked wood, over 100 trees/hr, 3 shifts/day, 6 days/week BRAZIL WOOD TRANSPORT Pine transport in Parana State (south) BRAZIL WOOD TRANSPORT Unloading tri-train at Aracruz mill, Espiritu Santo BRAZIL 2009 Fibria was formed by the merger of Votarantim Celulose e Papel and Aracruz Celulose Combined annual pulp production capacity is over 6 million tons, Fibria owns more than 1.3 million hectares of forest land CHILE Region 8 Region 9 Region 10 Chiloé Island CHILE 2008 2.14 million ha of tree plantations 1.5 million ha of radiata pine plantations 380,000 ha of eucalypt plantations 70% of the forest products are exported, represent 13% of national exports and reached US$5 billion in 2007, including US$1.6 billion in pulp and paper. Wood and paper products exports are second only to copper. CHILE Celulosa Arauco y Constitución (Arauco) has a combined annual pulp capacity of 2.2 million metric tons from its mills, four in Chile and one in Argentina. It owns a total of 850,000 ha of tree plantations in Chile, Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. Arauco’s largest pulp mill is at Bío-Bío (Region 8), 858,000 tons of bleached long fiber pulp per year. CHILE Advantages Trained & motivated work force University technical & professional support Strong economy CHILE Challenges Lands in Regions 8, 9, 10 for radiata pine are occupied and the potential for expansion is limited. Chiloé island requires slower-growing Douglas-fir and cold-hardy N. Am. Pines Topography is rolling to steep, requires specialized harvesting equipment Chile has good forest fire organizations, but radiata pine is highly susceptible to fire damage. Truck haul capacity is limited by topography, roads. CHILE Specialized harvester tilts for operating on slopes CHILE Radiata pine, 22 years old, 100’ tall trees URUGUAY New mills Company Locality UPM (Finland) ENCE(Spain) Stora Enso Fray Bentos M’Bopicua not defined Region Capacity mtpymt 1000 southwest 1,000 southwest 1,000 northeast 1,000 Const. Completion Cost Date US$ billions 1.40 2007 0.93 2010 not defined URUGUAY Plantations: Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus dunnii Plantations are in northeast and in southwest URUGUAY URUGUAY Advantages Fast-growing tree species Arable land available for more plantations Wood available from Argentina across Uruguay River bridge at Concordia, through MERCOSUR agreements. NE plantations are adjacent to Brazil, wood could move to Rio Grande do Sul to new pulp mills. URUGUAY Challenges Road system mediocre. Poor transport from NE across Rio Negro & Lago de Rincon to Montevideo in South. Encroachment of plantations on cattle lands. Strong antagonism by Argentina to construction of Uruguayan mills on Uruguay River SOUTH AFRICA National pulp capacity 2.3 million mtyp Sappi mills over 1 million mtyp (ground wood & kraft pulp) at Ngodwana (Transvaal Prov.), Mondi 720,000 mtpy kraft mill at Richards Bay (Natal Prov.) 1.5 million ha of plantations, mainly Pinus patula, P. elliottii, P. radiata, Eucalyptus grandis and Acacia mearnsii. Most plantations are in East (Transvaal Prov.), Southeast (Natal Prov.) and South (Eastern Cape). SOUTH AFRICA SOUTH AFRICA Sappi owns 464,000 ha of plantations plus 75,000 ha in neighboring Swaziland. Mondi has 430.000 ha in plantations. 200,000 ha of new plantations are planned with additional 565,000 tons pulp capacity. The narrow gauge railroad is used for wood transport, allowing for a larger wood procurement area than with just trucks. SOUTH AFRICA Wood delivered to Sappi mill at Ngodwana by rail SOUTH AFRICA Mondi and Sappi are expanding plantations into Swaziland and possibly into Mozambique to the North. Mozambique has plans to establish up to seven million hectares of tree plantations. The increase in pulp capacity in Southern Africa will depend on increasing the tree plantation area. INDONESIA Installed pulp capacity is 5.3 million mtyp Plantations are primarily Acacia mangium Major mills are in Sumatra, one in Borneo Mill startup has been with natural mixed hardwoods as forests are cleared, then the sites planted with acacias. INDONESIA Operating Mills PT Riau Andalan Pulp & Paper PT Riau Andalan Pulp & Paper PT Riau Andalan Pulp & Paper PT Indah Kiat Pulp & Paper PT Indah Kiat Pulp & Paper PT Kiani Kertas PT Tanjung Enim Lestari P&P Others Total Indonesia Projected mills PT Riau Andalan Pulp & Paper Kaltim Prima P&P USF PT Garuda Kaltim Lestari Total new projections Group completion capacity Province date mtpy APRIL 1995 750 Riau APRIL 1999 100 Riau APRIL 2007 600 Riau APP 1998 1,552 Riau APP 2007 800 Riau KALIMANIS 1998 525 E Kalimantan Marubeni (Japan) 1999 450 S. Sumatra 550 5,327 APRIL Garuda projected unspecified on hold on hold 1,250 1,200 600 1,200 4,250 Island Sumatra Sumatra Sumatra Sumatra Sumatra Borneo Sumatra Riau Sumatra EKalimantan Borneo S Kalimantan Borneo W Kalimantan Borneo INDONESIA INDONESIA Challenges Financial difficulties, corruption (Kalimanis Group), national banks holding US$13 billion debt on failed forestry/pulp projects promoted with financial incentives Social antagonism to industry takeover and clearing of lands Resistance by environmentalist to land clearing and conversion to plantations INDONESIA Challenges Lack of trained manpower Lack of professional & technical personnel Lack of university technical support Lack of effective cooperation among companies, universities, government Lack of effective forest research Lack of good transport systems INDONESIA Challenges Effective % plantation area in Timber Estates (HTI) is low due to: Hilly land, organic soils (histosols), swamps Difficulties of adapting mechanized harvesting systems to terrain Growth rate for acacia plantations is relatively low, 20 m3/ha/yr (4 cords/a/yr) INDONESIA Felling short wood with chainsaws, hand debarking, shoulder transport of short wood to the road INDONESIA Improperly loaded truck, no binders on load. Labor adjusting wood standing on top of trucks INDONESIA Bi-train 12’ wide, 105 ton GVW on company road in Sumatra INDONESIA GVW 105 tons 11 axle bi-train in Sumatra Detail of 5th wheel connection CHINA Much of the additional world pulp capacity is aimed at sales to China. Approx. five million tons of new pulp capacity is planned or under construction in China. Government plans to establish 5.8 million ha of industrial tree plantations by 2015. CHINA New Pulp Capacity Company Locality APRIL (Indonesia) APP China (Singapore) Jiangsu Oji Paper Co. Ltd APP China (Singapore) Hunan Juntai China Metallurgical Group Shandong Chenming Lee & Man Stora Enso (Finland) APP China (Singapore) APP China (Singapore) Rizhao City Ningbo City Nantong City Qinzhou City Yuanjiang Zhanjiang Chongqing Beihai City Const. Completion Wood Province, State Region Cap. Cost Date furnish 1000 mtpymt US$ Shandong north 1,000 billions 2008 Zhejiang central 250 0.14 2010? poplar Jiangsu central 700 1.20 2009 Guangxi south 300 2008 Hunan south 400 0.64 2008 pine Hunan south 300 2008 Guangdong south 700 1.20 2009 Guangxi south 125 2008 bamboo Guangxi south 1,000 unspecified Hainan island 780 2008 Hainan island 780 unspecified CHINA CHINA CHINA 2007 FAO statistics Pulp capacity: Paper capacity: Plantations: 6 ½ million mtpy 78 million mtyp 31 million ha (2005) (USA 104 million ha in plantations 2005) CHINA Challenges Social challenges of establishing large industrial tree plantations in areas of high population density Difficulties and cost for developing infrastructure for efficient plantation management (roads, fire control, mechanized harvesting) Example: APP mill on Hainan Island CHINA Challenges Large extensions of temperate plantations established with slower growing species like mason pine (Pinus masoniana, similar to N. American red pine (Pinus resinosa), and with cottonwoods. Eucalypts planted in South compete with agriculture for land use CHINA Challenges Hilly topography & distance from coastal populations limits efficient industrial plantation development in the SW. The potential for expansion of tropical species to the north is limited in Hunan, Guandong, and Guangxi due to the continental land mass and winter cold blasts from the North. New pulp mill design capacities are generally lower than most world class mills CONCLUSIONS New pulp mill construction is centered in tropical and sub-tropical regions. New pulp mills are primarily bleached kraft short fiber (bleached hardwood freesheet). Expansion of industrial conifer plantations outside of N. America and Europe is limited. Low-cost wood furnish to mills is crucial to the economic success of the forest industry (fast growth, efficient harvesting & transport). CONCLUSIONS China and Japan will continue to be major consumers of wood pulp due to the differential between pulp & paper production capacities. Brazil has a very large potential to expand its plantation wood base and to increase its pulp production capacity, primarily for export. Indonesia has severe limitations to the expansion of its wood pulp industry. PREDICTIONS China will continue to expand its industrial plantations and pulp industry in spite of significant challenges. Increasing internal demand for pulp and paper will overcome logistical obstacles and relatively higher costs to produce pulp. North American long fiber pulp production is not threatened by international competition, but may be limited in the future by limited wood supplies, aging mill infrastructure and an inability to attract investment capital. END ZOBEL FORESTRY ASSOCIATES, INC. zfa @ bellsouth.net Selected sources of data on pulp & paper afandpa.org (Am. forest and paper assn) andi.com (association of pulp and paper industries) bracelpa.org (Brazilian pulp & paper assn) faostat.org (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) icfpa.org (international council of forest & paper associations) pulpmill watch.org stcp.com.br (Brazilian consulting company) */some data may vary slightly due to source