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ARPANET History
Lawrence G. Roberts
CEO Anagran
[email protected]
September 2005
Packet Switching History
Redundancy
0.85716
Routing
0.7143
IEEE paper
Rand Report
Paul Baran
Rand
ARPANET Program
IFIP paper
ACM paper
Economics
Donald Davies
NPL
0.57144
Topology
0.42858
Queuing
0.28572
Len Kleinrock
MIT
RLE Report
Book “Communication Nets”
Protocol
Roberts
& Marill
MIT
Larry Roberts
ARPA
Davies &
Scantlebury
J.C.R. Licklider - Intergalactic Network
0.14286
TX-2-SDC
2 Node Exp
Experiment
FJCC Paper
NPL
One Node
INTERNET
IEEE papers
ACM paper
3 nodes 13
SJCC Paper
20
38
0
1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973
Copyright Anagran 2005
The Beginning of the ARPANET
• 1965 – MIT Experimental Two Computer
Experiment (ARPA Funded) – Packets
over Dial Telephone Network 1
• Proved Circuit Switching too slow,
unreliable and expensive
• Packet Network Proposed by Roberts
• Queuing Theory – Len Kleinrock
• Packet Structure from Experiment
• Computer Interface from Experiment
• 1967 - Roberts moved to ARPA
• ARPANET Planned 2
• 1968 - All ARPA Research Sites pushed to join
network and share computer power
• 1968 – RFP for Packet Switch won by BBN
• 1969 – Graduate Student Team to design hosthost protocol:
• Led by Steve Crocker
• Vint Cerf on team
1.
2.
“Toward a Cooperative Network of Time-Shared Computers”,Roberts & Marill, Fall Joint Computer Conference, SF, California, November 1966
“Multiple Computer Networks and Intercomputer Communication, Lawrence Roberts, ” ACM Symposium, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, October 1967.
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ARPANET Program Plan
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ARPANET Logical Structure
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Internet Early History
“Internet”
100,000
Name first used- RFC 675
Roberts term at ARPA
Kahn term at ARPA
Cerf term at ARPA
Hosts or Traffic in bps/10
10,000
SATNET - Satellite to UK
Aloha-Packet Radio
PacketRadioNET
Spans US
DNS
1,000
TCP/IP Design
100
Ethernet
EMAIL
FTP
NCP
TCP/IP
10
ICCC Demo
X.25 – Virtual Circuit standard
1
1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987
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Hosts
Traffic
ARPANET in 1971
ARPANET 1971
ARPANET 1971
18 Nodes
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Packet Switching – 1969 Cost Crossover
60
65
70
75
80
From: “Data by the Packet,” IEEE Spectrum, Lawrence Roberts, Vol. 11, No. 2, February 1974, pp. 46-51.
Copyright Anagran 2005
NAE Draper Award Laureates
February 20th, 2001
Roberts
Copyright Anagran 2005
Kahn
Kleinrock
Cerf
US Internet Traffic
US Internet Traffic
Gigabits per second
10000
1000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
ARPANET
0.00001
0.000001
0.0000001
0.00000001
1980
1970
Commercial
NSFNET
2000
1990
Internet Bandwidth per User in US
100,000
Bits/Second
10,000
1,000
100
10
Copyright Anagran 2005
1
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2010