Download Storage for a Smarter Infrastructure Tom Roder – Top Gun Class

IBM TGVL: System Networking Foundations
June 2013
Networking Fundamentals
Andy Wright
Global Field Marketing, IBM System Networking
[email protected]
© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
Instructor Bio: Andy Wright
Experience:
Over thirty years of experience in Information Technology Services Sales and Marketing.
•
2013-Present
Channel and Sales Enablement – IBM System Networking
•
2004-2013
Product Marketing Director – Global Knowledge
•
2002-2004
Sales Manager – Channel Advisor
•
2000-2002
Marketing Director – Static Control Components
•
1981-2000
IBM (Netfinity/System x Marketing, ThinkPad Product Marketing,
and Sales positions in CA and MN, IT Programming)
Education:
•
Bachelor of Science, Business Admin Management & Computer Science, University of
Wisconsin - Platteville
Hobbies:
•
Beach, Civic Organizations, Travel
© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
Agenda
 Basics – what is a network, components, terminology
 OSI model & layers
 Virtualization & networking
 Storage & network convergence
© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
What Is A Network?
 Physical and logical interconnection of
“internet aware” devices
 Networks provide an infrastructure to
share resources and information
 A network is a resource, or group of
resources, that share common
communication infrastructure to
distribute data
 Networks can scale greatly in size,
ranging from two to three machines, to
millions of interconnected networks
 Clients, servers, network interface
© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
Network Interface and Speeds
 Devices have network interfaces – port or nic (network interface card)
 Ethernet is the standard
 Speeds at which computers and servers can access data over the network is
determined by the speed of the ‘wire’ they connect to
 These ‘wire’ or ‘media’ speeds are rapidly increasing to mind bogglingly fast data
rates
– 1 Gb speeds over Ethernet has been the standard
– 10 Gb becoming more persuasive
– 40 Gb products exist
– 100 Gb is coming
 Ethernet has become more reliable with advent of Lossless
– Lossless Ethernet: enhancement to Ethernet for data center environments
• Data Center Bridging (DCB) indicates lossless Ethernet – used by IEEE standards
group.
• Convergence Enhanced Ethernet (CEE) – IBM’s trade marked term
• Data Center Ethernet (DCE) – Cisco’s trade marked term
© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
Parts of a Network
 Node - a device (servers, storage, computers, etc) connected to the network
 Switch – connects devices to allow devices to communicate to each other
 Router – helps pass data to the correct device
Node
Switch
Router
© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
Access Devices (or Endpoint Devices)
 Devices that actually utilize network resources
 In the data center, these are typically servers, or storage devices
 In the office, this includes anything with an Ethernet port, including PCs,
IP phones, POS systems, and virtually anything else that might need to
talk to a network
 Access devices need to connect, or “uplink” with the rest of the network.
This is done by connecting to a switch
© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
Routers
 Act like traffic GPS units
 Responsible for understanding where traffic needs
to be moved across the network
 Also responsible for knowing whether it is
appropriate to be sending certain devices’ traffic to
other devices across the network
 Utilize technologies to allow multiple users to share
a single internet connection
 Analogy: Real-time translator. It will know that if
the finance department speaks English, in order to
talk to the human resources department, it will
need to translate to French in real time. The router
will also know that the employees in marketing
probably shouldn’t need to talk to the payroll
department
© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
Ethernet Switches
 Act as the “skeleton” of the network – provide the framework both
physically and logically to connect endpoint devices to the network. No
switches, no network!
 Unlike other network devices, switches typically have a high port density,
meaning, a larger port count (often 24 to 48+ ports!)
 Have transitioned from “connectivity” boxes to complex devices capable
of performing all of the aforementioned roles, and sometimes, more
 A lot of players in this market, including IBM’s System Networking
portfolio, in addition to products from Cisco, HP, Juniper and many, many
others
© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
Local and Wide Area Networks
Computer networks allow applications operating on
various computers to communicate with one another.
New York
LAN
London
LAN
WAN
Networking Standards
Vendor Interoperability
Server 1
• Competition - connect diff vendors
• Ease of Networking
Ex IEEE
Server 2
© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
Networking OSI Reference Model
Layer 7
Application
Layer 6
Presentation
Layer 5
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Layer 4
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
Destination
Source
•Network processes to applications
•Data representation (Encoding Language)
•Job Management tracking Inter-host communication
•Data tracking (End-to-end connection)
•Addressing and packet transmission (best path)
•Transmission across physical link (LAN/WAN)
• Transmission method of bits
VLAN
Type / Length
Layers 2 – 3 (Know from & where to)
11
Data
C
R
C
Layers 4+ (what’s inside)
© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
Network Layers Continued
 The key differentiation between most switches is their degree of
intelligence
 Switches typically fall under the category of:
 Layer 2, Layer 2/3, and Layer 4+
 So, what does this mean?
 Let’s quickly discuss the concept of a frame
Destination
Source
VLAN
Layers 2 - 3
Type / Length
Data
C
R
C
Layers 4+
© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
Network Layers – The Analogy
 Frames are little packages wrapped up inside each other
 When network devices can understand what’s wrapped up deep inside a
frame, they’re able to make intelligent decisions about how to interact
with frames
 Layer 2/3 switches understand where the frames come from, and where
they have to go
 Layer 4+ switches understand what’s inside a frame, and can actually
interact with frames to perform intelligent actions like reply to a system’s
request for information before it is actually processed by the destination
system
 Allows for intelligent load balancing and other complex operations based
on content rather than source or destination
© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
Layer 1: Physical Layer
 Defines the physical characteristics of the network such as connections
 Physical media type does not dictate the type of internet traffic that can flow
across it. Copper RJ45, DAC SFP+ or Fibre, all can carry “Ethernet” traffic
 Whether travelling by train, bus, or car, as long as the objective is to get from
point A to point B, the method travelled is irrelevant
 Ethernet standards - IEEE 802.3
 Support different distances – Short Range 100’s meters, Long Range 10 KM
 Pass-through would be an example (EN4091)
Copper RJ45
(CAT5, CAT6, CAT6e)
14
SFP+ DAC
(Passive / Active)
Fibre Optics
(Ex. LC/LC)
© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
Layer 2: Data Link Layer
 Provides reliable transit of data across a physical link
 Defines physical addressing, network topology, and is also concerned
with error notification, sequencing of frames and flow control.
 Consists of:
– MAC layer - Provides unique address for an NIC
– LCC (Logical Link Control) layer
 Examples of Layer 2 switches
– All the Ethernet devices in IBM portfolio support Layer 2 (except
Pass-thru)
– Layer 2 offerings:
• All RackSwitch offerings
• Embedded - EN4093/R, CN4093
• Basic L2 only: Easy Connect Mode & SI4093
15
© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
Layer 3: Network Layer
 Provides connectivity and network path selection between two networks.
 Required when going across domains or VLAN’s
 "What's the difference between a Layer 3 switch and a router?"
– Layer 3 switches have optimized hardware passing data traffic as fast as
Layer 2 switches our usually faster because it is built on switching HW.
– Layer 3 switches make decisions regarding how to transmit traffic like a
router does.
 Examples:
– All IBM RackSwitch and embedded switches
– Reduce need for external switches & ports
– Can help reduce costs
• Acquisition costs
• Operating costs – power, cooling & IT resources
– Can improve availability & security
© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
Early Ethernet Campus Evolution
Campus
WAN
95%
Layer3
Core Layer
Aggregation Layer
Layer2
Access Layer
5%
 In the beginning, Ethernet was used to
interconnect stations (e.g. dumb terminals),
initially through repeater & hub topologies,
 Then eventually through switched topologies.
 Ethernet campuses evolved into a structured
network typically divided into a Core, Service
(e.g. firewall), Aggregation and Access Layer.
– Typically: core, services, aggregation &
access planes.
– Traffic is mostly North-South
(directed outside campus).
– To avoid spanning tree problems, campus
networks typically are divided at access.
 The industry liked the tree structure & applied to
DC
© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
Ethernet in the Data Center
Data Center
WAN
< 25%
Core Layer
Access Layer
> 75%
SAN
Layer2
Layer2
Aggregation Layer
Campus Ethernet tree was
repotted to the Enterprise
Data Center & resulted in
complex inefficient
infrastructures.
But the Data Center is different
 Traffic patterns are East-West*
 Large layer-2 domains needed for clustering
and Virtual Machine mobility
 Has different fabric performance needs
– Lossless traffic for storage
– Low latency & high bandwidth for clusters
 Evolved into a virtual compute model, with
different demands:
– From static workloads
 to dynamic workloads
 to multi-tenant & dynamic
© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
Virtualization and Networking
 Gartner states that virtualization and consolidation are the two largest movements
occurring in the data centre
 While the greatest degree of focus has been on the virtualization of “traditional”
computing systems like servers, virtual network technology is becoming a huge
market
 Virtualization vendors like VMware and Xen have products to meet this need,
however 3rd party networking vendors like IBM have also developed incredibly
elegant and sophisticated technology to enable administrators to virtualize
network equipment
 Virtualization technologies like IBM’s Virtual Fabric, VMready and SDN VE are
changing the way IT personnel are thinking about network technologies
 The technologies currently available to facilitate network virtualization are
discussed in greater detail in the Networking Trends education module
© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
Virtualization: Virtualizing Network Components
 While a more technically involved concept, it is important to understand that while
virtual hardware is logical, it is ultimately dependent on physical hardware in order
to actually work in a way that is useful across a network
 With industry buzzwords like “virtual switches, virtual NICs and virtual fabrics”
being discussed, understanding that networking vendors like IBM have a wealth of
technologies available to meet each of these unique requirements that work well
with other vendors – this is a huge advantage.
© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
Standards will impact future Data Center
Virtualization
OpenFlow
Silos – app specific
 IEEE 802.1Qbg
– Server-network edge virtualization
– Uniform view of VMs in the
hypervisors and the network
– Visibility of VM traffic in the network
– Automatic migration of port profiles
▌
Inefficient
▌
Complex
▌
Slow response
▌
Static
▌
Vendor lock
IP NW
WEB
AP
WEB
AP
DB
WEB
AP
DB
WEB
AP
DB
DB
Optimization software control
 IEEE 802.1Qbh/r
– TAG added in Hardware to the
Ethernet frame.
▌
Optimized
▌
Simple
▌
Agile
▌
Dynamic
▌
Low cost
IP NW
WEBWEBWEB DB DB
AP DB AP DB AP
WEB
AP
© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
SAN – The Storage Area Network
 Servers need storage! In larger scale networks, this typically means servers are
attached to storage systems over the SAN on separate physical infrastructure
 This technology is typically driven over optical FibreChannel connections,
however FibreChannel does run on copper cable as well
 The storage networks have traditionally been kept separate from data networks
because storage technology is delivered to servers at a “block by block” level.
Basically, the electronic representation of physical sectors on a hard drive is
transmitted back and forth between servers and storage. This means that storage
networks must be very high speed, and incredibly reliable. Data networks are
“lossy” networks, which is unacceptable for storage
NPIV
MAC
CNA
10G Loss Less Ethernet
F-port
FCoE to FC
Gateway
MAC
WWN
WWN
F-port
N-port
WWN
FC Switch
2/4/8G Fiber Channel
© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
SAN – How We Talk to Storage
 Similarly to data networks, storage networks still need devices like switches to
extend the availability of their resources. IBM System Networking has a large
portfolio of SAN systems from both Brocade and Cisco
 As will be discussed in greater detail shortly, storage networks cannot directly talk
to data networks in most cases. In order to address this challenge, there are
devices that enable “data centre bridging”, which is essentially using a gateway
device to literally bridge the connection between the data and storage network
 IBM System Networking offers a portfolio of 16 SAN devices
© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
Network Convergence: Overview
 Historically, different network services required different communications
infrastructure
 Telephones ran on telephone networks, storage was accessed over storage
networks and data was contained within data networks
 This is no longer the case!
 As the performance of networks increases, and vendors are able to produce
technology capable of meeting the needs of multiple technologies sharing a
common ‘wire’, there is, and will continue to be a major shift away from physically
decoupled networks to physically shared but logically segregated networks
 Network convergence is rapidly becoming the biggest trend in the networking world
© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
Network Convergence: What Is It?
Lossless
Ethernet
iSCSI
Storage
Array
Gateway
Gateway
Fibre Channel
NFS/CIFS NAS
FC Arrays
FCoE Storage Array
25
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© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
Network Convergence: FibreChannel & Storage Area
Networks
 Typically in enterprise environments, storage has been attached to the network via an
independent, physically decoupled infrastructure known as the SAN, or storage area network
 The de-facto method of attaching servers to storage has been to leverage the FibreChannel
protocol, which uses optical connections and a specific ‘protocol’ or ‘language’ to facilitate
communication between servers and storage systems
 IBM markets a number of SAN-specific products including FibreChannel switches, as FC is
still the dominant product in this market
 FC systems have also traditionally operated at faster speeds than Ethernet technology
 FibreChannel does have several drawbacks however,
mainly the cost associated with maintaining and procuring
independent infrastructure just for storage
 As will be discussed in the following slides, convergence is
rapidly negating the need for physically independent
networks
© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
Network Convergence: The Challenges of Current
Technologies
 There are two major roadblocks impeding the rate at which convergence is being
adopted
– Many networks still operate with gigabit Ethernet technology. Unfortunately
this speed is insufficient to properly trunk high bandwidth storage applications
– The second major challenge is that Ethernet technology was not lossless
meaning that the technology is designed with the assumption that frames will
be dropped by networking devices if certain conditions like excess capacity or
network problems occur
 Storage data is incredibly sensitive to data loss and latency
and thus Ethernet as currently implemented is not best
suited for many mission-critical storage applications
 There is technology currently being standardized to
address these challenges
© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
Network Convergence: Leveraging New Technologies
 10 gigabit per second infrastructure is now becoming the standard in data centres
which greatly increases the suitability for Ethernet in storage applications
 40 gigabit per second technology is already available (with limited implementation,
however) and standards bodies are working 100+ gigabit per second technology
 Lossless communications technologies such as CEE, or Converged Enhanced
Ethernet eliminate the issues associated with network packet loss by
implementing QoS
 FCoE, or FibreChannel over Ethernet allows FibreChannel “frames” to be
encapsulated, or “packaged” inside of Ethernet frames permitting traditional
network equipment to understand how to talk to storage equipment
 iSCSI and NAS will allow administrators to utilize the same technological concepts
to increase availability and access to their network attached storage
 Other technologies that will be able to leverage lossless communications
including high performance computing clusters and computational
systems
© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
IBM System Networking - Overview

Mission: Help IBM deliver on the promise of the best “System’s Company” by
providing the best server-to-server, server-to-storage, storage-to-storage, and
system-to-system interconnect

Integral part of many IBM System and Solution offerings – Optimization,
automation and integration

Deliver lower latency, loss less, low cost and low power technology

Built on industry standards & designed for future

Seamless integration with Cisco, Juniper and others

Critical in fighting off the competition, increase revenue & profit
Storage
Software
Servers
Networking
© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
Hebrew
Hindi
Simplified
Chinese
Russian
Thank You
English
ありがとうございました
Arabic
Gracias
Spanish
Obrigado
Brazilian Portuguese
Japanese
Grazie
Dziękuję
Polish
Italian
Korean
Danke
German
Merci
French
Korean
Tamil
Terima Kasih
Malay
Japanese
Thai
© 2013 IBM Corporation
Learning Points
This educational material is intended for your use in selling. It is NOT a deliverable for your clients.
© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
Learning Points – Part 1
 Networking is critical to clients business
 A network is the physical and logical connect of devices
 A network is a resource that shares a common communication infrastructure
to distribute data
 Ethernet networks speed and reliability has increased tremendously over
the years
 Servers and storage are nodes also know as access or endpoint devices
that utilize network resources
 Ethernet switches provide the framework both physically and logically to
connect endpoint devices to the network.
 Switches typically have high port density.
32
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© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
Learning Points – Part 2
 OSI Reference Model is made up of seven layers:
– Layer 7 Application: Network processes to applications
– Layer 6 Presentation: Data representation (Encoding)
– Layer 5 Session: Job Management track
– Layer 4 Transport: Data Tracking
– Layer 3 Network: Addressing and packet transmission (best path)
– Layer 2 Data Link: Transmission across physical link
– Layer 1 Physical: Transmission method
 Switches typically fall under the category of Layer 2, Layer 2/3 and Layer 4+
 Frames are packages containing information about the destination, the source,
VLAN, Type/Length, Data and CRC (for validation and error checking)
 Layer 2/3 switches understand where the frames come from and where they are
supposed to go to
 Layer 4+ switches understand what’s inside a frame and can interact with the
frame to perform actions like reply to a system’s request for information before
it’s actually processed by the destination system
33
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© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
Learning Points – Part 3
 Layer 1 – the physical layer
–Defines the physical characteristics like the connection
– Can be copper, fibre optical, or SFP+ DAC. All can carry Ethernet traffic
–The physical cable varies in distances it can carry signals
 Layer 2 – the data link layer
– provides for the reliable transit of data across a physical link
–Defines the physical addressing, network topology and error notification
–Consists of MAC layer – provides unique address for a network interface card (nic)
and Logical Link Control layer
 Layer 3 - Network Layer
–Provides the connectivity and network path selection between two networks
–Required when going across domains or VLANs.
34
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© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
Learning Points – Part 4
 Early Ethernet Campus – used to connect dumb terminals through
hubs and repeaters. Eventually switches were used and almost all traffic
flowed North – South through a core switch.
Ethernet in Data Center – traffic patterns are East – West server to
server, virtual machine to virtual machine.
Virtualization has made significant changes to servers and storage.
Now network virtualization is gaining popularity.
 Storage has typically used FibreChannel connections With the advent
of more reliable (lossless) and higher performance, Ethernet is gaining
acceptance as a viable alternative to FC.
Network convergence is becoming one of the biggest trends in the
networking world.
35
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© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
Disclaimers and Trademarks
This educational material is intended for your use in selling. It is NOT a deliverable for your clients.
© 2013 IBM Corporation
System Networking Top Gun
Trademarks and Disclaimers
8 IBM Corporation 1994-2013. All rights reserved.
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Other company, product, or service names may be trademarks or service marks of others.
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The customer examples described are presented as illustrations of how those customers have used IBM products and the results they may have achieved. Actual
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Information concerning non-IBM products was obtained from a supplier of these products, published announcement material, or other publicly available sources and does
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Performance is based on measurements and projections using standard IBM benchmarks in a controlled environment. The actual throughput or performance that any
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This educational material is intended for your use in selling. It is NOT a deliverable for your clients.
© 2013 IBM Corporation