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IPv6 and Its Deployment Dipak Singh ERNET INDIA Agenda • • • • Problems with IPv4 What is new in IPv6? What are applications which demand IPv6? Deployment of IPv6 in ERNET. Problems in IPv4 • 32-bit address space can theoretically provide 4.3 billion unique global addresses. • Mapping (NAT), CIDR and Proxy has extended IPv4’s life in conjunction with private IPv4 Addresses • No. of IP Addresses allocated to an orgnisation are far less than their actual requirement. • Size of Routing Table increases with increase in the IP addresses. • Complicated Header IPv4 – Contd. • The IPv4 protocol does not provide • Security - end to end communication security • Quality of Service (QoS) - special handling for different type of traffic IP Datagram Header 0 VERS 4 8 HLEN 16 TTL TOTAL LENGTH TOS IDENTIFICATION 31 19 FLAG PROTOCOL FRAGMENT OFFSET CHECKSUM SOURCE ADDRESS DESTINATION ADDRESS OPTIONS (if any) + PADDING Why do we need a new protocol? • Uneven distribution of IPv4 addresses in the world. • India has less IPv4 Addresses than Hewlett- Packard (HP) and many other US Companies • India = 3,042,202 (3 million) • HP = 16,581,375 (16 million) • IPv4 Addresses will run out by 2008 to 2012. • Applications like Mobile Computing, Auto-configuration and Real Time Audio & Video etc. require end-to-end communications and hence unique IP Addresses for each device. IPv6 – What is New? • Expanded Address Space – Address length is now 128 bits. – 340 undecillion unique addresses (1 undecillion = 1036) • Header format simplification – Simplified header reduces router processing loads • Improved Routing – Route aggregration reduces size of routing table • Enhanced security and QoS – IPsec is mandated • Improved support for mobile IP and mobile computing devices – Plug & Play – Data, Voice, Audio and Video integration is a Reality Restoring an End-to-End Connectivity • Internet started with end-to-end connectivity for any applications – Replacing Decnet/SNA gateway • Today, NAT and Application-Layer Gateways connect disparate networks • Peer to Peer Server-to-client applications mean global address when connected. IPv6 Header Format 0 4 Vers 12 16 24 Traffic Class Flow Label Payload Length Next Header Source Address Destination Address 31 Hop Limit Addressing in IPv6 • Address in IPv4 has following format 202.41.97.3/24 • One level of hierarchy. Net id and host id • The one level of heirarchy has led to explosion of IP addresses in Internet backbone. • IPv6 addressing has multi level of hierarchy. • Three types of address in IPv6 – Unicast, Multicast, Anycast IPv6 Addressing • Unicast – Aggregatable Global – Scooped Address • Link Local • Site Local • Multicast – Identifies a set of interfaces – Multicast is used for Broadcast in IPv6. • Anycast – It also refers to a set of interfaces but packet is sent to nearest one Addressing in IPv6 • HEX in block of 16 bits representation • 2001:0E30:0102:0000:0000:09C0:876A:130B • Leading zeros in a field are optional: • 2001:E30:102:0:0:9C0:876A:130B • Successive fields of 0 represented as ::, but only once in an address: • • • • • 2031:0:130F::9C0:876A:130B 2031::130F::9C0:876A:130B 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 => ::1 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 => :: IPv4-compatible address representation • 0:0:0:0:0:0:192.168.30.1 = ::192.168.30.1 = ::C0A8:1E01 Addressing in IPv6 • Global Aggregate Address 3 13 001 TLA 32 NLA Public Topology 16 SLA Site Topology 64 bits Interface ID Interface Identifier • Link Local Address 10 bits 1111111010 54 bits 0 64 bits Interface ID • Site Local Address 10 bits 1111111011 38 bits 0 16 bits subnet ID 64 bits Interface ID Multicast Address 8 bits 4 4 11111111 flags scope 112 bits Group ID Flags 000T T= 0 T= 1 3 bits reserved permanent transient Scope 2 5 8 E link-local site-local org-local global Broadband Home – A necessity for IPv6 ! • Home Networking – At the heart of the digital home sits the Broadband access point distributing a host of enhanced content and services throughout the home Mobile Wireless Networking – an IPv6 Must • Unlicensed Band (Wi-Fi Hotspots) • Personal mobility, High data rate • Licensed Band (GPRS, 3G, DVB-T,…) • Full mobility, Modest data rate IPv6 – A Driver for the eEconomy With millions of new devices becoming IP aware, the need for increased addressing and plug & play networking is only met with the implementation of IPv6 IPv6 Market • Education & Research Networks. • Wireless (PDA, 3G Mobile Phone networks, Car,...) • Home Networking – Set-top box/Cable/xDSL/Ethernet-to-the-home • Enterprise – Requires full IPv6 support on O.S. & Applications • Service Providers IPv6 Deployment • Many ways to deploy IPv6 services – IPv6 tunnels over IPv4. – Dedicated Data Link layers for native IPv6. – Dual Stack Networks • IPv6 over MPLS or IPv4-IPv6 Dual stack routers • Service Providers and Enterprise may have different deployment need. IPv6 over WAN Tunnels • Manually or automatically configured tunnels. • Tunnel source and destination(IPv4) explicitly configured at each node. • Both the end nodes have to be dual stacked. Native IPv6 • It is like building a new IPv6 network. • Will be a costly proposition. • No impact on existing IPv4 infrastructure. • IPv4 traffic can be separated from IPv6. Dual Stack IPv4-IPv6 • Routers and end systems should be dual stacked. • May not necessarily apply to the overall infrastructure. • Network design must be well planned – Memory and CPU size to handle growth for IPv4 & IPv6. IPv6 over MPLS • Many Service Providers have deployed IPv4 MPLS backbone for various reasons. • Here IPv6 can be deployed without upgrading MPLS core. • The edge routers of MPLS backbone should be dual stacked. • Native IPv6 MPLS require full network upgrade. Establishment of IPv6 enabled Test Bed at ERNET • • To setup IPv6 Test Bed at ERNET Backbone Setup IPv6 Domain Name Server & IPv6 Mail Server at all PoP locations and test Mail Services using IPv6. • To Demonstrate following features • • • • Plug ‘n’ Play (Auto-configuration) Multicasting QoS Organizing an IPv6 workshop for participants from academia and industry. Infrastructure Upgradation • Hardware & IOS of Routers at 9 PoP locations have been upgraded to support dual stack . • A separate IPv6 segment has been created at each 9 POP. • A server running Linux has been deployed at each 9 POP exclusively for IPv6 services • A separate domain has been created at been created at each POP for IPv6 services. Routing • To deploy IPv6, we had following options • Tunneling, Native IPv6 and Dual Stack • Dual Stack of IPv4 and IPv6 has been deployed over ERNET backbone. • IPv4 and IPv6 routing are running simultaneously. • For Intra-AS routing, protocol options are • RIP, OSPF, IS-IS • OSPFv3 for IPv6 was deployed as OSPF for IPv4 was already running. IPv6 Addressing Scheme • The following IPv6 prefixes have been assigned to ERNET by APNIC: 2001:0E30::/32 • ERNET PoPs are being assigned to /40 prefixes. • Based on the above a PoP can further distribute /48 addresses to its customers.(1208925819614629174706176) • For example following IPv6 Addresses are proposed to be given for ERNET Delhi PoP users Delhi University = 2001:0E30:1801::/48 JNU Univ. of Rajasthan = 2001:0E30:1802::/48 = 2001:0E30:1803::/48 IPv6 Enabled ERNET Backbone Delhi Backbone IPv6 Addresses 2001:0E30::/40 2001:0E30::22/126 2001:0E30::5/126 ::21 Kanpur ::13 2001:0E30::6/126 Backbone Area 0 Mumbai 2001:0E30::18/126 Kolkata OSPFv3 2001:0E30::57/126 ::198 ::58 Pune Hyderabad ::197 2001:0E30::101/126 ::126 2001:0E30::102/126 ::125 ::129 ::178 ::177 ::130 ::14 IISC ::137 ::138 VSAT HUB Chennai Services Deployed • IIT Kanpur is acting as Mail Gateway for incoming and outgoing mails from ERNET. It is running on IPv4. • The individual Mail Servers at each PoP is forwarding and receiving mails from Mail Gateway at Kanpur on IPv6. • All Mail Servers except at Kanpur will have static IPv6. Mail server at Kanpur have both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses. • The mail transaction among mail servers within will be on IPv6 only. • Multicasting across 4 POPs has been tested and it is being tested at remaining POPs. ERNET IPv6 Test Bed IPv6/v4 dual stack segment IPv4 segment Delhi IPv6 Mail/DNS Server Calcutta IPv6 Mail/DNS Server IPv4 Internet Kanpur IPv6 Mail/DNS Server Mumbai IPv6 Mail/DNS Server Pune IPv6 Mail/DNS Server UoH IPv6 Mail/DNS Server Bangalore IPv6 Mail/DNS Server Chennai IPv6 Mail/DNS Server Future Plans • To run pure IPv6 traffic with GEANT, a PanEuropean Network. • To deploy IPv6 in Communication Fabric of Grid Computing. • To offer Test bed for R & D activity. Thank You