Download IPv６ - LINK@KoreaTech

IPv6
Laboratory of Intelligent Networks (LINK)@KUT
http://link.kut.ac.kr
Youn-Hee Han
한국기술교육대학교
IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6)
What is IPv6?
A next-generation version of IP (Internet Protocol), a
basic Internet protocol, in which the number of IP
addresses (numbers to identify terminals) is greatly
increased.
The current version of IP is version 4.
232 IP addresses (=approximately 4.3
billion)
Number corresponding to
one bucket full of sand.
The next-generation of IP is version 6
2128 IP addresses
Number corresponding to a
mass of sand covering the
whole world.
665,570,793,348,866,943,898,599 (or 6.65 x 1023) addresses for each square meter of
the Earth's surface.
2
한국기술교육대학교
Who manage IPv6 address?
ICANN/IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)

인터넷 할당 번호 관리기관
RIR (Regional Internet Registry)


대륙별 인터넷 레지스트리
APNIC (Asia Pacific Network Information Center)
 아시아· 태평양 지역

RIPE-NCC (Réseaux IP Européens Network Co-ordination Centre)
 유럽

ARIN (American Registry for Internet Number)
 북남미 외 기타 지역
국가별 NIC (Network Information Center)


3
한국은 KISA(한국인터넷진흥원) 안에 KRNIC(한국인터넷정보센터)에서
담당
https://ip.kisa.or.kr/main.html
한국기술교육대학교
4
한국기술교육대학교
Recent Status of IPv4 Address Space
http://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/index.html
국내
https://www.kisa.or.kr
2010.03
2011.03
5
한국기술교육대학교
Recent Status of IPv4 Address Space
http://www.krnic.or.kr/jsp/ipas/situation/nationIpv4.jsp
6
국내
한국기술교육대학교
Recent Status of IPv4 Address Space
http://www.krnic.or.kr/jsp/ipas/situation/nationIpv6.jsp
7
국내
한국기술교육대학교
Recent Status of IPv4 Address Space
8
한국기술교육대학교
Recent Status of IPv4 Address Space
(/32)
9
한국기술교육대학교
IPv4 Issues (1/3)
Demerits of Current Internet Addresses





Address Shortages
Limits Internet growth for existing users
Hinders use of the Internet for new users
Internet routing today is inefficient
Forces users to use NAT
System Management Costs


Managing addresses manually is costly and error-prone
Networks Renumbering
 Caused by address space shortage
 When choosing a more competitive ISP

Mobile IPv4
 Complicated to manage
10
한국기술교육대학교
IPv4 Issues (2/3)
Optional Security

IPv4 was never designed to be secure
 adapted for a public educational & research network

Many solutions for IPv4 security have been defined
 SSL, HTTPS, IPSECv4
 No ONE standard

Security features are optional
 CANNOT count on their availability
Support for 21st century applications

New applications are more demanding, they will require
 Guaranteed on-time delivery
 Guaranteed availability of bandwidth
 Guaranteed security

Difficult to add the functions to the base IPv4 technology
 adding them is very high overhead
11
한국기술교육대학교
IPv4 Issues (3/3)
Overcoming Insufficiency of IPv4 Address
 PPP address sharing
 CIDR (Classless Inter-domain Routing)
 “망 주소/ 넷마스크 사이즈”로 라우팅 테이블 엔트리 표현
 E.g.] 128.156.20.0/22 호스트식별자가 0인 인터넷망 주소

12
NAT (Network Address Translation)
한국기술교육대학교
Use of NAT
Is NAT Good Solution?
13
한국기술교육대학교
NAT example (1/2)
Host
Mapping
[192.168.0.10:TCP 1025] ↔ [131.107.47.119: TCP 5000]
192.168.0.10
NAT
Internet
Web
server
131.107.47.119
157.60.13.9
Destination Address: 157.60.13.9
Destination Address: 157.60.13.9
Source Address: 192.168.0.10
Source Address: 131.107.47.119
Destination TCP Port: 80
Destination TCP Port: 80
Source TCP Port: 1025
Source TCP Port: 5000
14
한국기술교육대학교
NAT example (2/2)
Host
Mapping
[192.168.0.10:TCP 1025] ↔ [131.107.47.119: TCP 5000]
192.168.0.10
NAT
Web
server
Internet
131.107.47.119
157.60.13.9
Destination Address: 192.168.0.10
Destination Address: 131.107.47.119
Source Address: 157.60.13.9
Source Address: 157.60.13.9
Destination TCP Port: 1025
Destination TCP Port: 5000
Source TCP Port: 80
Source TCP Port: 80
15
한국기술교육대학교
Is NAT Good Solution?
IPSec packets

Address and port translation (NAT function) invalidates the packet’s
integrity
Peer-to-peer(P2P) Communication

NAT prohibits P2P communication, or makes it complicated
Battery Problem at Mobile Devices




16
IPv4 mobile devices are usually behind IPv4 NATs
Application that want to be reachable need to send periodic Keep-Alives
to keep NAT state active
Current NATs requires Keep-Alive from 40 sec. to 5 minutes
It reduces battery life of mobile devices
한국기술교육대학교
Is NAT Good Solution?
IPSec packets

Address and port translation (NAT function) invalidates the
packet’s integrity
Peer-to-peer(P2P) Communication

17
NAT prohibits P2P communication, or makes it complicated
한국기술교육대학교
Is NAT Good Solution?
18
한국기술교육대학교
Carrier-Grade NAT (CGN)
What is CGN?
Internet
Internet
Global v4 address
Global v4 address
Access
Concentrator
With NAT
Access
Concentrator
FTTH
ADSL
Global v4 address
CPE
With NAT
Private v4 address
End Host
Private IPv4 address
CPE
With NAT
Private v4 address
End Host
Source: 72th IETF (July 2008)
19
한국기술교육대학교
CGN’s Limitation
CGN looks v6 is not needed?


No. CGN has serious restrictions.
IPv6 is needed !
Each customer can have only some “limited” numbers of
sessions simultaneously.


“port number” is just 2bytes which means 64K
For example, if 2000 customer shares same Global IPv4 address
(please note that this is just for example), only 25 or 30 so sessi
ons can be used by each customer at the worst case.
Which means that:
20
한국기술교육대학교
CGN’s Limitation - Web 2.0 and IPv6
21
Max 30 Connections
Max 20 Connections
Max 15 Connections
Max 10 Connections
Source: 72th IETF (July 2008)
한국기술교육대학교
Web 2.0 Application’s Operation
“Ajax” web application
concurrent sessions
Browser
UI:
Ajax:
time
server-side
server processing
UI
22
HTML rendering engine
browser
XMLHttpRequest()
JavaScript Engine
HTML / CSS
data
Other data
(e.g. images)
XML
data
JavaScript
Code –
the Ajax
Engine
Desktop UI
“session” management
request
html + css
+ xml
data mgmt
server-side systems
web
server
data
stores
backend
etc.
한국기술교육대학교
Web 2.0 and IPv6
Examples of # of concurrent sessions of web 2.0 sites
Webpage
No operation
Yahoo top page
Google image search
Nico Nico Douga
OCN photo friend
iTunes
iGoogle
Rakuten
Amazon
HMV
YouTube
# of sessions
5～10
10～20
30～60
50～80
170～200+
230～270
80～100
50～60
90
100
90
Source: 72th IETF (July 2008)

AJAX applications of Web 2.0 break behind NAT
 Too many connections exhaust public IP port space
23
한국기술교육대학교
What is IPv6 Application? (1)
The world of IPv6
Data-compatible home
appliances
Mobile telephone
Settlement
¥
¥
Broadcasting
Data car
IPv６
Map information
Vending machines
Image Server
DRINK
Music
24
¥
¥
한국기술교육대학교
What is IPv6 Application? (2)
IPv6: Keep unique identification
Expand networking area from Server-client to peer-to-peer
communication
Server
Server-client
Communication
Local net
NAT
Client
Introduce IPv6
Peer to Peer
communication
Local net
Internet
×
Client
NAT
IPv6 applied
Server
Local net
New Application emerges
VoIP、TV conference, chat,
multiplayer game over Internet,
etc.
25
Internet
Local net
Client
Clinet
한국기술교육대학교
IPv6 Devices (1)
for example….. The Sony IP digital camera & Camcorder
IPv6 digital camera system, IPv6
TV system, Home gateway
파나소닉의 IPv6 네트워크 카메라 모델
26
한국기술교육대학교
IPv6 Devices (2)
IPv6 Microwave Oven
IPv6 Refrigerator
27
한국기술교육대학교
IPv6 for the Ubiquitous Internet
Connect Everything to the Internet

Simply (Plug & Play) and Safety
Enjoy Internet Everywhere & Anytime
Play, Learn, and Live on the Internet for Everyone



Peer to Peer (P2P)
Global Reachability
Home Information System
We need One Internet

28
Global Communications enhances business, trade, research
한국기술교육대학교
Next generation network (society) by IPv6
“Everything over IP”
★Always on Internet
★Security (privacy)
Pet
★nearly infinite address (identification)
★1 to N, N to M (broadcast application）
Animal
Servers
Storages
PCs
Track
PDA
Contents distribution
（Cinema, Music, etc.）
Network
Computing
IPv6 Internet
mobile phone
（IMT-2000）
Mobile
Computing
Remote operation, monitoring
（ Freight management,
Facility management, etc.）
Light
Home
Computing
Information
Appliance
Home Network
（BlueTooth, Zigbee）
Air conditioner
Car （ITS）
29
한국기술교육대학교
New Header Format
New Header Format


30
Minimize header overhead (streamline IPv6 header)
Note: IPv6 header is not a superset of (not compatible with) IPv4
header
한국기술교육대학교
New Header Format
IPv4 Header Format
20 Octets + options : 13 fields, including 3 flag bits
Changed
0 bits
Ver
4
8
IHL
16
Time to Live
24
Flags
Protocol
31
Total Length
Type of Service
Identifier
Removed
Fragment Offset
Header Checksum
32 bit Source Address
32 bit Destination Address
Options and Padding
31
한국기술교육대학교
New Header Format
IPv4 Header Format

Internet Header Length (IHL)
 Unit: 4 bytes, Min: 5 (54=20 bytes), Max: 15 (154=60 bytes)

Type of Service (ToS)
 RFC 2474 provides a definition of this field in terms of DS (Different Service)

Total Length
 Unit: 1 bytes, Min: 20 bytes, Max: 65,535(=2^16) bytes

Identifier
 If an IPv4 packet is fragmented, all of the fragments retain the same
Identification values, so the destination can group them for reassembly

Flags
 0, 3: Reserved
 1: Don’t fragment
 2: More fragment

Time to Live (TTL)
 When TTL becomes 0, ICMPv4 Error message is sent to the source
32
한국기술교육대학교
New Header Format
IPv6 Header Format
40 Octets, 8 fields
0
Changed
4
Version
12
Traffic
Class
16
24
31
Flow Label
Payload Length
Next Header
Hop Limit
128 bit Source Address
128 bit Destination Address
33
한국기술교육대학교
New Header Format
IPv6 Header Format

Traffic Class


Flow Label




Indicates either the type of the first extension header or the upperlayer protocol (such as TCP, UDP, or ICMPv6).
Hop Limit

34
Indicates the length of IPv6 payload
unit: 1 byte, Max: 65,535(=2^16) bytes
For payload of which length greater than 65,535 bytes, this field is
set to 0 and the Jumbo Payload option is used in Hop-by-Hop option
extension header
Next Header


Indicates that this packet belongs to a specific sequence of packets
between a source and a destination
Payload Length


indicates IPv6 packet’s class or priority
The maximum number of links over which IPv6 packet can travel
한국기술교육대학교
New Header Format
IPv6 Extension Header
35
한국기술교육대학교
Features of IPv6

Internet Header Length (IHL) is removed



The number of fields


Fragmentation information is contained in a Fragment extension
header
Header Checksum field is removed

36
IPv4: 12  IPv6: 8
Seldom-used fields (e.g., Identification, Flags, Fragment Offset)
are removed


IPv6 Header is always a fixed length of 40 bytes
The size of header IPv4: minimum 20 bytes  IPv6: fixed 40 bytes
Link-layer performs bit-level error detection
한국기술교육대학교
Features of IPv6
Efficient and Hierarchical Addressing and Routing Infra.


International and planned address allocation
Backbone routers will have much smaller routing table entries
Address Autoconfiguration

Stateless and Stateful address configuration
Built-in Security

Support of IPSec is an IPv6 protocol suite requirement
Better Support for QoS

37
New QoS fields in the IPv6 header
한국기술교육대학교
Why IPv6?
IPv6의 장점
38
한국기술교육대학교
Transition from IPv4 to IPv6
not all routers can be upgraded simultaneously
 no “flag days”
 how will network operate with mixed IPv4 and IPv6 routers?
tunneling: IPv6 datagram carried as payload in IPv4 datagram
among IPv4 routers
IPv4 header fields
IPv4 source, dest addr
IPv6 header fields
IPv6 source dest addr
IPv4 payload
UDP/TCP payload
IPv6 datagram
IPv4 datagram
39
한국기술교육대학교
Tunneling
logical view:
physical view:
40
A
B
IPv6
IPv6
A
B
IPv6
IPv6
IPv4 tunnel
connecting IPv6 routers
E
F
IPv6
IPv6
C
D
E
F
IPv4
IPv4
IPv6
IPv6
한국기술교육대학교
Tunneling
IPv4 tunnel
connecting IPv6 routers
A
B
IPv6
IPv6
A
B
IPv6
IPv6
logical view:
physical view:
flow: X
src: A
dest: F
data
A-to-B:
IPv6
E
F
IPv6
IPv6
C
D
E
F
IPv4
IPv4
IPv6
IPv6
src:B
dest: E
src:B
dest: E
Flow: X
Src: A
Dest: F
Flow: X
Src: A
Dest: F
data
data
B-to-C:
IPv6 inside
IPv4
B-to-C:
IPv6 inside
IPv4
flow: X
src: A
dest: F
data
E-to-F:
IPv6
Why IPv6 (Summary)?
IPv6 solves the address depletion problem
IPv6 solves the international address allocation
problem
IPv6 restores end-to-end communication
IPv6 has more efficient forwarding
IPv6 has built-in security and mobility
IPv6 uses scoped addresses and address selection
42
한국기술교육대학교
IPv6 & Google
http://www.google.com/intl/en/ipv6/
[추천동영상]
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o5RbyK0m5OY
43
한국기술교육대학교
IPv6 Reference
Homepage



IETF Homepage : www.ietf.org
IPv6 Forum : www.ipv6forum.com
IPv6 Korea Forum : www.ipv6.or.kr
IPv6 RFC











44
RFC2460
RFC2461
RFC2462
RFC2463
RFC2464
RFC2373
RFC2374
RFC2529
RFC1886
RFC2471
RFC2472
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification
Neighbor Discovery for IPv6
IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the IPv6 Specification
Transmission of IPv6 Packet over Ethernet Networks
IPv6 Addressing Architecture
An IPv6 Aggregatable Global Unicast Address Format
Transmission of IPv6 over IPv4 Domains without Explicit Tunnels
DNS Extensions to support IPv6
IPv6 Testing Address Allocation
IPv6 over PPP
한국기술교육대학교
추천 사이트 및 동영상
http://www.vsix.net/

한국 인터넷 진흥원 IPv6 포털
http://www.v6pc.jp/en/index.phtml

일본에서 만든 IPv6 홍보 사이트
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2wa7y3W2DI0&feature=related

IPv6 Tutorial
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o5RbyK0m5OY

Google IPv6 Conference (Jan. 2008)
Google IPv6

45
http://www.google.com/intl/en/ipv6
한국기술교육대학교