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• node
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IPv6 address Solicited-node multicast address
1
The least significant 24 bits of the solicitednode multicast address group ID are filled
with the least significant 24 bits of the
interface's unicast or anycast address. These
addresses allow link-layer address resolution
via Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) on
the link without disturbing all nodes on the
local network. A host is required to join a
Solicited-Node multicast group for each of its
configured unicast or anycast addresses.
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Hybrid fibre-coaxial Fiber optic nodes
1
The optical coupler combined with
the optical receiver forms a node.
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Hybrid fibre-coaxial Fiber optic nodes
The optical portion of the network
provides a large amount of flexibility. If
there are not many fiber-optic cables to
the node, wavelength division
multiplexing can be used to combine
multiple optical signals onto the same
fiber. Optical filters are used to combine
and split optical wavelengths onto the
single fiber. For example, the downstream
signal could be on a wavelength at 1310
nm and the return signal could be on a
wavelength at 1550 nm.
1
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Device file Node creation
Nodes are created by the mknod
system call. The command-line
program for creating nodes is also
called mknod. Nodes can be moved or
deleted by the usual filesystem
system calls (rename, unlink) and
commands (mv, rm). When passed the
option -R or -a while copying a device
node, the cp -l command creates a
new device node with the same
attributes of the original.
1
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Device file Node creation
Some Unix versions include a script
named makedev or MAKEDEV to create
all necessary devices in the directory /dev.
It only makes sense on systems whose
devices are statically assigned major
numbers (e.g. by means of hardcoding it in
their kernel module).
1
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Anycast Local and global nodes
the AS is added a few more times) to
make the path longer so that a local
node announcement is preferred over a
global node announcement.
1
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Computer network Network nodes
1
Apart from the physical communications
media described above, networks
comprise additional basic hardware
building blocks, such as network interface
controller cards (NICs), repeaters, hubs,
bridges, switches, routers, and firewalls.
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Mono (software) - MonoDevelop
1
MonoDevelop is a free GNOME integrated
development environment primarily
designed for C# and other .NET languages
such as Nemerle, Boo, and Java (via
IKVM.NET), although it also supports
languages such as C, C++, Python, Java, and
Vala. MonoDevelop was originally a port of
SharpDevelop to Gtk#, but it has since
evolved to meet the needs of Mono
developers. The IDE includes class
management, built-in help, code completion,
Stetic (a GUI designer), project support, and
an integrated debugger.
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Mono (software) - MonoDevelop
The MonoDoc browser provides
access to API documentation and code
samples. The documentation browser
uses wiki-style content management,
allowing developers to edit and
improve the documentation.
1
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Persistent data structure - Fat Node
1
In order to navigate through the structure,
each original field value in a node has a
version stamp of zero.
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Persistent data structure - Complexity of Fat Node
1
For access time, we must find the right version at
each node as we traverse the structure
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IBM Sequoia - Node architecture
1
Sequoia is a Blue Gene/Q design, building off
previous Blue Gene designs. It consists of 96
racks containing 98,304 compute nodes
[1024/rack]. The compute nodes are 16-core
PowerPC A2 processor chips with 16 GB of
DDR3 memory each. Thus the system
contains in total 1,572,864 processor cores
[96*1024*16] with 1.5 PiB memory. It covers
an area of about 3,000 square feet (280 m2).
The computer nodes are interconnected in a
5-dimensional torus topology.
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inode
1
In computing, an inode (index node) is a
data structure found in many Unix file
systems. Each inode stores all the
information about a file system object (file,
device node, socket, pipe, etc.). It does
not store the file's data content and file
name except for certain cases in modern
file systems.
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inode - Etymology
1
The reason for designating these as "i"
nodes is unknown. When asked, Unix
pioneer Dennis Ritchie replied:
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inode - Etymology
1
In truth, I don't know either. It was just a
term that we started to use. "Index" is my
best guess, because of the slightly
unusual file system structure that stored
the access information of files as a flat
array on the disk, with all the hierarchical
directory information living aside from
this. Thus the i-number is an index in this
array, the i-node is the selected element of
the array. (The "i-" notation was used in
the 1st edition manual; its hyphen was
gradually dropped.)
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inode - Etymology
1
Also Maurice J. Bach writes:
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inode - Etymology
1
The term inode is a contraction of the term
index node and is commonly used in
literature on the UNIX system.
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inode - Etymology
1
—Maurice J. Bach, The
Design of the Unix
Operating System, 1986
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inode - Details
A file system relies on data structures
about the files, beside the file content. The
former is called metadata—data that
describes data. Each file is associated
with an inode, which is identified by an
integer number, often referred to as an inumber or inode number.
1
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inode - Details
1
Inodes store information about files and
directories (folders), such as file
ownership, access mode (read, write,
execute permissions), and file type. On
many types of file system
implementations, the maximum number of
inodes is fixed at file system creation,
limiting the maximum number of files the
file system can hold. A typical allocation
heuristic for inodes in a file system is one
percent of total size.
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inode - Details
The inode number indexes a table of
inodes in a known location on the device;
from the inode number, the file system
driver portion of the kernel can access the
contents of the inode, including the
location of the file allowing access to the
file.
1
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inode - Details
1
A file's inode number can be found using
the ls -i command. The ls -i command
prints the i-node number in the first column
of the report.
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inode - Details
1
Some Unix-style file systems such as
ReiserFS omit an inode table, but must
store equivalent data in order to provide
equivalent capabilities. The data may be
called stat data, in reference to the stat
system call that provides the data to
programs.
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inode - Details
1
Unix directories are lists of association
structures, each of which contains one
filename and one inode number.
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inode - Details
The file system driver must search a
directory looking for a particular filename
and then convert the filename to the
correct corresponding inode number.
1
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inode - Details
1
The operating system kernel's in-memory
representation of this data is called struct
inode in Linux. Systems derived from BSD
use the term vnode, with the v of vnode
referring to the kernel's virtual file system
layer.
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inode - POSIX inode description
1
The POSIX standard mandates filesystem
behavior that is strongly influenced by
traditional UNIX filesystems. Regular files
must have the following attributes:
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inode - POSIX inode description
1
The file mode which determines the
file type and how the file's owner, its
group, and others can access the file.
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inode - POSIX inode description
1
Additional system and user flags to further protect
the file (limit its use and modification).
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inode - POSIX inode description
A link count telling
how many hard links
point to the inode.
1
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inode - POSIX inode description
1
Pointers to the disk blocks that store the file's
contents (see inode pointer structure).
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inode - POSIX inode description
1
The stat system call retrieves a file's inode number
and some of the information in the inode.
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inode - Implications
1
Files can have multiple names. If multiple
names hard link to the same inode then
the names are equivalent; i.e., the first to
be created has no special status. This is
unlike symbolic links, which depend on the
original name, not the inode (number).
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inode - Implications
An inode may have no links. An
unlinked file is removed from disk,
and its resources are freed for
reallocation but deletion must wait
until all processes that have opened it
finish accessing it. This includes
executable files which are implicitly
held open by the processes executing
them.
1
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inode - Implications
1
It is typically not possible to map from
an open file to the filename that was
used to open it. The operating system
immediately converts the filename to an
inode number then discards the
filename. This means that the getcwd()
and getwd() library functions search the
parent directory to find a file with an
inode matching the working directory,
then search that directory's parent, and
so on until reaching the root directory.
SVR4 and Linux systems maintain extra
information to make this possible.
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inode - Implications
1
Historically, it was possible
to hard link directories
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inode - Implications
1
A file's inode number stays the same when it
is moved to another directory on the same
device, or when the disk is defragmented
which may change its physical location. This
also implies that completely conforming inode
behavior is impossible to implement with
many non-Unix file systems, such as FAT and
its descendants, which don't have a way of
storing this invariance when both a file's
directory entry and its data are moved
around.
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inode - Implications
For this reason, when updating
programs, best practice is to delete
the old executable first and create a
new inode for the updated version, so
that any processes executing the old
version may proceed undisturbed.
1
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inode - Practical considerations
Many computer programs used by
system administrators in UNIX
Operating Systems often designate files
with inode numbers. Examples include
popular disk integrity checking utilities
such as the fsck or pfiles. Thus, the need
naturally arises to translate inode
numbers to file pathnames and vice
versa. This can be accomplished using
the file finding utility find with the -inum
option, or the ls command with the
proper option (-i on POSIX compliant
platforms).
1
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inode - Practical considerations
1
It is possible to use up a device's set of
inodes. When this happens, new files
cannot be created on the device, even
though there may be free space available.
For example, a mail server may have
many small files that don't fill up the disk,
but use many inodes to point to the
numerous files.
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inode - Practical considerations
1
Filesystems (such as JFS or XFS) escape
this limitation with extents and/or dynamic
inode allocation, which can 'grow' the
filesystem and/or increase the number of
inodes.
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inode - Inlining
As an inode's size is
limited, this only works
for very small files.
1
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Compute Node Linux
1
Compute Node Linux (CNL) is a runtime
environment based on the Linux kernel for
the Cray XT3, Cray XT4, Cray XT5, Cray
XT6, and Cray XE6 supercomputer
systems based on SUSE Linux Enterprise
Server. CNL forms part of the Cray Linux
Environment. As of November 2011
systems running CNL were ranked 3rd, 6th
and 8th among the fastest
supercomputers in the world.
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MonoDevelop - History
1
In late 2003, a few developers from the
Mono community began migrating
SharpDevelop, a successful .NET open
source IDE from System.Windows.Forms
on Windows to Gtk# on Linux. Being an
early fork of SharpDevelop, MonoDevelop
architecturally differs from recent
SharpDevelop releases.
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MonoDevelop - History
1
Over time, the MonoDevelop project
was absorbed into the rest of the Mono
project and is actively maintained by
Xamarin and the Mono community.
Since Mono 1.0 Beta 2, MonoDevelop
is bundled with Mono releases.
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MonoDevelop - MonoDevelop on non-Linux platforms
MonoDevelop on
FreeBSD is likewise
supported only by the
FreeBSD community.
1
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MonoDevelop - MonoDevelop in the Unity3D game development environment
1
MonoDevelop is also the primary IDE for
the Unity3D game development
environment. The current version that
ships with Unity3D (v4.2.0f4) is
MonoDevelop 2.8.2.
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Node (computer science)
1
Software is said to have a node graph
architecture when its organization
consists of interlinked nodes.
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Node (computer science) - Pseudocode implementation examples
1
Here, three such nodes
form a singly linked list of
length 3:
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Node (computer science) - Pseudocode implementation examples
1
previous, // A reference to
the previous node
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Node (computer science) - Pseudocode implementation examples
1
Here three such nodes form a
doubly linked list of length 3:
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Reliable array of independent nodes
f making proclamations about a
subject's importance, use facts and
attribution to demonstrate that
importance.
1
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Reliable array of independent nodes
Reliable/redundant array of
independent/inexpensive nodes
(RAIN) is an architectural approach to
computing and network-attached
computer storage (or NAS), that
combines commodity or low-cost
computing hardware with
management software to address the
reliability and availability
shortcomings of non-redundant NAS
systems.
1
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Reliable array of independent nodes
While RAID protects data stored at the
physical disk (or 'block') level, RAIN
protects data stored at the file-system
level, hence RAIN and RAID differ
architecturally only in terms of the level of
abstraction at which they are implemented
1
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Reliable array of independent nodes
1
RAIN can also be used with tasks which
require many instructions per second to
be processed. Instead of using a "tightlycoupled" computing cluster with
specialized hardware, arrays of
inexpensive RAIN nodes can be
assembled. The management software
transmits tasks to various computers and,
in the event of a failure, will retry the task
until a node responds. Many distributed
computing projects utilize, to some
degree, a RAIN strategy.
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Reliable array of independent nodes
1
Many of the distributed file sharing services
such as Gnutella and eDonkey are somewhat
similar to RAIN systems, but they do not
provide adequate redundancy by design—if
none of the sharing users online have a copy
of some part of a file, the file becomes
inaccessible. A distributed hash table is a
better basis for implementing such a service,
and the few large-scale distributed file
systems that exist are based on them (for
example, the Chord, Coral, and Tahoe-LAFS
projects).
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Mercury-arc valve - Anode grading electrodes
1
Mercury-arc valves are prone to an effect
called arc-back (or backfire), whereby the
valve conducts in the reverse direction
while the voltage across it is negative. Arcbacks can be damaging or destructive to
the valve, as well as creating high shortcircuit currents in the external circuit, and
are more prevalent at higher voltages. For
many years this effect limited the practical
operating voltage of mercury-arc valves to
a few kilovolts.
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Mercury-arc valve - Anode grading electrodes
The solution was found to be to include
grading electrodes between the anode and
control grid, connected to an external
resistor-capacitor divider circuit Dr Uno
Lamm conducted pioneering work at ASEA in
Sweden on this problem throughout the
1930s and 1940s, leading to the first truly
practical mercury-arc valve for HVDC
transmission, which was put into service on
the 20 MW, 100 kV HVDC link from mainland
Sweden to the island of Gotland in 1954.
1
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Mercury-arc valve - Anode grading electrodes
Uno Lamm’s work on high voltage
mercury-arc valves led him to be
known as the " Father of High Voltage
Direct Current" power transmission.
and inspired IEEE to dedicate an
award named after him, for
outstanding contributions in the field
of HVDC.
1
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Mercury-arc valve - Anode grading electrodes
1
The anode columns were always air-cooled,
with the cathode tanks either water-cooled or
air-cooled.
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NetBIOS - Node types
1
The node type of a networked computer
relates to the way it resolves NetBIOS
names to IP addresses. There are four
node types.
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NetBIOS - Node types
The node type in use is displayed by
opening a command line and typing
ipconfig /all. A Windows computer
registry may also be configured in such
a way as to display "unknown" for the
node type.
1
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Nonode
1
Basic FM quadrature
detector circuit using a
nonode
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Nonode
1
Nonode 6Л1П (6L1P),
Manufactured in
Novosibirsk, 1970
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Nonode
1
A nonode is a type of
thermionic valve that
has nine active
electrodes
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Electrode - Anode and cathode in electrochemical cells
1
A bipolar electrode is an electrode that
functions as the anode of one cell and
the cathode of another cell.
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Electrode - Other anodes and cathodes
1
In a vacuum tube or a semiconductor
having polarity (diodes, electrolytic
capacitors) the anode is the positive
(+) electrode and the cathode the
negative (−). The electrons enter the
device through the cathode and exit
the device through the anode. Many
devices have other electrodes to
control operation, e.g., base, gate,
control grid.
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Electrode - Other anodes and cathodes
In a three-electrode cell, a counter
electrode, also called an auxiliary
electrode, is used only to make a
connection to the electrolyte so that a
current can be applied to the working
electrode. The counter electrode is usually
made of an inert material, such as a noble
metal or graphite, to keep it from
dissolving.
1
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LAPB - Node addressing
The following table shows which
addresses are placed into the LAPB frame
when issuing commands and responses
from DTE to DCE and DCE to DTE using
single link operation or multilink operation:
1
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LAPB - Node addressing
1
DirectionSingle link
operation Multilink
operation
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Node (networking)
1
A passive distribution point such as a
distribution frame or patch panel is
consequently not a node.
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Node (networking) - Computer network nodes
In data communication, a physical
network node may either be a data
communication equipment (DCE) such
as a modem, hub, bridge or switch; or a
data terminal equipment (DTE) such as
a digital telephone handset, a printer or
a host computer, for example a router, a
workstation or a server.
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Node (networking) - Computer network nodes
1
Analogously, a repeater or PSTN modem
(with serial interface) is a physical network
node but not a LAN node in this sense.
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Node (networking) - Computer network nodes
1
If the network in question is the Internet or an
Intranet, many physical network nodes are
host computers, also known as Internet
nodes, identified by an IP address, and all
hosts are physical network nodes. However,
some datalink layer devices such as
switches, bridges and WLAN access points
do not have an IP host address (except
sometimes for administrative purposes), and
are not considered to be Internet nodes or
hosts, but as physical network nodes and
LAN nodes.
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Node (networking) - Telecommunication network nodes
1
In the fixed telephone network, a node may
be a public or private telephone exchange, a
remote concentrator or a computer providing
some intelligent network service. In cellular
communication, switching points and
databases such as the Base station
controller, Home Location Register, Gateway
GPRS Support Node (GGSN) and Serving
GPRS Support Node (SGSN) are examples
of nodes. Cellular network base stations are
not considered to be nodes in this context.
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Node (networking) - Telecommunication network nodes
1
In cable television systems (CATV), this
term has assumed a broader context
and is generally associated with a fiber
optic node. This can be defined as
those homes or businesses within a
specific geographic area that are
served from a common fiber optic
receiver. A fiber optic node is generally
described in terms of the number of
"homes passed" that are served by that
specific fiber node.
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Node (networking) - Distributed system nodes
If the network in question is a
distributed system, the nodes are
clients, servers or peers. A peer may
sometimes serve as client, sometimes
server. In a peer-to-peer or overlay
network, nodes that actively route
data for the other networked devices
as well as themselves are called
supernodes.
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Node (networking) - Distributed system nodes
1
Distributed systems may sometimes use
virtual nodes so that the system is not
oblivious to the heterogeneity of the
nodes. This issue is addressed with
special algorithms, like consistent hashing,
as it is the case in Amazon's.
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Node (networking) - End node in cloud computing
1
There are several means to remedy this
problem but all require instilling trust in the
end node computer.
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Anode
An anode is an electrode through
which electric current flows into a
polarized electrical device. The
direction of electric current is, by
convention, opposite to the direction of
electron flow. In other words, the
electrons flow from the anode into, for
example, an electrical circuit. A
commonly used mnemonic is ACID
(Anode Current into Device).
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Anode
Consequently, as can be seen from the
following examples, the anode is positive
in a device that consumes power, and the
anode is negative in a device that provides
power:
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Anode
1
In a discharging battery or galvanic cell
(diagram at right), the anode is the
negative terminal because it is where the
current flows into "the device" (i.e. the
battery cell). This inward current is carried
externally by electrons moving outwards,
negative charge moving one way
constituting positive current flowing the
other way.
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Anode
1
In a recharging battery, or an electrolytic
cell, the anode is the positive terminal,
which receives current from an external
generator. The current through a
recharging battery is opposite to the
direction of current during discharge; in
other words, the electrode which was the
cathode during battery discharge becomes
the anode while the battery is recharging.
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Anode
In a diode, the anode is the positive
terminal at the tail of the arrow symbol
(base of the triangle), where current flows
into the device. Note electrode naming for
diodes is always based on the direction of
the forward current (that of the arrow, in
which the current flows "most easily"),
even for types such as Zener diodes or
solar cells where the current of interest is
the reverse current.
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Anode
1
In a cathode ray tube, the anode is the
positive terminal where electrons flow out
of the device, i.e., where positive electric
current flows in.
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Anode
1
An electrode through which current flows the other
way (out of the device) is termed a cathode.
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Anode - Etymology
1
In that paper Faraday explained that when
an electrolytic cell is oriented so that
electric current traverses the
"decomposing body" (electrolyte) in a
direction "from East to West, or, which will
strengthen this help to the memory, that in
which the sun appears to move", the
anode is where the current enters the
electrolyte, on the East side: "ano
upwards, odos a way ; the way which the
sun rises" (, reprinted in ).
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Anode - Etymology
In retrospect the name change was
unfortunate, not only because the Greek
roots alone do not reveal the anode's
function any more, but more importantly
because, as we now know, the Earth's
magnetic field direction on which the
"anode" term is based is subject to
reversals whereas the current direction
convention on which the "eisode" term
was based has no reason to change in the
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Anode - Etymology
Since the later discovery of the
electron, an easier to remember, and
more durably correct technically
although historically false, etymology
has been suggested: anode, from the
Greek anodos, 'way up', 'the way (up)
out of the cell (or other device) for
electrons'.
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Anode - Flow of electrons
1
The flow of electrons is always from anode to
cathode outside of the cell or device,
regardless of the cell or device type and
operating mode, with the exception of diodes,
where electrode naming always assumes
current in the forward direction (that of the
arrow symbol), i.e., electrons flow in the
opposite direction, even when the diode
reverse-conducts either by accident
(breakdown of a normal diode) or by design
(breakdown of a Zener diode, photo-current
of a photodiode or solar cell).
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Anode - Electrolytic anode
Mnemonics: LEO Red Cat (Loss of
Electrons is Oxidation, Reduction
occurs at the Cathode), or AnOx Red
Cat (Anode Oxidation, Reduction
Cathode), or OIL RIG (Oxidation is
Loss, Reduction is Gain of electrons),
or Roman Catholic and Orthodox
(Reduction – Cathode, anode –
Oxidation), or LEO the lion says GER
(Losing electrons is Oxidation,
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Anode - Electrolytic anode
1
This process is widely used in metals
refining. For example, in copper
refining, copper anodes, an
intermediate product from the
furnaces, are electrolysed in an
appropriate solution (such as sulfuric
acid) to yield high purity (99.99%)
cathodes. Copper cathodes produced
using this method are also described
as electrolytic copper.
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Anode - Battery or galvanic cell anode
1
Note: in a galvanic cell, contrary to what
occurs in an electrolytic cell, no anions
flow to the anode, the internal current
being entirely accounted for by the cations
flowing away from it (cf drawing).
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Anode - Battery or galvanic cell anode
In the United States, many battery
manufacturers regard the positive
electrode as the anode, particularly in
their technical literature. Though
technically incorrect, it does resolve
the problem of which electrode is the
anode in a secondary (or rechargeable)
cell. Using the traditional definition, the
anode switches ends between charge
and discharge cycles.
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Anode - Vacuum tube anode
1
In electronic vacuum devices such as a
cathode ray tube, the anode is the
positively charged electron collector. In
a tube, the anode is a charged positive
plate that collects the electrons emitted
by the cathode through electric
attraction. It also accelerates the flow
of these electrons.
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Anode - Diode anode
1
The terms anode and cathode should not
be applied to a Zener diode, since it allows
flow in either direction, depending on the
polarity of the applied potential (i.e
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Anode - Sacrificial anode
1
Sacrificial anodes are particularly needed
for systems where a static charge is
generated by the action of flowing liquids,
such as pipelines and watercraft.
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Anode - Sacrificial anode
In 1824 to reduce the impact of this
destructive electrolytic action on ships hulls,
their fastenings and underwater equipment,
the scientist-engineer Sir Humphry Davy,
developed the first and still most widely used
marine electrolysis protection system. Davy
installed sacrificial anodes made from a more
electrically reactive (less noble) metal
attached to the vessel hull and electrically
connected to form a cathodic protection
circuit.
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Anode - Sacrificial anode
1
A less obvious example of this type of protection is
the process of galvanising iron
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Anode - Sacrificial anode
1
If, conversely, tin is used to coat steel,
when a breach of the coating occurs it
actually accelerates oxidation of the iron.
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Anode - Sacrificial anode
1
At least one anode is found in tank-type
water heaters. The anode should be
removed and checked after 5 years
(sooner if there is a sodium based water
softner inline), and replaced if 15 cm (6
inches) or more of bare wire is showing.
This will greatly extend the life of the tank.
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Anode - Related antonym
The opposite of an anode is a cathode.
When the current through the device is
reversed, the electrodes switch functions,
so anode becomes cathode, while cathode
becomes anode, as long as the reversed
current is applied, with the exception of
diodes where electrode naming is always
based on the forward current direction.
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XPath - Node tests
Node tests may consist of specific
node names or more general
expressions. In the case of an XML
document in which the namespace
prefix gs has been defined,
//gs:enquiry will find all the enquiry
elements in that namespace, and
//gs:* will find all elements,
regardless of local name, in that
namespace.
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XPath - Node tests
1
finds XML processing instructions such as
<?php echo $a; ?>. In this case,
processing-instruction('php') would match.
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XPath - Node set functions
returns a number representing the
position of this node in the sequence
of nodes currently being processed
(for example, the nodes selected by an
xsl:for-each instruction in XSLT).
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XPath - Node set functions
1
returns the number of nodes in
the node-set supplied as its
argument.
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Fiber to the x - Fiber to the node
1
Fiber to the node or neighborhood (FTTN),
sometimes identified with and sometimes
distinguished from fiber to the cabinet
(FTTC), is a telecommunication
architecture based on fiber-optic cables
run to a cabinet serving a neighborhood
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Fiber to the x - Fiber to the node
FTTN allows delivery of broadband
services such as highspeed internet.
Highspeed communications protocols
such as broadband cable access
(typically DOCSIS) or some form of
digital subscriber line (DSL) are used
between the cabinet and the
customers. The data rates vary
according to the exact protocol used
and according to how close the
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Fiber to the x - Fiber to the node
1
Unlike FTTP, FTTN often uses existing
coaxial or twisted-pair infrastructure
to provide last mile service and is
thus less costly to deploy. In the long
term, however, its bandwidth
potential is limited relative to
implementations that bring the fiber
still closer to the subscriber.
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Fiber to the x - Fiber to the node
1
A variant of this technique for cable
television providers is used in a
hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) system. It
is sometimes given the acronym
FTTLA (fiber-to-the-last-amplifier)
when it replaces analog amplifiers up
to the last one before the customer (or
neighborhood of customers).
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Computer cluster - Node failure management
1
When a node in a cluster fails, strategies
such as "fencing" may be employed to
keep the rest of the system operational.
Fencing is the process of isolating a node
or protecting shared resources when a
node appears to be malfunctioning. There
are two classes of fencing methods; one
disables a node itself, and the other
disallows access to resources such as
shared disks.
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Computer cluster - Node failure management
The STONITH method stands for
"Shoot The Other Node In The Head",
meaning that the suspected node is
disabled or powered off. For instance,
power fencing uses a power controller
to turn off an inoperable node.
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Computer cluster - Node failure management
1
The resources fencing approach disallows
access to resources without powering off
the node. This may include persistent
reservation fencing via the SCSI3, fibre
Channel fencing to disable the fibre
channel port or global network block
device (GNBD) fencing to disable access
to the GNBD server.
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Node.js
1
Original author(s)Ryan
Lienhart Dahl
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Node.js
Operating system Mac OS X, Linux,
Solaris, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, Windows
(older versions require Cygwin), webOS
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Node.js
1
Node.js is a software platform that is
used to build scalable network
(especially server-side) applications.
Node.js utilizes JavaScript as its
scripting language, and achieves high
throughput via non-blocking I/O and a
single-threaded event loop.
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Node.js
1
Node.js contains a built-in HTTP server
library, making it possible to run a web
server without the use of external
software, such as Apache or Lighttpd, and
allowing more control of how the web
server works.
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Node.js - History
1
Dahl was inspired to create Node.js after seeing a
file upload progress bar on Flickr
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Node.js - History
On January 30, 2012 Dahl stepped
aside, promoting coworker and NPM
creator Isaac Schlueter to the
gatekeeper position. Dahl wrote on
Google groups,
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Node.js - History
1
After three years of working on Node, this frees
me up to work on research projects
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Node.js - History
1
Dahl continues to work for Joyent
and as an advisor for node.
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Node.js - Details
1
Dahl's original goal was to create web
sites with push capabilities as seen in
web applications like Gmail. After
trying solutions in several other
programming languages he chose
JavaScript because of the lack of an
existing I/O API. This allowed him to
define a convention of non-blocking,
event-driven I/O.
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Node.js - Details
1
Node.js implements
some CommonJS
specifications
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Node.js - Examples
1
console.log('Server running
at http://localhost:8000/');
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Node.js - Examples
1
The following code is a simple TCP server
which listens on port 8000 and echoes
'hello' upon connection:
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Node.js - Examples
1
function (stream) {
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Node.js - Tools and IDEs
JetBrains WebStorm or
IntelliJ IDEA (commercial
products)
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Node.js - Tools and IDEs
Microsoft WebMatrix (free) or Visual
Studio (commercial product) with Node.js
Tools for Visual Studio (free)
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Node.js - Community
Node.js has a developer community
primarily centered on two mailing lists,
nodejs, nodejs-dev, and the IRC
channel #node.js on freenode. The
community gathers at NodeConf, an
annual developer conference focused
on Node.js.
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Node.js - Community
1
Node.js is currently used by a number of
large companies including LinkedIn,
Microsoft, Yahoo!, bankFacil, Walmart and
Paypal.
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Node.js - Further reading
1
Hughes-Croucher, Tom; Wilson, Mike
(April, 2012), Up and Running with
Node.js (First ed.), O'Reilly Media, p.
204, ISBN 978-1-4493-9858-3
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Node.js - Further reading
1
Ornbo, George (September, 2012), Sams
Teach Yourself Node.js in 24 Hours (First
ed.), SAMS Publishing, p. 440, ISBN 9780-672-33595-2
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Node.js - Further reading
Randal L. Schwartz and Aaron
Newcomb (9 January 2013). "Episode
237: Node.js".
http://twit.tv/show/floss-weekly
(Podcast). TWiT.tv. Event occurs at
1:08:13. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
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Dermatology - Immunodermatology
1
This field specializes in the treatment of
immune-mediated skin diseases such as
lupus, bullous pemphigoid, pemphigus
vulgaris, and other immune-mediated skin
disorders. Specialists in this field often run
their own immunopathology labs.
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Electrochemistry - Sacrificial anodes
1
A method commonly used to protect a
structural metal is to attach a metal
which is more anodic than the metal to
be protected. This forces the structural
metal to be cathodic, thus spared
corrosion. It is called "sacrificial"
because the anode dissolves and has
to be replaced periodically.
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Electrochemistry - Sacrificial anodes
Zinc bars are attached to various
locations on steel ship hulls to render
the ship hull cathodic. The zinc bars
are replaced periodically. Other
metals, such as magnesium, would
work very well but zinc is the least
expensive useful metal.
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Electrochemistry - Sacrificial anodes
1
To protect pipelines, an ingot of buried or
exposed magnesium (or zinc) is buried
beside the pipeline and is connected
electrically to the pipe above ground. The
pipeline is forced to be a cathode and is
protected from being oxidized and rusting.
The magnesium anode is sacrificed. At
intervals new ingots are buried to replace
those lost.
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Normal mode - Nodes
In one dimensional system at a given
mode the vibration will have nodes, or
places where the displacement is always
zero. These nodes correspond to points in
the mode shape where the mode shape is
zero. Since the vibration of a system is
given by the mode shape multiplied by a
time function, the displacement of the
node points remain zero at all times.
1
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Normal mode - Nodes
When expanded to a two dimensional
system, these nodes become lines where
the displacement is always zero. If you
watch the animation above you will see
two circles (one about half way between
the edge and center, and the other on the
edge itself) and a straight line bisecting the
disk, where the displacement is close to
zero. In a real system these lines would
equal zero exactly, as shown to the right.
1
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Lithium air battery - Anode
Lithium metal is the current choice of
anode material for Li-air batteries. At the
anode, electrochemical potential forces
the lithium metal to give off electrons as
per the oxidation. The half reaction is:
1
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Lithium air battery - Anode
The uneven current distribution
furthers branch-like dendrite growth
and typically leads to a short between
the anode and cathode
1
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Lithium air battery - Anode
1
:1
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Lithium air battery - Anode
1
: 2. Use of a Li-ion conducting glass or
glass-ceramic material. Li-ion
conducting ceramic materials are
(generally) readily reduced by lithium
metal, and therefore a thin film of a
stable lithium conducting material,
such as or , could be inserted between
the ceramic and metal. This ceramic
based SEI inhibits the formation of
dendrites and protects the lithium
metal from atmospheric contamination.
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Lithium air battery - Anode
1
The main challenge in anode development
is preventing the anode from reacting with
the electrolyte. Alternatives include new
electrolyte materials or redesigning the
interface between electrolyte and anode.
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Lithium air battery - Anode
Dendrite (crystal)|Dendritic lithium
deposits can decrease energy capacity
or trigger a short circuit.
1
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Queueing theory - Single queueing nodes
1
Single queueing nodes are usually described
using Kendall's notation in the form A/S/C
where A describes the time between arrivals
to the queue, S the size of jobs and C the
number of servers at the node.Tijms, H.C,
Algorithmic Analysis of Queues, Chapter 9 in
A First Course in Stochastic Models, Wiley,
Chichester, 2003 Many theorems in queue
theory can be proved by reducing queues to
mathematical systems known as Markov
chains, first described by Andrey Markov in
his 1906 paper.A.A
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Queueing theory - Single queueing nodes
1
339ndash;361http://jmt.sourceforge.net
Java Modelling
Toolshttp://octave.sourceforge.net/que
ueing/index.html Queueing Package for
GNU Octave
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IEEE 802.15.4 - Node types
The first one is the 'full-function device'
(FFD). It can serve as the coordinator of a
personal area network just as it may
function as a common node. It implements
a general model of communication which
allows it to talk to any other device: it may
also relay messages, in which case it is
dubbed a coordinator (PAN coordinator
when it is in charge of the whole network).
1
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IEEE 802.15.4 - Node types
On the other hand there are 'reducedfunction devices' (RFD). These are meant
to be extremely simple devices with very
modest resource and communication
requirements; due to this, they can only
communicate with FFDs and can never act
as coordinators.
1
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Connectivism - Nodes and links
1
The central aspect of connectivism is the
metaphor of a network with nodes and
connections.[http://www.astd.org/LC/2005/
1105_seimens.htm Connectivism:
Learning as Network-Creation], Learning
Circuits, November 2005 In this metaphor,
a node is anything that can be connected
to another node such as an organization,
information, data, feelings, and images
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Connectivism - Nodes and links
The idea of organisations as cognitive
systems where knowledge is distributed
across nodes originated from the
Perceptron, and is directly borrowed from
Connectionism, a paradigm in cognitive
sciences that sees mental or behavioral
phenomena as the emergent processes of
interconnected networks of simple units.
1
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Connectivism - Nodes and links
1
The network metaphor allows a notion
of know-where (the understanding of
where to find the knowledge when it is
needed) to supplement to the ones of
know-how and know-what that make
the cornerstones of many theories of
learning.
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Connectivism - Nodes and links
As Downes states: at its heart,
connectivism is the thesis that knowledge
is distributed across a network of
connections, and therefore that learning
consists of the ability to construct and
traverse those networks.
1
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Logistics - Nodes of a distribution network
1
The nodes of a distribution
network include:
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Logistics - Nodes of a distribution network
1
*Factories where products
are manufactured or
assembled
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Logistics - Nodes of a distribution network
1
*A depot or deposit is a standard type
of warehouse thought for storing
merchandise (high level of inventory).
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Logistics - Nodes of a distribution network
1
*Distribution centers are thought for order
processing and order fulfillment (lower
level of inventory) and also for receiving
returning items from clients.
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Logistics - Nodes of a distribution network
1
*Transit points are built for cross docking
activities, which consist in reassembling
cargo units based on deliveries scheduled
(only moving merchandise).
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Logistics - Nodes of a distribution network
1
*Traditional retail stores of the Mom
and Pop variety, modern
supermarkets, hypermarkets,
discount stores or also voluntary
chains, consumer cooperative, groups
of consumer with collective buying
power. Note that subsidiaries will be
mostly owned by another company
and franchisers, although using other
company brands, actually own the
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Logistics - Nodes of a distribution network
There maybe some intermediaries
operating for representative matters
between nodes such as sales agents or
brokers.
1
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Bowling ball - Materialshttp://www.bowlingball.com/BowlVersity/bowling-ballevolution#idc-coverhttp://www.bowlingdigital.com/bowl/node/2324
1
Historically, bowling balls were often
made from dense hardwoods such as
Lignum Vitae, but starting in the early
20th century, hard rubber became the
primary material for bowling balls
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Bowling ball - Materialshttp://www.bowlingball.com/BowlVersity/bowling-ballevolution#idc-coverhttp://www.bowlingdigital.com/bowl/node/2324
In the early 1990s, a new material
known as reactive resin was
introduced. Reactive resin is still
made from polyurethane, but has
been treated with additives while in a
liquid state that create pores in the
coverstock that allow it to absorb oil.
As oil is absorbed into the ball rather
than sitting on the surface, there is
greater friction between the ball and
1
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Bowling ball - Materialshttp://www.bowlingball.com/BowlVersity/bowling-ballevolution#idc-coverhttp://www.bowlingdigital.com/bowl/node/2324
In the late 1990s, particle balls were
introduced. By distributing small particles
into the reactive polyurethane cover,
manufacturers are able to create even
high friction. This is particularly noticeable
on oily surfaces, where a particle ball is
able to create considerably more friction
than balls of other materials. The types of
particles and their properties may vary
between balls and manufacturers.
1
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Bowling ball - Materialshttp://www.bowlingball.com/BowlVersity/bowling-ballevolution#idc-coverhttp://www.bowlingdigital.com/bowl/node/2324
Particle and reactive resin balls are
common in modern play, particularly on
lanes with relatively higher volumes and/or
lengths of oil.
1
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Bowling ball - Materialshttp://www.bowlingball.com/BowlVersity/bowling-ballevolution#idc-coverhttp://www.bowlingdigital.com/bowl/node/2324
1
Plastic balls are also commonly thrown
when a bowler wants a ball that will move
in a very straight line, particularly while
trying to make spares. Urethane balls are
less common, but may still be used for
strike shots on less oily lanes.
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Skeleton - Echinoderms
The skeleton of the echinoderms,
which include, among other things, the
starfish, is composed of calcite and a
small amount of magnesium oxide
1
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Echinoderm
1
'Echinoderms' (Phylum 'Echinodermata' from
Ancient Greek|Greek, ἐχῖνος, echinos –
hedgehog und δέρμα, derma – skin) are a
Phylum (biology)|phylum of Marine
(ocean)|marine animals. The adults are
recognizable by their (usually five-point)
radial symmetry, and include such wellknown animals as starfish, sea urchins, sand
dollars, and sea cucumbers. Echinoderms
are found at every ocean depth, from the
intertidal zone to the abyssal zone.
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Echinoderm
1
The phylum contains about 7000 living
species, making it the second-largest
grouping of deuterostomes (a
superphylum), after the
chordata|chordates (which include
the vertebrates, such as birds, fish,
mammals, and reptiles). Echinoderms
are also the largest phylum that has no
freshwater or terrestrial (land-based)
representatives.
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Echinoderm
1
Aside from the hard-to-classify Arkarua (a
Precambrian animal with Echinoderm-like
pentamerous radial symmetry), the first
definitive members of the phylum
appeared near the start of the Cambrian
period. The word echinoderm is made up
from Ancient Greek|Greek ἐχινόδερμα
(echinóderma), spine (zoology)|spiny
skin, cf. ἐχῖνος (echínos), hedgehog; seaurchin and δέρμα (dérma), skin,
'echinodérmata' being the Greek plural
form.
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Echinoderm
1
Further, it is held by some scientists that
the radiation of echinoderms was
responsible for the Mesozoic marine
revolution|Mesozoic revolution of marine
life.
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Echinoderm - Taxonomy and evolution
1
The characteristics of adult echinoderms
are the possession of a water vascular
system with external tube feet and a
calcareous endoskeleton consisting of
ossicles connected by a mesh of collagen
fibres.
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Echinoderm - Taxonomy and evolution
1
There are a total of about 7,000 extant
taxon|extant species of echinoderm
as well as about 13,000 extinct species
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Echinoderm - Taxonomy and evolution
1
All echinoderms are Marine biology|marine
and nearly all are benthic. The oldest
known echinoderm fossil may be Arkarua
from the Precambrian of Australia. It is a
disc-like fossil with radial ridges on the rim
and a five-pointed central depression
marked with radial lines. However, no
stereom or internal structure showing a
water vascular system is present and the
identification is inconclusive.
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Echinoderm - Taxonomy and evolution
The larvae of all echinoderms are even
now bilaterally symmetrical and all develop
radial symmetry at metamorphosis
1
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Echinoderm - Taxonomy and evolution
1
It seems probable that the mouth-upward
orientation is the primitive state and that at
some stage, all the classes of
echinoderms except the crinoids reversed
this to become mouth-downward
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Echinoderm - Anatomy and physiology
Although adult echinoderms possess
symmetry (biology)#Animals|pentaradial,
or five-sided, symmetry, echinoderm
larvae are ciliated, free-swimming
organisms that organize in bilateral
symmetry which makes them look like
embryonic chordates
1
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Echinoderm - Anatomy and physiology
1
Echinoderms exhibit secondary radial
symmetry in portions of their body at
some stage of life. This, however, is an
adaptation to their sessile existence.
They developed from other members of
the Bilateria and exhibit bilateral
symmetry in their larval stage. Many
crinoids and some seastars exhibit
symmetry in multiples of the basic five,
with starfish such as Labidiaster
annulatus known to possess up to fifty
arms, and the sea-lily Comaster
schlegelii having two hundred.
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Echinoderm - Skin and skeleton
Echinoderms have a mesodermal
skeleton composed of calcareous
plates or Ossicle (echinoderm)|ossicles
1
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Echinoderm - Skin and skeleton
1
The modular construction is a result of the
growth system employed by echinoderms,
which adds new segments at the centre of
the radial limbs, pushing the existing
plates outwards and lengthening the arms
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Echinoderm - Skin and skeleton
1
These may be light-sensitive, and as a
result many echinoderms change
appearance completely as night falls
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Echinoderm - Skin and skeleton
1
One characteristic of most echinoderms is a special
kind of tissue known as catch connective tissue
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Echinoderm - The water vascular system
This system varies between different
classes of echinoderm but typically opens
to the exterior through a sieve-like
madreporite on the aboral (upper) surface
of the animal
1
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Echinoderm - The water vascular system
The organization of the system is
somewhat different in ophiuroids where
the medreporite may be on the oral
surface and the podia lack suckers.Dorit,
Walker Barnes (1991) p
1
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Echinoderm - Other organs
1
Echinoderms possess a simple digestive system
which varies according to the animal's diet
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Echinoderm - Other organs
1
Echinoderms lack specialized excretory
(waste disposal) organs and so
nitrogenous waste, chiefly in the form
of ammonia, diffuses out through the
respiratory surfaces.
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Echinoderm - Other organs
1
Echinoderms have a simple radial nervous
system that consists of a modified nerve
net consisting of interconnecting neurons
with no central brain, although some do
possess ganglion|ganglia
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Echinoderm - Other organs
The gonads occupy much of the body
cavities of sea urchins and sea
cucumbers, while the less voluminous
crinoids, brittle stars and starfish have two
gonads in each arm. While the primitive
condition is considered to be the
possession of one genital aperture, many
organisms have multiple gonopores
through which eggs or sperm may be
released.
1
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Echinoderm - Regeneration
1
Many echinoderms have remarkable powers of
regeneration (biology)|regeneration
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Echinoderm - Regeneration
The regeneration of lost parts involves
both epimorphosis and morphallaxis. In
epimorphosis stem cells - either from a
reserve pool or those produced by
dedifferentiation- form a blastema and
generate new tissues. Morphallactic
regeneration involves the movement and
remodelling of existing tissues to replace
lost parts. Direct transdifferentiation of one
type of tissue to another during tissue
1
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Echinoderm - Regeneration
1
The robust larval growth is responsible for
many echinoderms being used as popular
model organisms in developmental
biology.
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Echinoderm - Sexual reproduction
1
Even at abyssal depths, where no light
penetrates, synchronisation of
reproductive activity in echinoderms is
surprisingly frequent.
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Echinoderm - Sexual reproduction
1
Some echinoderms
brood their eggs
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Echinoderm - Asexual reproduction
1
One species of seastar, Ophidiaster granifer,
reproduces asexually by parthenogenesis
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Echinoderm - Asexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction by transverse
fission has also been observed in
adult sea cucumbers. Holothuria
parvula uses this method frequently,
an individual splitting into two a little
in front of the midpoint. The two
halves each regenerate their missing
organs over a period of several
months but the missing genital organs
are often very slow to develop.
1
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Echinoderm - Asexual reproduction
These species belong to four of the major
classes of echinoderms except crinozoans (as of
2011)
1
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Echinoderm - Asexual reproduction
1
The process of cloning is a cost borne by
the larva both in resources as well as in
development time
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Echinoderm - Larval development
1
Gastrulation marks the opening of the
second mouth that places echinoderms
within the deuterostomes, and the
mesoderm, which will host the skeleton,
migrates inwards
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Echinoderm - Larval development
1
The larvae of echinoderms pass through a
number of stages and these have specific
names derived from the taxonomic names
of the adults or from their appearance
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Echinoderm - Larval development
The planktotrophic larva is
considered to be the ancestral larval
type for echinoderms but after 500
million years of larval evolution,
about 68% of species whose
development is known have a
lecithotrophic larval type
1
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Echinoderm - Distribution and habitat
1
While almost all echinoderms are benthic
— that is, they live on the sea floor —
some sea-lilies can swim at great velocity
for brief periods of time, and a few deepsea sea cucumbers are fully floating
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Echinoderm - Distribution and habitat
The larvae of echinoderms, especially
starfish and sea urchins, are pelagic, and
with the aid of ocean currents can be
transported for great distances, reinforcing
the global distribution of the phylum.
1
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Echinoderm - Locomotion
1
Echinoderms primarily use their tube feet
to move about but some sea urchins also
use their spines. The tube feet typically
have a tip shaped like a suction pad in
which a vacuum can be created by
contraction of muscles. This along with
some stickiness provided by the secretion
of mucus provides adhesion. Waves of
tube feet contractions and relaxations
move along the adherent surface and the
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Echinoderm - Locomotion
Brittle stars are the most agile of the
echinoderms, raising their discs and taking
strides when moving
1
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Echinoderm - Locomotion
1
Sea urchins use their tube
feet to move around in a
similar way to starfish
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Echinoderm - Locomotion
1
Sea cucumbers are generally
sluggish animals
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Echinoderm - Locomotion
1
The majority of crinoids are motile but
the sea lilies are sessile and attached
to hard substrates by stalks
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Echinoderm - Feeding
The modes of feeding vary greatly
between the different echinoderm taxa.
Crinoids and some brittle stars tend to
be passive filter-feeders, enmeshing
suspended particles from passing
water; most sea urchins are grazers,
sea cucumbers deposit feeders and the
majority of starfish are active hunters.
1
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Echinoderm - Feeding
Crinoids are suspension feeders and
spread their arms wide to catch particles
floating past. These are caught by the tube
feet on the pinnules, moved into the
ambulacral grooves, wrapped in mucus
and conveyed to the mouth by the cilia
lining the grooves. The exact dietary
requirements of crinoids have been little
researched but in the laboratory they can
be fed with diatoms.
1
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Echinoderm - Feeding
1
Basket stars are suspension feeders,
raising their branched arms to collect
zooplankton, while brittle stars use
several methods of feeding, though
usually one predominates
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Echinoderm - Feeding
1
Many sea urchins feed on algae, often
scraping off the thin layer of algae
covering the surfaces of rocks with
their specialised mouthparts known
as Aristotle's lantern. Other species
devour smaller organisms, which they
may catch with their tube feet. They
may also feed on dead fish and other
animal matter. Sand dollars may
perform suspension feeding and feed
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Echinoderm - Feeding
Many sea cucumbers are mobile
deposit or suspension feeders, using
their buccal podia to actively capture
food and then stuffing the particles
individually into their buccal cavities
1
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Echinoderm - Feeding
1
Nearly all starfish are detritivores or carnivores,
though a few are suspension feeders
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Echinoderm - Defence mechanisms
1
779 Because of their catch connective
tissue, which can change rapidly from a
flaccid to a rigid state, echinoderms are
very difficult to dislodge from crevices
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Echinoderm - Ecology
It has been estimated that
echinoderms capture and sequester
about 0.1 gigatonnes of carbon per
year as calcium carbonate, making
them important contributors in the
global carbon cycle.
1
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Echinoderm - Ecology
1
Echinoderms sometimes have large
population swings which can cause
marked consequences for ecosystems
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Echinoderm - Ecology
1
Echinoderms form part of the diet of many
organisms such as bony fish, sharks, eider
ducks, gulls, crabs, Gastropoda|gastropod
molluscs, sea otters, Arctic foxes and
humans
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Echinoderm - Use by humans
In 2010, 373,000 tonnes of
echinoderms were harvested, mainly
for consumption. These were mainly
sea cucumbers (158,000 tonnes) and
sea urchins (73,000 tonnes).Sourced
from the data reported in the FAO
[http://faostat.fao.org/site/629/defaul
t.aspx FishStat database]
1
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Echinoderm - Use by humans
Sea cucumbers are considered a
delicacy in some countries of south
east Asia; particularly popular are the
(Pineapple) roller Thelenota ananas
(susuhan) and the red Holothuria
edulis
1
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Echinoderm - Use by humans
The calcareous tests or shells of
echinoderms are used as a source of
lime by farmers in areas where
limestone is unavailable and some are
used in the manufacture of fish meal
1
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Echinoderm - Use by humans
Sea urchins are used in research,
particularly as model organisms in
developmental biology.
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and
Arbacia punctulata are used for this
purpose in embryological studies. The
large size and the transparency of the
eggs enables the observation of sperm
cells in the process of fertilising
ovum|ova. The arm regeneration
potential of brittle stars is being studied
in connection with understanding and
treating
Neurodegeneration|neurodegenerative
1
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Electrodes - Other anodes and cathodes
In a vacuum tube or a semiconductor
having polarity (diodes,
electrolytic|electrolytic capacitors) the
anode is the positive (+) electrode and the
cathode the negative (−). The electrons
enter the device through the cathode and
exit the device through the anode. Many
devices have other electrodes to control
operation, e.g., base, gate, control grid.
1
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AIDS - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
1
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS) is defined in terms of either a
CD4+ T cell count below 200 cells per µL
or the occurrence of specific diseases in
association with an HIV infection
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AIDS - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Opportunistic infections may be
caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and
parasites that are normally controlled
by the immune system. Which
infections occur partly depends on
what organisms are common in the
person's environment. These infections
may affect nearly every biological
system|organ system.
1
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AIDS - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
1
People with AIDS have an increased
risk of developing various viral
induced cancers including Kaposi's
sarcoma, Burkitt's lymphoma,
primary central nervous system
lymphoma, and cervical cancer
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AIDS - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
1
Additionally, people with AIDS frequently
have systemic symptoms such as
prolonged fevers, Night sweats|sweats
(particularly at night), swollen lymph
nodes, chills, weakness, and weight loss.
Diarrhea is another common symptom
present in about 90% of people with AIDS.
They can also be affected by diverse
psychiatric and neurological symptoms
independent of opportunistic infections
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Computer networks - Network nodes
1
Apart from the physical communications
media described above, networks
comprise additional basic Systems
engineering|system building blocks, such
as network interface controller (NICs),
repeaters, Ethernet hub|hubs, Network
bridge|bridges, Network switch|switches,
Router (computing)|routers, modems, and
Firewall (computing)|firewalls.
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Immune system - Immunodeficiencies
1
Additionally, the loss of the thymus at
an early age through
Mutation|genetic mutation or
surgical removal results in severe
immunodeficiency and a high
susceptibility to infection.
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Immune system - Immunodeficiencies
1
Immunodeficiencies can also be inherited
or 'Immunodeficiency#Acquired immune
deficiency|acquired'. Chronic
granulomatous disease, where
phagocytes have a reduced ability to
destroy pathogens, is an example of an
inherited, or Primary
immunodeficiency|congenital,
immunodeficiency. AIDS and some types
of cancer cause acquired
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Fiber to the premises - Fiber to the node
Fiber to the node or neighborhood
(FTTN), sometimes identified with
and sometimes distinguished from
fiber to the cabinet (FTTC),da Silva,
Henrique (March, 2005),
[http://www.co.it.pt/seminarios/web
casting/itcbr_09_03_05.pdf Optical
Access Networks], Instituto de
Telecomunicações, 9 March 2005,
slide 10
1
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Fiber to the premises - Fiber to the node
A variant of this technique for cable
television providers is used in a hybrid
fibre-coaxial|hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC)
system. It is sometimes given the acronym
FTTLA (fiber-to-the-last-amplifier) when it
replaces analog amplifiers up to the last
one before the customer (or neighborhood
of customers).
1
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Human immunodeficiency virus
The 'human immunodeficiency virus'
('HIV') is a lentivirus (slowly replicating
retrovirus) that causes the AIDS|acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a
condition in humans in which progressive
failure of the immune system allows lifethreatening opportunistic infections and
cancers to thrive
1
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Human immunodeficiency virus
HIV infects vital cells in the human
immune system such as helper T cells
(specifically CD4+ T cells),
macrophages, and dendritic cells
1
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Human immunodeficiency virus - Classification
1
HIV is a member of the
genus Lentivirus, part
of the family
Retroviridae
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Human immunodeficiency virus - Classification
Two types of HIV have been
characterized: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is
the virus that was initially discovered
and termed both LAV and HTLV-III. It is
more virulence|virulent, more
infectivity|infective, and is the cause of
the majority of HIV infections globally.
The lower infectivity of HIV-2 compared
to HIV-1 implies that fewer of those
exposed to HIV-2 will be infected per
1
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Human immunodeficiency virus - Structure and genome
1
HIV is different in structure
from other retroviruses
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Human immunodeficiency virus - Structure and genome
This is, in turn, surrounded by the viral
envelope that is composed of two layers of
fatty molecules called phospholipids taken
from the membrane of a human cell when
a newly formed virus particle buds from
the cell
1
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Human immunodeficiency virus - Structure and genome
Both these surface proteins, especially
gp120, have been considered as targets of
future treatments or vaccines against HIV.
1
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Human immunodeficiency virus - Structure and genome
The RNA genome consists of at least
seven structural landmarks (Long terminal
repeat|LTR, Trans-activation response
element (TAR)|TAR, HIV Rev response
element|RRE, PE, SLIP, CRS, and INS),
and nine genes (gag, pol, and env, tat, rev,
nef, vif, vpr, vpu, and sometimes a tenth
tev, which is a fusion of tat env and rev),
encoding 19 proteins
1
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Human immunodeficiency virus - Structure and genome
1
The two Tat proteins (p16 and p14) are
Activator (genetics)|transcriptional
transactivators for the LTR promoter
acting by binding the TAR RNA
element
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Human immunodeficiency virus - Structure and genome
1
Nef also interacts with SH3
domains
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Human immunodeficiency virus - Tropism
The term viral tropism refers to the cell
types a virus infects. HIV can infect a
variety of immune cells such as Helper T
cell|CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and
microglial cells. HIV-1 entry to
macrophages and CD4+ T cells is
mediated through interaction of the virion
envelope glycoproteins (gp120) with the
CD4 molecule on the target cells and also
with chemokine coreceptors.
1
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Human immunodeficiency virus - Tropism
1
Macrophage (M-tropic) strains of HIV-1, or
non-syncitia-inducing strains (NSI; now
called R5 viruses ) use the β-chemokine
receptor CCR5 for entry and are, thus,
able to replicate in macrophages and
CD4+ T cells
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Human immunodeficiency virus - Tropism
1
T-tropic isolates, or syncitia-inducing (SI;
now called X4 viruses ) strains replicate in
primary CD4+ T cells as well as in
macrophages and use the α-chemokine
receptor, CXCR4, for entry.
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Human immunodeficiency virus - Tropism
1
Dual-tropic HIV-1 strains are thought to be
transitional strains of HIV-1 and thus are
able to use both CCR5 and CXCR4 as coreceptors for viral entry.
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Human immunodeficiency virus - Tropism
1
The α-chemokine SDF-1, a ligand for CXCR4,
suppresses replication of T-tropic HIV-1 isolates
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Human immunodeficiency virus - Tropism
1
which probably constitute a reservoir
that maintains infection when CD4+ T
cell numbers have declined to
extremely low levels.
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Human immunodeficiency virus - Tropism
Some people are resistant to certain
strains of HIV. For example, people with
the CCR5-Δ32 mutation are resistant to
infection with R5 virus, as the mutation
stops HIV from binding to this coreceptor,
reducing its ability to infect target cells.
1
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Human immunodeficiency virus - Tropism
1
Sexual intercourse is the major
mode of HIV transmission
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Human immunodeficiency virus - Tropism
1
HIV-2 is much less pathogenic than HIV-1 and is
restricted in its worldwide distribution
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Human immunodeficiency virus - Entry to the cell
1
'3.' The distal tips of gp41 are
inserted in to the cellular
membrane.
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Human immunodeficiency virus - Entry to the cell
'4.' gp41 undergoes significant
conformational change; folding in half and
forming coiled-coils. This process pulls the
viral and cellular membranes together,
fusing them.
1
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Human immunodeficiency virus - Entry to the cell
HIV enters macrophages and CD4+ T
cells by the adsorption of glycoproteins on
its surface to receptors on the target cell
followed by fusion of the viral envelope
with the cell membrane and the release of
the HIV capsid into the cell.
1
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Human immunodeficiency virus - Entry to the cell
1
Entry to the cell begins through interaction of
the trimeric envelope complex (gp160 spike)
and both CD4 and a chemokine receptor
(generally either CCR5 or CXCR4, but others
are known to interact) on the cell surface.
gp120 binds to integrin α4β7 activating LFA-1
the central integrin involved in the
establishment of virological synapses, which
facilitate efficient cell-to-cell spreading of HIV1. The gp160 spike contains binding domains
for both CD4 and chemokine receptors.
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Human immunodeficiency virus - Entry to the cell
1
The first step in fusion involves the
high-affinity attachment of the CD4
binding domains of gp120 to CD4
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Human immunodeficiency virus - Entry to the cell
1
After HIV has bound to the target cell, the
HIV RNA and various enzymes, including
reverse transcriptase, integrase,
ribonuclease, and protease, are injected
into the cell. During the microtubule-based
transport to the nucleus, the viral singlestrand RNA genome is transcribed into
double-strand DNA, which is then
integrated into a host chromosome.
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Human immunodeficiency virus - Entry to the cell
1
HIV can infect dendritic cells (DCs) by this
CD4-CCR5 route, but another route using
mannose-specific C-type lectin receptors
such as DC-SIGN can also be used. DCs are
one of the first cells encountered by the virus
during sexual transmission. They are
currently thought to play an important role by
transmitting HIV to T-cells when the virus is
captured in the mucosa by DCs. The
presence of FEZ-1, which occurs naturally in
neurons, is believed to prevent the infection
of cells by HIV.
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Human immunodeficiency virus - Replication and transcription
Shortly after the viral capsid enters the
cell, an enzyme called reverse
transcriptase liberates the single-stranded
(+)RNA genome from the attached viral
proteins and copies it into a
cDNA|complementary DNA (cDNA)
molecule
1
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Prostate cancer staging - Evaluation of the regional lymph nodes ('N')
*'NX': cannot evaluate
the regional lymph nodes
1
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Intermodal passenger transport - Automobile to public transport nodes
1
Although automobiles are conventionally
used as a single-mode form of transit, they
also find use in a variety of mixed-mode
scenarios
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Intermodal passenger transport - Automobile to public transport nodes
Taxicabs and Rental cars also play a
major role in providing door-to-door
service between airports or train stations
and other points of travel throughout
Urban area|urban, suburban, and rural
communities.
1
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Intermodal passenger transport - Automobile to public transport nodes
(Automobiles can also be used as the
centerpiece of a multi-mode commute,
with drivers resorting to walking or cycling
to their final destination. Commuters to
major cities take this route when driving is
convenient, but parking options at the
destination are not readily available.)
1
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Intermodal passenger transport - Bus to public transport nodes
1
Many large cities link their railway
network to their bus network. This
enables commuters to get to places
that are not serviced directly by rail
as they are often considered be too far
for walking.
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Intermodal passenger transport - Bus to public transport nodes
1
'Feeder buses' are buses are a specific
example of this; feeder buses service
local neighbourhoods by taking
travellers from their homes to nearby
train stations which is important if the
distances are too far to comfortably
walk; at the end of the working day the
buses take the travellers home again
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Intermodal passenger transport - Bus to public transport nodes
Feeder buses are very successful in
servicing customers' needs which helps to
increase patronage and therefore
operating revenue
1
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Computer clusters - Node failure management
There are two classes of fencing
methods; one disables a node itself,
and the other disallows access to
resources such as shared disks.
1
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Computer clusters - Node failure management
1
The STONITH method stands for Shoot
The Other Node In The Head, meaning
that the suspected node is disabled or
powered off. For instance, power
fencing uses a power controller to turn
off an inoperable node.
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Severe combined immunodeficiency
SCID is the most severe form of
Primary immunodeficiency|primary
immunodeficiencies, and there are now
at least nine different known genes in
which mutations lead to a form of SCID
1
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Severe combined immunodeficiency
1
SCID is the result of an immune system so highly
compromised that it is considered almost absent.
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Severe combined immunodeficiency
SCID patients are usually affected by
severe bacterial, viral, or fungal infections
early in life and often present with
interstitial lung disease, chronic diarrhea,
and failure to thrive
1
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X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency
'Sex linkage#X-linked recessive|X-linked
severe combined immunodeficiency' ('XSCID') is an immunodeficiency disorder in
which the body produces very few T cells and
NK cells. In the absence of T cell help, B cells
become defective. It is an x-linked
Dominance (genetics)|recessive trait,
stemming from a mutated (abnormal) version
of the IL2-RG gene located at xq13.1 on the
X-chromosome, which is shared between
receptors for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and
IL-21. (IL2RG).
1
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X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency - Symptoms
Persons afflicted with X-SCID often have
infections very early in life, before three months
of age
1
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X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency - Symptoms
1
In some patients symptoms may not
appear for the first six months after
birth. This is likely due to passive
immunity received from the mother in
order to protect the baby from
infections until the newborn is able to
make its own antibodies. As a result,
there can be a silent period where the
baby displays no symptoms of X-SCID
followed by the development of
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X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency - Genetics
1
Likewise, her female children will have a 50%
chance of being carriers for the
immunodeficiency
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X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency - Treatments
Treatment for X-linked SCID can be
divided into two main groups, the
prophylactic treatment (i.e. preventative)
and curative treatment. The former
attempts to manage the opportunistic
infections common to SCID patients and
the latter aims at reconstituting healthy Tlymphocyte function.
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X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency - Treatments
On the other hand, prophylactic
treatments used today for X-linked
SCID are similar to those used to treat
other primary
immunodeficiency|primary
immunodeficiencies
1
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X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency - Treatments
1
Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is
a standard curative procedure and
results in a full immune
reconstitution, if the treatment is
successful
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X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency - Treatments
1
Gene therapy is another treatment option
which is available only for clinical trials
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X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency - Prognosis
X-linked SCID is a known pediatric
emergency which primarily affects males.
If the appropriate treatment such as
intravenous immunoglobulin supplements,
medications for treating infections or a
bone marrow transplant is not
administered, then the prognosis is poor.
The patients with X-linked SCID usually
die two years after they are born. For this
reason, the diagnosis of X-linked SCID
1
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X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency - Prognosis
1
However, the patients have a higher
chance of survival if the diagnosis of
X-linked SCID is done as soon as the
baby is born
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X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency - Epidemiology
There is no information on birth
ratios/rates, but X-Linked SCID is the
most common form of SCID and it has
been estimated to account for 46% to
70% of all SCID cases.
1
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Tor (anonymity network) - Exit nodes should not be trusted
1
As Tor does not, and by design cannot,
encrypt the traffic between an exit
node and the target server, any exit
node is in a position to capture any
traffic passing through it that does not
use end-to-end encryption such as
Transport Layer Security|TLS
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Tor (anonymity network) - Exit nodes should not be trusted
1
:If you actually look in to where these Tor
nodes are hosted and how big they are,
some of these nodes cost thousands of
dollars each month just to host because
they're using lots of bandwidth, they're
heavy-duty servers and so on. Who would
pay for this and be anonymous?
[http://www.smh.com.au/news/security/thehack-of-theyear/2007/11/12/1194766589522.html?pag
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Tor (anonymity network) - Exit nodes should not be trusted
1
In order to redirect Tor traffic to the nodes they
controlled, they used a denial-of-service attack
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Tor (anonymity network) - Site operators may block traffic from Tor exit nodes
1
Operators of Internet sites have the ability
to prevent connections from Tor exit
nodes, or to offer reduced functionality to
Tor users. For example, it is not generally
possible to edit Wikipedia when using Tor,
or when using an IP address that also is
used by a Tor exit node, due to the use of
the
[http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:
TorBlock TorBlock] MediaWiki extension,
unless an Wikipedia:IP block
exemption|exemption is obtained.
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Sodium-ion battery - Anode
Using NaxC6 as the anode, the average
voltage on the low potential plateau was
higher on Na cells compared to Li cells. The
carbon materials can be derived from
sugars.D. A. Stevens and J. R. Dahn,
[http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/Getabs
Servlet?prog=normalid=JESOAN0001470000
04001271000001idtype=cvipsgifs=yes High
Capacity Anode Materials for Rechargeable
Sodium-Ion Batteries]”, Journal of The
Electrochemical Society, vol.147,1271-1273
(2000)
1
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Sodium-ion battery - Anode
1
Tin-coated wood anodes can replace
stiff anode bases that are too brittle to
withstand the swelling and shrinking
that happens as ions move to and from
the anode
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Home Node B
1
A Node B is an element of a 3G macro
Radio Access Network, or
Radio_access_network|RAN. A
femtocell performs many of the
function of a Node B, but is optimized
for deployment in the home.
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Home Node B - Standard
1
The following 3GPP documents
are currently available:
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Home Node B - Standard
*
[http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html
-info/25820.htm 3GPP TR 25.820: 3G
Home Node B (HNB) study item
Technical Report] - A technical report
that looks at the air interface and
requirements for the protocols to link
the Home NodeB to the core network
1
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Home Node B - Standard
1
* [http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/htmlinfo/22220.htm 3GPP TS 22.220:
Service requirements for Home Node B
(HNB) and Home eNode B (HeNB)] End to end architecture
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Home Node B - Standard
* [http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/htmlinfo/25467.htm 3GPP TS 25.467: UTRAN
architecture for 3G Home Node B (HNB);
Stage 2] - UTRAN architecture for 3G
Home NodeB (HNB)
1
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Home Node B - Standard
*
[http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html
-info/25469.htm 3GPP TS 25.469:
UTRAN Iuh interface Home Node B
(HNB) Application Part (HNBAP)
signalling] - interface between HNB
and HNB-GW
1
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Home Node B - Architecture
1
Within an 'HNB Access Network' there are
three new network elements: the 'Home
Node B' (or femtocell), the 'Security
Gateway (SeGW)' and the 'Home Node B
Gateway', or 'HNB-GW'.
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Home Node B - Architecture
Between the HNB
and the HNB-GW is a
new interface known
as 'Iu-h'.
1
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Home Node B - Architecture
1
'Home Node B (HNB)' – Connected to
an existing residential broadband
service, an HNB provides 3G radio
coverage for 3G handsets within a
home. HNBs incorporate the
capabilities of a standard Node B as
well as the radio resource
management functions of a standard
Radio Network Controller
Radio_Network_Controller|RNC.
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Home Node B - Architecture
1
'Security Gateway (SeGW)' - Installed
in an operator’s network, the Security
Gateway establishes IPsec tunnels
with HNBs using IKEv2 signaling for
IPsec tunnel management. IPsec
tunnels are responsible for delivering
all voice, messaging and packet data
services between HNB and the core
network. The SeGW forwards traffic to
HNB-GW.
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Home Node B - Architecture
'HNB Gateway (HNB-GW)' - Installed
within an operator’s network, the HNB
Gateway aggregates traffic from a large
number of HNBs back into an existing
core service network through the
standard Iu-cs and Iu-ps interfaces.
1
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Home Node B - Architecture
1
'Iu-h Interface' - Residing between an
HNB and HNB-GW, the Iu-h interface
defines the security architecture used
to provide a secure, scalable
communications over the Internet.
The Iu-h interface also defines an
efficient, reliable method for
transporting Iu-based traffic as well
as a new protocol (HNBAP) for
enabling highly scalable Ad Hoc HNB
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Universal Description Discovery and Integration - UDDI Nodes Registry
1
UDDI nodes are servers which support the
UDDI specification and belong to a UDDI
registry while UDDI registries are
collections of one or more nodes.
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Universal Description Discovery and Integration - UDDI Nodes Registry
SOAP (protocol)|SOAP is an XMLbased protocol to exchange messages
between a requester and a provider of
a Web Service.
1
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Universal Description Discovery and Integration - UDDI Nodes Registry
1
The provider publishes the Web Services
Description Language|WSDL to UDDI and
the requester can join to it using SOAP.
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Low-density parity-check code - Updating node information
1
alternative update techniques were
studied, in which variable nodes are
updated with the newest available
check-node information.
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Low-density parity-check code - Updating node information
1
The intuition behind these algorithms
is that variable nodes whose values
vary the most are the ones that need to
be updated first. Highly reliable
nodes, whose log-likelihood ratio
(LLR) magnitude is large and does not
change significantly from one update
to the next, do not require updates
with the same frequency as other
nodes, whose sign and magnitude
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Low-density parity-check code - Updating node information
1
These scheduling algorithms show greater
speed of convergence and lower error
floors than those that use flooding. These
lower error floors are achieved by the
ability of the Informed Dynamic Scheduling
(IDS) algorithm to overcome trapping sets
of near codewords.T. Richardson, “Error
floors of LDPC codes,” in Proc. 41st
Allerton Conf. Comm., Control, and
Comput., Monticello, IL, 2003.
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Low-density parity-check code - Updating node information
1
When nonflooding scheduling algorithms
are used, an alternative definition of
iteration is used. For an (n,k) LDPC code
of rate k/n, a full iteration occurs when n
variable and nminus;k constraint nodes
have been updated, no matter the order in
which they were updated.
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Sensor node
1
A 'sensor node', also known as a 'mote'
(chiefly in North America), is a node in a
wireless sensor network that is capable of
performing some processing, gathering
sensory information and communicating
with other connected nodes in the
network. A mote is a node but a node is
not always a mote.
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Sensor node - Components
1
The main components of a sensor node
are a microcontroller, transceiver,
external memory, Electric power|power
source and one or more sensors.
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Sensor node - Controller
1
Therefore the advantages of DSPs are not usually
of much importance to wireless sensor nodes
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Sensor node - Controller
1
Sensor nodes often make use of ISM
band, which gives free radio, spectrum
allocation and global availability
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Sensor node - Controller
1
Most transceivers operating in idle mode
have a power consumption almost equal
to the power consumed in receive mode.Y
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Sensor node - External memory
1
From an energy perspective, the most
relevant kinds of memory are the on-chip
memory of a microcontroller and Flash
memory—off-chip RAM is rarely, if ever,
used
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Sensor node - Power source
A wireless sensor node is a popular
solution when it is difficult or
impossible to run a mains supply to
the sensor node. However, since the
wireless sensor node is often placed in
a hard-to-reach location, changing the
battery regularly can be costly and
inconvenient. An important aspect in
the development of a wireless sensor
node is ensuring that there is always
adequate energy available to power
the system.
1
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Sensor node - Power source
1
Batteries, both rechargeable and nonrechargeable, are the main source of
power supply for sensor nodes
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Sensor node - Power source
1
A DVS scheme varies the power levels
within the sensor node depending on the
non-deterministic workload
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Sensor node - Sensors
1
As wireless sensor nodes are typically
very small electronic devices, they
can only be equipped with a limited
power source of less than 0.5-2
ampere-hour and 1.2-3.7 volts.
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Sensor node - Sensors
1
Passive sensors sense the data without actually
manipulating the environment by active probing
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Sensor node - Sensors
The overall theoretical work on WSNs
works with passive, omni-directional
sensors. Each sensor node has a certain
area of coverage for which it can reliably
and accurately report the particular
quantity that it is observing. Several
sources of power consumption in sensors
are: signal sampling and conversion of
physical signals to electrical ones,
signal conditioning, and analog-todigital conversion. Spatial density of
sensor nodes in the field may be as high
as 20 nodes per cubic meter.
1
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End node problem
End nodes often have weak/outdated
software, weak security tools, excessive
permissions, mis-configurations,
questionable content and apps, and covert
exploitations
1
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End node problem
1
There are several remedies but all require
instilling trust in the end node and
conveying that trust to the network/cloud.
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End node problem - The cloud’s weakest link
1
Many believe the real risk does not lie
within a well monitored, 24-7-365
managed, full redundancy cloud host
but in the many questionable
computers that access the
cloud.http://www.netsfind.net/Meetings/S09Meeting/Talks/clar
k.ppt Many such clouds are FISMAcertified whereas the end nodes
connecting to them rarely are
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End node problem - Ever growing risk
From 2005 to 2009, the greatest and
growing threats to personal and
corporate data derived from exploits
of users' personal computers.
Organized cyber-criminals have
found it more profitable to internally
exploit the many weak personal and
work computers than to attack
through heavily
perimeters.http://www.verizonbusine
1
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End node problem - Solutions
1
To eliminate the end node problem,
only allow authenticated users on
trusted remote computers in safe
environments to connect to your
network/cloud. There are many ways
to accomplish this with existing
technology, each with different levels
of trust.
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End node problem - Solutions
1
Many companies issue typical laptops and
only allow those specific computers to
remotely connect. For example, the US
Department of Defense only allows its remote
computers to connect via VPN to its network
(no direct Internet browsing) and uses twofactor authentication. Some organizations
use server-side tools to scan and/or validate
the end node's computer, such as
communicating with the node's Trusted
Computing#Remote attestation|TPM.
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End node problem - Solutions
1
A far higher level of trust can be obtained
by issuing an
[http://spi.dod.mil/docs/SEN_SKG_DS_20
081024.pdf immutable, tamper-resistant
client] with no local storage, allowing it to
connect only after device and user
authentication, remotely providing the OS
and software (via Preboot Execution
Environment|PXE or Etherboot), and then
only providing remote desktop or browser
access to sensitive data.
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End node problem - Solutions
For example, the United States
Department of Defense|DoD’s
Software Protection
Initiative[http://spi.dod.mil DoD
Software Protection Initiative] offers
Lightweight Portable Security, a
LiveCD that boots only in RAM
creating a pristine, non-persistent,
end node while using Common Access
Card software for authentication into
1
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Glossary of fuel cell terms - Anode
1
: An anode is an electrode through which electric
current flows into a polarized electrical device.
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10G-PON - OLT and access nodes
The OLT (Optical Line Terminal)
connects the PON to aggregated
backhaul
(telecommunications)|backhaul
uplinks, allocates time slots for ONUs
and ONTs to transmit upstream data,
and transmits shared downstream
data in broadcast-mode over the PON
to users. Since 10GPON is designed to
coexist with GPON devices, migration
1
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10G-PON - OLT and access nodes
1
Normally the OLT is on a card that slots
into a chassis at the telephone
exchange|Central Office (CO), which
uses special uplink cards for Ethernet
backhaul to the telecommunications
provider's network and internet
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10G-PON - OLT and access nodes
ITU and IEEE are planning for
convergence of their specifications at the
physical layer in 10G that would allow for
the shared chips, optics and hardware
platforms, thus driving cost reductions for
hardware
manufacturers.http://www.telecomasia.net/
pdf/ZTE/ZTE_101909.pdf
1
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Tubular solid oxide fuel cell - Anode
Electrochemistry|Electrochemically
speaking, the anode’s job is to use the
oxygen ions that diffuse through the
electrolyte to oxidize the hydrogen fuel.
1
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Tubular solid oxide fuel cell - Anode
1
The redox|oxidation reaction between the
oxygen ions and the hydrogen produces
heat as well as water and electricity.
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Tubular solid oxide fuel cell - Anode
If the fuel is a light hydrocarbon, for
example methane, another function of the
anode is to act as a catalyst for steam
reforming the fuel into hydrogen. This
provides another operational benefit to the
fuel cell stack because the reforming
reaction is endothermic, which cools the
stack internally.
1
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Iris Mote - List of sensor nodes
1
The following table lists out the prototype and
commercial motes/sensor nodes available.
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Synchronous Ethernet - Interconnection of nodes
1
There are two basic ways to
distribute synchronization:
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Synchronous Ethernet - Interconnection of nodes
* Intranode, which is a high-quality
slave clock known as either
synchronization supply unit (SSU).
These are responsible for distributing
synchronization to NEs situated inside
the node.
1
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Synchronous Ethernet - Interconnection of nodes
* Internode, where the
synchronization signal is sent to
another node by a link specifically
dedicated to this purpose, or by an
PHY signal.
1
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Synchronous Ethernet - Interconnection of nodes
1
Several type of networks can be used to
transport the synchronous signal and
could be combined indeed. Some of these
networks are
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Synchronous Ethernet - Interconnection of nodes
1
T1/E1, SONET/SDH and any rate, and
SyncE. However legacy Ethernet is not
suitable for transmitting synchronization
signals. This is important because if the
signal crosses a legacy Ethernet island
then the synchronization is lost.
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Wikis - WikiNodes
WikiNodes are pages on wikis that
describe related wikis. They are usually
organized as neighbors and delegates. A
neighbor wiki is simply a wiki that may
discuss similar content or may otherwise
be of interest. A delegate wiki is a wiki that
agrees to have certain content delegated
to that wiki.
http://web.archive.org/web/200708102137
02/
http://wikinodes.wiki.taoriver.net/moin.fcg/
FrequentlyAskedQuestions
1
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Wikis - WikiNodes
1
One way of finding a wiki on a specific
subject is to follow the wiki-node network
from wiki to wiki; another is to take a Wiki
bus tour, for example: .
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SGSN - GPRS support nodes (GSN)
A GSN is a network node which
supports the use of GPRS in the GSM
core network. All GSNs should have a
Gn interface and support the GPRS
tunneling protocol. There are two key
variants of the GSN, namely Gateway
and Serving GPRS support node.
1
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SGSN - Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN)
1
The gateway GPRS support node (GGSN)
is a main component of the GPRS
network. The GGSN is responsible for the
internetworking between the GPRS
network and external packet switched
networks, like the Internet and X.25
networks.
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SGSN - Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN)
From an external network's point of
view, the GGSN is a router to a subnetwork, because the GGSN ‘hides’ the
GPRS infrastructure from the external
network. When the GGSN receives data
addressed to a specific user, it checks if
the user is active. If it is, the GGSN
forwards the data to the SGSN serving
the mobile user, but if the mobile user is
inactive, the data is discarded. On the
other hand, mobile-originated packets
are routed to the right network by the
1
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SGSN - Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN)
The GGSN is the anchor point that
enables the mobility of the user
terminal in the GPRS/UMTS networks.
In essence, it carries out the role in
GPRS equivalent to the Mobile
IP#Operational principles|home
agent in Mobile IP. It maintains
routing necessary to tunnel the
protocol data units (PDUs) to the SGSN
that services a particular MS (mobile
1
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SGSN - Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN)
1
The GGSN converts the GPRS packets
coming from the SGSN into the
appropriate packet data protocol (PDP)
format (e.g., IP or X.25) and sends them
out on the corresponding packet data
network
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SGSN - Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN)
Other functions include subscriber
screening, Address pool|IP pool
management and IP
address#Modifications to IP
addressing|address mapping, Quality
of service|QoS and PDP context
enforcement.
1
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SGSN - Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN)
1
With Long Term Evolution|LTE scenario
the GGSN functionality moves to System
Architecture Evolution|SAE gateway (with
SGSN functionality working in Mobility
Management Entity|MME).
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SGSN - Serving GPRS support node (SGSN)
1
A serving GPRS support node (SGSN) is
responsible for the delivery of data
packets from and to the mobile stations
within its geographical service area
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Primary cell - Anode and cathode
The plate that carries the positive
terminal (usually carbon) is termed
the anode and the plate that carries
the negative terminal (usually zinc) is
termed the cathode. This is the
reverse of the terminology used in an
electrolytic cell. The reason is that the
terms are related to the passage of
electric current through the
electrolyte, not the external circuit
1
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Primary cell - Anode and cathode
Inside the cell the anode is the
electrode where chemical
Redox|oxidation occurs, as it donates
electrons to the circuit. The cathode is
defined as the electrode where
chemical Redox|reduction occurs, as it
accepts electrons from the circuit.
1
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Primary cell - Anode and cathode
1
Since the anode accepts electrons from
the electrolyte, it becomes negatively
electric charge|charged and is therefore
connected to the terminal marked − on the
outside of the cell
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Primary cell - Anode and cathode
Old textbooks sometimes contain
different terminology that can cause
confusion to modern readers. For
example, a 1911 textbook by Ayrton
and MatherW. E. Ayrton and T. Mather,
Practical Electricity, Cassell and
Company, London, 1911, page 170
describes the electrodes as the
positive plate and negative plate in a
way that contradicts modern usage.
1
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Teredo tunneling - Node types
; Teredo client: A host which has IPv4
connectivity to the Internet from behind a
NAT and uses the Teredo tunneling
protocol to access the IPv6 Internet.
Teredo clients are assigned an IPv6
address that starts with the Teredo prefix
(2001:0::/32).
1
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Teredo tunneling - Node types
; Teredo server: A well-known host which is
used for initial configuration of a Teredo tunnel
1
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Teredo tunneling - Node types
; Teredo relay: The
remote end of a Teredo
tunnel
1
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Teredo tunneling - Node types
1
; Teredo host-specific relay: A Teredo
relay whose range of service is
limited to the very host it runs on. As
such, it has no particular bandwidth
or routing requirements. A computer
with a host-specific relay will use
Teredo to communicate with Teredo
clients, but it will stick to its main
IPv6 connectivity provider to reach
the rest of the IPv6 Internet.
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Hybrid fiber-coaxial - Fiber optic nodes
1
The optical coupler combined
with the optical receiver forms a
node.
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Lithium ion - Silicon anode
John They are using a
silicon anode, rather than
standard graphite
(carbon)
1
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Lithium ion - Silicon-carbon anode
The new silicon-anode batteries will allow
electric vehicles to go 200-300 miles on a single
charge
1
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Compute Node Linux
1
'Compute Node Linux' ('CNL') is a runtime
environment based on the Linux kernel
for the Cray XT3, Cray XT4, Cray XT5,
Cray XT6, and Cray XE6 supercomputer
systems based on SUSE Linux Enterprise
Server.[http://www.nccs.gov/wpcontent/uploads/2007/08/wallace_paper.pd
f Compute Node Linux: Overview,
Progress to Date
Roadmap][http://www.nccs.gov/wpcontent/uploads/2007/08/wallace12b_paper.pdf Compute Node Linux: New
Frontiers in Compute Node Operating
System] CNL forms part of the Cray Linux
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ENode B
'E-UTRAN Node B', also known as
'Evolved Node B', (abbreviated as
'eNodeB' or 'eNB') is the element in EUTRA of 3GPP Long Term Evolution|LTE
that is the evolution of the element Node B
in UTRA of UMTS. It is the hardware that
is connected to the mobile phone network
that communicates directly with mobile
handsets (User equipment|UEs), like a
base transceiver station (BTS) in GSM
1
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ENode B
1
Traditionally, a Node B has minimum
functionality, and is controlled by an
RNC (Radio Network Controller).
However, with an eNB, there is no
separate controller element. This
simplifies the architecture and allows
lower response times.
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ENode B - Air Interface
1
eNB uses the E-UTRA protocols OFDMA
(downlink) and SC-FDMA (uplink) on its
LTE-Uu interface. By contrast, NodeB
uses the UTRA protocols WCDMA or TDSCDMA on its Uu interface.
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ENode B - Control Functionality
eNB embeds its own control
functionality, rather than using an
RNC, (Radio Network Controller) as
does a Node B.
1
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ENode B - Network Interfaces
eNB interfaces with the System
Architecture Evolution (SAE) core (also
known as Evolved Packet Core (EPC))
and other eNB as follows:3GPP TS 36.300
V11.0.0 (2011-12)
1
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ENode B - Network Interfaces
1
* eNB uses the S1-AP protocol on the S1MME interface with the Mobility
Management Entity (MME) for control
plane traffic.
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ENode B - Network Interfaces
1
* eNB uses the GTP-U protocol on the
S1-U interface with the Serving
Gateway (S-GW) for user plane
traffic.Collectively the S1-MME and
S1-U interfaces are known as the S1
interface, which represents the
interface from eNB to the EPC.
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ENode B - Network Interfaces
1
* eNB uses the X2-AP protocol
on the X2 interface with other
eNB elements.
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Very Simple Control Protocol - Configuring a VSCP node
A node needs to be configured
appropriately before it will execute its
function. Each VSCP node provides its
own set of configuration registers tailored
for its function. A button node would have
some possibility to configure the
zone/subzones the buttons belong to. A
1
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Very Simple Control Protocol - Configuring a VSCP node
temperature node would have some
possibility to set trigger values. Also
configuring the DM is part of configuring a
node.
1
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Axon - Nodes of Ranvier
Thus in a myelinated axon, action
potentials effectively jump from node
to node, bypassing the myelinated
stretches in between, resulting in a
propagation speed much faster than
even the fastest unmyelinated axon
can sustain.
1
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Node.js
1
'Node.js' is a software platform that is used
to build scalability|scalable network
(especially server-side) applications.
Node.js utilizes JavaScript as its scripting
language, and achieves high throughput
via non-blocking I/O and a single-threaded
Event-driven architecture|event loop.
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Node.js - History
1
Dahl was inspired to create Node.js after seeing a
file upload progress bar on Flickr
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Node.js - History
1
On January 30, 2012 Dahl stepped aside,
promoting coworker and Npm
(software)|NPM creator Isaac Schlueter to
the gatekeeper position. Dahl wrote on
Google groups,
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Node.js - History
On January 15, 2014 Schlueter
announced he was making Npm
(software)|NPM his main focus and
Timothy J Fontaine would be Node.js
new project lead. Isaac wrote on the
Node.js blog,
1
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Node.js - History
1
I will remain a Node core committer, and
expect to continue to contribute to the
project in that role
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Node.js - History
1
The next day, January 16, 2014, Timothy J
Fontaine made a followup post outlining
the road ahead where he, among other
things, mention bug fixing, performance
tuning, staying up to date with V8
(JavaScript engine)|V8 engine and tooling.
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Node.js - Overview
1
Node.js is a packaged compilation of
Google's V8 (JavaScript engine)|V8
JavaScript engine, the platform
abstraction layer, and a core Library
(computing)|library, which is itself
primarily written in JavaScript.
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Node.js - Overview
1
Dahl's original goal was to create web
sites with Push technology|push
capabilities as seen in web
applications like Gmail. After trying
solutions in several other
programming languages he chose
JavaScript because of the lack of an
existing I/O API. This allowed him to
define a convention of non-blocking
I/O|non-blocking, event-driven
I/O.See the book's Foreword
[http://ofps.oreilly.com/titles/978144
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Node.js - Overview
1
Node.js implements some CommonJS
specifications.[http://wiki.commonjs
.org/wiki/Implementations/node.js
Implementations/node.js] CommonJS Spec Wiki It also provides
a read–eval–print loop|REPL
environment for interactive testing.
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Node.js - Tools and IDEs
* JetBrains
MPS|JetBrains WebStorm
or IntelliJ IDEA
(commercial products)
1
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Node.js - Tools and IDEs
1
* Microsoft WebMatrix (free) or Visual
Studio (commercial product) with
Node.js Tools for Visual Studio (free)
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Node.js - Community
1
Node.js has a developer community primarily
centered on two mailing lists, nodejs,
http://groups.google.com/group/nodejs
nodejs-dev,
http://groups.google.com/group/nodejs-dev
nodejs-dev and the IRC channel #node.js on
freenode. The community gathers at
NodeConf, http://www.nodeconf.com/ an
annual developer conference focused on
Node.js.[
http://www.readwriteweb.com/hack/2011/04/n
odeconf-schedule-announced.php NodeConf
Schedule Announced], By Klint Finley, April 7,
2011, ReadWriteHack
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Node.js - Community
Node.js is currently used by a number of large
companies including LinkedIn,[
http://engineering.linkedin.com/nodejs/blazing-fastnodejs-10-performance-tips-linkedin-mobile],
LinkedIn's developer blog discusses their Node.js
stack optimizationsMicrosoft,[
http://www.hanselman.com/blog/WebMatrix2FrontEnd
WebDevelopersTakeNoteASPNETPHPNodejsAndMor
e.aspx], WebMatrix - Front End Web Developers take
note (ASP.NET, PHP, node.js and more) Yahoo!,[
http://developer.yahoo.com/blogs/ydn/posts/2011/11/y
ahoo-announces-cocktails-%E2%80%93-shaken-notstirred/], Yahoo! Developer Network announces
Cocktails project using Node.js Walmart and PayPal.
1
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Nonode
1
A 'nonode' is a type of Vacuum tube|thermionic
valve that has nine active electrodes
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Local Interconnect Network - Slave node position detection (SNPD), that is,
autoaddressing
1
These methods allow the detection of the
position of slave nodes on the LIN bus and
allow the assignment of a unique node
address.
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Local Interconnect Network - Slave node position detection (SNPD), that is,
autoaddressing
1
* Allows similar or the same devices to
be connected on the bus without end of
line programming or connector pin
programming.
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Local Interconnect Network - Slave node position detection (SNPD), that is,
autoaddressing
1
* All auto-addressing slaves
must be in one line
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Simian immunodeficiency virus
'Simian immunodeficiency viruses'
('SIVs') are retroviruses able to infect at
least 45 species of African non-human
primates. Based on analysis of strains
found in four species of Old World
monkey|monkeys from Bioko|Bioko
Island, which was isolated from the
mainland by Sea level#Changes
through geologic time|rising sea levels
about 11,000 years ago, it has been
1
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Simian immunodeficiency virus
Virus strains from two of these primate
species, SIVsmm in sooty mangabeys and
SIVcpz in chimpanzees, are believed to
have crossed the species barrier into
humans, resulting in HIV-2 and HIV-1,
respectively. The most likely route of
transmission of HIV-1 to humans involves
contact with the blood of chimps that are
often hunted for bushmeat in Africa.
1
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Simian immunodeficiency virus
Unlike HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections in
humans, SIV infections in their natural
hosts appear in many cases to be nonpathogenic
1
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Simian immunodeficiency virus - History
Immunodeficiency resembling human
AIDS was reported in captive monkeys in
the United States beginning in 1983
1
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Simian immunodeficiency virus - Tropism
1
Differences in species specificity of SIV
and related retroviruses may be partly
explained by variants of the protein
TRIM5-alpha|TRIM5α in humans and nonhuman primate species. This intracellular
protein recognizes the capsid of various
retroviruses and blocks their reproduction.
Other proteins such as
APOBEC3G/APOBEC3F|3F may also be
important in restricting cross-species
transmission.
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Simian immunodeficiency virus - Research
1
SHIV, a virus combining parts of the
HIV and SIV genomes, was created for
various research purposes, including
analyzing how different parts of the
virus respond to different
antimicrobial drugs and vaccines.
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Simian immunodeficiency virus - Research
Beatrice Hahn of the University of
Pennsylvania recently led a team of
researchers to find that chimpanzees do
die from simian AIDS in the wild and that
the AIDS outbreak in Africa has
contributed to the decline of chimpanzee
populations
1
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Simian immunodeficiency virus - Research
1
In 2010, researchers reported that SIV had
infected monkeys in Bioko for at least 32,000
years. Based on molecular clock analyses of
sequences, it was previously thought by
many that SIV infection in monkeys had
happened over the past few hundred years.
Scientists estimated that it would take a
similar amount of time before humans would
adapt naturally to HIV infection in the way
monkeys in Africa have adapted to SIV and
not suffer any harm from the infection.
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Simian immunodeficiency virus - Research
In 2012, researchers reported that
initial infection of Rhesus
macaque|Rhesus monkeys by
neutralization-resistant SIV
strainsNeutralization-resistant refers
to strains which are not able to be
neutralized by the native immune
response due to compensating
mutation; see Antigenic
variation#HIV-1|HIV-1 related
1
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Simian immunodeficiency virus - Research
1
In 2013, a study by a group of authors
reported on successful testing of a
vaccine containing SIV proteinexpressing rhesus cytomegalovirus
vector
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Simian immunodeficiency virus - Research
Bonobo's appear to avoid simian
immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and its
effects, though it is not known why.
1
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Autoimmunity - Immunodeficiency and autoimmunity
There are a large number of
immunodeficiency syndromes that
present clinical and laboratory
characteristics of autoimmunity. The
decreased ability of the immune
system to clear infections in these
patients may be responsible for
causing autoimmunity through
perpetual immune system activation.
1
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Autoimmunity - Immunodeficiency and autoimmunity
One example is common variable
immunodeficiency (CVID) where
multiple autoimmune diseases are
seen, e.g. inflammatory bowel disease,
autoimmune thrombocytopenia and
autoimmune thyroid disease.
1
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Autoimmunity - Immunodeficiency and autoimmunity
Familial hemophagocytic
lymphohistiocytosis, an autosomal
recessive primary immunodeficiency,
is another example. Pancytopenia,
rashes, lymphadenopathy and
hepatosplenomegaly are commonly
seen in these patients. Presence of
multiple uncleared viral infections
due to lack of perforin are thought to
be responsible.
1
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Autoimmunity - Immunodeficiency and autoimmunity
In addition to chronic and/or
recurrent infections many
autoimmune diseases including
arthritis, autoimmune hemolytic
anemia, scleroderma and type 1
diabetes are also seen in X-linked
agammaglobulinemia (XLA).
1
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Autoimmunity - Immunodeficiency and autoimmunity
1
Recurrent bacterial and fungal infections
and chronic inflammation of the gut and
lungs are seen in chronic granulomatous
disease (CGD) as well. CGD is a caused
by decreased production of nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)
oxidase by neutrophils.
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Autoimmunity - Immunodeficiency and autoimmunity
1
Hypomorphic RAG mutations are seen in
patients with midline granulomatous
disease; an autoimmune disorder that is
commonly seen in patients with
granulomatosis with polyangiitis
(Wegener’s disease) and NK/T cell
lymphomas.
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Autoimmunity - Immunodeficiency and autoimmunity
1
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS)
patients also present with eczema,
autoimmune manifestations,
recurrent bacterial infections and
lymphoma.
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Autoimmunity - Immunodeficiency and autoimmunity
In autoimmune polyendocrinopathycandidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy
(APECED) also autoimmunity and
infections coexist: organ-specific
autoimmune manifestations (e.g.
hypoparathyroidism and adrenocortical
failure) and chronic mucocutaneous
candidiasis.
1
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Autoimmunity - Immunodeficiency and autoimmunity
Finally, IgA deficiency is also
sometimes associated with the
development of autoimmune and
atopic phenomena.
1
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Newborn screening - Severe combined immunodeficiency
1
Severe combined immunodeficiency
(SCID) caused by T-cell deficiency is a
disorder that was recently added to
newborn screening programs in some
regions of the United States
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Newborn screening - Severe combined immunodeficiency
SCID has not been added to newborn
screening in a wide scale for several reasons.
It requires technology that is not currently
used in most newborn screening labs, as
PCR is not used for any other assays
included in screening programs. Follow-up
and treatment of affected infants also
requires skilled immunologists, which may
not be available in all regions. Treatment for
SCID is a stem cell transplant, which cannot
be done in all centers.
1
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Tantalum capacitor - Anode
Tantalum capacitors are
manufactured from a powder of
relatively pure elemental tantalum
metal. A common figure of merit for
comparing volumetric efficiency of
powders is expressed in capacitance
(C) in microfarads (µF) times voltage
(V) in volts (V) per gram (CV/g). The
typical particle size is between 2 and
10 μm. Figure 1 shows powders of
1
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Tantalum capacitor - Anode
1
The powder is compressed around a
tantalum wire (known as the riser
wire) to form a
“pellet”.[http://www.vishay.com/doc
s/49268/tn0003.pdf Vishay] The riser
wire ultimately becomes the anode
connection to the capacitor
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Tantalum capacitor - Anode
1
Larger surface area produces higher
capacitance; thus high CV/g powders,
which have a lower average particle
size, are used for low voltage, high
capacitance parts
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Linked list - Sentinel nodes
In some implementations, an extra
'sentinel' or 'dummy' node may be added
before the first data record and/or after the
last one. This convention simplifies and
accelerates some list-handling algorithms,
by ensuring that all links can be safely
dereferenced and that every list (even one
that contains no data elements) always
has a first and last node.
1
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Linked list - Using sentinel nodes
1
Another example is the merging two
sorted lists: if their sentinels have data
fields set to +∞, the choice of the next
output node does not need special
handling for empty lists.
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Linked list - Using sentinel nodes
1
However, sentinel nodes use up extra
space (especially in applications that
use many short lists), and they may
complicate other operations (such as
the creation of a new empty list).
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Linked list - Using sentinel nodes
However, if the circular list is used
merely to simulate a linear list, one may
avoid some of this complexity by
adding a single sentinel node to every
list, between the last and the first data
nodes. With this convention, an empty
list consists of the sentinel node alone,
pointing to itself via the next-node link.
The list handle should then be a pointer
to the last data node, before the
1
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Linked list - Using sentinel nodes
1
The same trick can be used to simplify
the handling of a doubly linked linear
list, by turning it into a circular doubly
linked list with a single sentinel node.
However, in this case, the handle
should be a single pointer to the
dummy node itself.Ford, William and
Topp, William Data Structures with C++
using STL Second Edition (2002).
Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-085850-1, pp.
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Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes
1
Languages that do not support any type of
reference (computer science)|reference
can still create links by replacing pointers
with array indices. The approach is to
keep an array data type|array of record
(computer science)|records, where each
record has integer fields indicating the
index of the next (and possibly previous)
node in the array. Not all nodes in the
array need be used. If records are also not
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Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes
1
As an example, consider the following linked
list record that uses arrays instead of pointers:
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Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes
By creating an array of these
structures, and an integer variable to
store the index of the first element, a
linked list can be built:
1
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Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes
1
Links between elements are formed
by placing the array index of the next
(or previous) cell into the Next or Prev
field within a given element. For
example:
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Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes
1
In the above example, ListHead would
be set to 2, the location of the first
entry in the list. Notice that entry 3
and 5 through 7 are not part of the list.
These cells are available for any
additions to the list. By creating a
ListFree integer variable, a free list
could be created to keep track of what
cells are available. If all entries are in
use, the size of the array would have to
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Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes
1
The following code would traverse the list and
display names and account balance:
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Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes
When faced with a
choice, the advantages
of this approach
include:
1
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Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes
1
* The linked list is relocatable, meaning it
can be moved about in memory at will,
and it can also be quickly and directly
serialization|serialized for storage on disk
or transfer over a network.
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Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes
* Especially for a small list, array
indexes can occupy significantly less
space than a full pointer on many
architectures.
1
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Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes
1
* Locality of reference can be improved by
keeping the nodes together in memory
and by periodically rearranging them,
although this can also be done in a
general store.
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Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes
* Naïve dynamic memory
allocation|dynamic memory
allocators can produce an excessive
amount of overhead storage for each
node allocated; almost no allocation
overhead is incurred per node in this
approach.
1
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Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes
* Seizing an entry from a pre-allocated
array is faster than using dynamic memory
allocation for each node, since dynamic
memory allocation typically requires a
search for a free memory block of the
desired size.
1
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Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes
This approach has one main
disadvantage, however: it creates and
manages a private memory space for
its nodes. This leads to the following
issues:
1
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Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes
1
* Growing a large array when it is full
may be difficult or impossible,
whereas finding space for a new
linked list node in a large, general
memory pool may be easier.
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Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes
1
* Adding elements to a dynamic array
will occasionally (when it is full)
unexpectedly take linear (Big-O
notation|O(n)) instead of constant
time (although it's still an amortized
analysis|amortized constant).
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Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes
1
* Using a general memory pool leaves
more memory for other data if the list
is smaller than expected or if many
nodes are freed.
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Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes
1
For these reasons, this approach is mainly
used for languages that do not support
dynamic memory allocation. These
disadvantages are also mitigated if the
maximum size of the list is known at the
time the array is created.
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Orbit of the Moon - Nodes
Lunar orbit inclination also
determines eclipses; shadows cross
when nodes coincide with full and new
moon, when the sun, earth, and moon
align in three dimensions.
1
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Link-state - Determining the neighbors of each node
1
First, each node needs to determine
what other ports it is connected to,
over fully working links; it does this
using a reachability protocol which it
runs periodically and separately with
each of its directly connected
neighbors.
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Freenode
'freenode', formerly known as 'Open
Projects Network', is an Internet Relay
Chat|IRC computer network|network used
to discuss peer-directed projects. Their
servers are all accessible from the Domain
name system|domain name
[irc://chat.freenode.net chat.freenode.net],
which Load balancing (computing)|load
balances connections by using the actual
servers in rotation.
1
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Freenode
1
In 2010, it became the largest free and
open source software-focused IRC
network and, as of 2013, the largest IRC
network, regardless of focus,
encompassing more than 80,000 users
and 40,000 channels, gaining almost
5,000 new users per year.
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Freenode - Characteristics
1
freenode is centrally managed. Staffers
(as IRC operators are called) have the
same access across all servers. Some
operations that would normally only apply
to one server (like k-lines) are propagated
across the whole network. Servers are
donated to the network, rather than linked.
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Freenode - Characteristics
The network focuses on supporting peerdirected and open source projects. Channels
not related to these things are considered offtopic and encouraged to find a home
elsewhere. To support this distinction,
channels are divided into namespaces.
Primary on-topic channels begin with a single
#, and groups wanting to use such a channel
must officially register with freenode. About
channels begin with two ##, and are available
on a first-come, first-served basis without
needing a group registration.
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Freenode - Server software
1
freenode currently runs ircd-seven, a
set of freenode-specific patches on the
Charybdis IRC server. The network
previously ran an ircd called hyperion.
The replacement of hyperion with ircdseven occurred on 30 January 2010.
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Freenode - History
1
In 2002 the name changed to freenode and the
Peer-Directed Projects Center (PDPC) was
founded
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Freenode - History
On 24 June 2006, a user with the
nickname ratbert gained the network
privileges of freenode Network
administrator|administrator Rob Levin (lilo)
and took control of the network. It is likely
that approximately 25 user passwords
were stolen as a result. This user
proceeded to K-line (IRC)|K-line many
freenode staff members, and most
freenode servers subsequently went down
1
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Freenode - History
1
The Internet troll organisation the Gay
Nigger Association of America, famous
for the shock site Last Measure,
created a piece of JavaScript that
caused users of Firefox, as well as
SeaMonkey and Mozilla to silently
connect to freenode and IRC
Flooding|flood it
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Freenode - History
1
On 2 February 2014 Freenode suffered
a DDoS attack (confirmed by
@freenodestaff on Twitter) which
caused a partial outage.
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Freenode - Peer-Directed Projects Center
The 'PDPC' is known as the
organization which ran the freenode
IRC network, where many prominent
open source projects host their official
IRC channels. The PDPC was
incorporated in England and Wales.
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Freenode - Peer-Directed Projects Center
PDPC was created to run the freenode
network and to establish a variety of
programs relating to peer-directed project
communities. According to its charter, the
PDPC exists to help peer-directed project
communities flourish, mostly based around
FOSS|free and open source software
projects, and encouraging the use of free
software through supporting its
development. The GNU Project uses the
1
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Freenode - Peer-Directed Projects Center
The PDPC was founded and initially
directed by Rob Levin. In November
2006, the board went through a
reshuffle and new members were
installed. Seth Schoen left and Christel
Dahlskjaer, senior freenode staffer
became the secretary and head of staff
on freenode in Schoen's place. Also
joining the board was David Levin,
Rob's brother.
1
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Freenode - Peer-Directed Projects Center
In March 2013, the PDPC was
dissolved. The decision to dissolve
was made in part due to the donation
levels and costs associated with
maintaining its status as a charitable
organization in the UK.
1
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Freenode - Rob Levin
Robert Levin (16 December 1955– 16
September 2006), also known as 'lilo',
was the founder of the freenode
Internet Relay Chat|IRC network and
Executive Director of the PDPC charity
that helped fund freenode. A computer
programmer since 1968, Levin worked
as an administrator and an applications
programmer from 1978 until his death.
1
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Freenode - Rob Levin
1
On 12 September 2006, Levin was struck
by a car while riding a bicycle at night in
Houston, Texas ,in a Hit and run
(vehicular)|hit-and-run collision. After the
collision, it was reported that Levin was
hospitalized for several days. He died on
16 September.
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Freenode - OpenProjects
1
From 1994 onwards, Levin worked to
encourage the use of IRC for Free
Software and Open Source projects.
Levin was one of the founders of the
OpenProjects Network (OPN), which
quickly grew to become the largest
IRC network used by the free software
community. The OpenProjects
domains were later put up for sale, but
did not sell.
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Freenode - OpenProjects
1
In 2003 The Register (UK) reported that
Levin embezzlement|mismanaged funds
intended for the OPN, quoting him as
writing that they went to paying bills, to
paying the rent, to buying food and
necessities.
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R-tree - Splitting an overflowing node
1
In quadratic split, the algorithm searches
the pair of rectangles that is the worst
combination to have in the same node,
and puts them as initial objects into the
two new groups
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R-tree - Splitting an overflowing node
1
In addition to having a more advanced
splitting heuristic, the R*-tree also
tries to avoid splitting a node by
reinserting some of the node
members, which is similar to the way
a B-tree balances overflowing nodes
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R-tree - Splitting an overflowing node
Finally, the X-tree can be seen as a R*tree variant that can also decide to not
split a node, but construct a so-called
super-node containing all the extra entries,
when it doesn't find a good split (in
particular for high-dimensional data).
1
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Nodeclipse
'Nodeclipse' is a set of third-party
developer|third-party solutions for
Eclipse (software)|Eclipse for
programming in JavaScript
(programming language)|JavaScript,
CoffeeScript with focus on Node.js.
1
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Nodeclipse
1
'Nodeclipse' also refers to the team that
makes this software as Free and Open
Source Software (FOSS) for
development|free open-source on
GitHub.
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Nodeclipse
1
Nodeclipse Eclipse (software)|Eclipse
plug-in (computing)|plug-in
(Nodeclipse-1 on GitHub) is core that
other solutions are based on. It is
available via update site or Eclipse
Marketplace. Other solutions are
Eclipse Node.js IDE (Enide), set of
plugins and Node Tool Suite (NTS), an
Integrated Development Environment
(IDE).
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Nodeclipse - History
1
Nodeclipse was originally created by
Software industry in China|Chinese
software developer LambGao 金氧.
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Nodeclipse - History
1
Currently the project has contributors
from 4 countries, while the original
author has not participated for several
months.
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Nodeclipse - History
1
In April 2013 the Nodeclipse-1 plugin got 1072
installs through Marketplace clients alone.
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Nodeclipse - History
1
Nodeclipse became #1 in Eclipse
Top 10 NEW Plugins for 2013.
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Nodeclipse - Features
1
Features set varies
based on solution.
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Nodeclipse - Features
Below there are
some basic features
available:
1
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Nodeclipse - Features
1
Nodeclipse NTS Enide
Studio Features
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Nodeclipse - Features
1
* 'Passing arguments to Node
application and Node.js'
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Nodeclipse - Features
* 'Open Explorer or
command line for current
project'
1
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BT 21CN - Access Node
The aim is to
implement a few
hundred access
nodes
1
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BT 21CN - Metro Node
1
The aim is to implement around
100 metro nodes.
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BT 21CN - Core Node
1
The core nodes are MPLS switches, with
the MPLS traffic carried over optical
(DWDM) transport. They are completely
unaware of customer IP traffic, and only
switch based on MPLS tags (all customer
IP traffic is encapsulated with an MPLS
header by the Metro node PEs). Native IP
is only used by the Core nodes for
protocols such as MP-BGP, an IGP, LDP,
and RSVP to exchange routing and label
information between all Core and Metro
nodes. The aim is to have approximately
10 core nodes.
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BT 21CN - iNode
The iNode will implement a set of
standardized functions - common
capabilities - that deliver layered services
1
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BT 21CN - iNode
The iNode is built upon the AXE
telephone exchange TSS (Telephony
Softswitch Server) and is currently
using HP Alpha processors (APZ 212
50) as well as the IS-Blade in the APZ
logic. After extensive field testing and
countless iNode soft revisions in the
South Wales Pathfinder area all
current logical and intelligent
network services now operate in
conjunction with the existing PSTN
and the MPLS network.
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Device file - Node creation
Nodes are created by the 'mknod'
system call. The command-line
program for creating nodes is also
called mknod. Nodes can be moved or
deleted by the usual filesystem system
calls (rename (computing)|rename,
unlink (Unix)|unlink) and commands
(mv, rm (Unix)|rm). When passed the
option -R or -a while copying a device
node, the cp (Unix)|cp -l command
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Device file - Node creation
Some Unix versions include a script
named 'makedev' or 'MAKEDEV' to create
all necessary devices in the directory /dev.
It only makes sense on systems whose
devices are statically assigned major
numbers (e.g. by means of hardcoding it in
their kernel module).
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MonoDevelop
MonoDevelop
integrates a Gtk
Sharp|Gtk# GUI
designer called Stetic
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MonoDevelop - History
1
In late 2003, a few developers from the
Mono (software)|Mono community began
migrating SharpDevelop, a successful
.NET open source IDE from
System.Windows.Forms on Windows to
Gtk# on Linux. Being an early fork of
SharpDevelop, MonoDevelop
architecturally differs from recent
SharpDevelop releases.
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MonoDevelop - Platforms
MonoDevelop on
FreeBSD is likewise
supported only by
the FreeBSD
community.
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MonoDevelop - Unity3D
1
MonoDevelop is the primary IDE for the
Unity3D game development environment.
The version that ships with Unity3D v4.3 is
MonoDevelop 4.0.1.
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Node (astronomy)
1
An 'orbital node' is one of the two points
where an orbit crosses a plane of
reference to which it is
inclined.[http://www.bartleby.com/65/no/no
de.html node], entry in The Columbia
Encyclopedia, 6th ed., New York:
Columbia University Press, 2001ndash;04.
Accessed on line May 17, 2007. An orbit
which is contained in the plane of
reference (called non-inclined orbit|noninclined) has no nodes.
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Node (astronomy) - Planes of reference
1
Common planes of reference
include:
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Node (astronomy) - Planes of reference
* For a geocentric orbit, the Earth's
equatorial plane. In this case, non-inclined
orbits are called
equatorial.[http://www.daviddarling.info/en
cyclopedia/L/line_of_nodes.html line of
nodes], entry in The Encyclopedia of
Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight,
David Darling, on line, accessed May 17,
2007.
1
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Node (astronomy) - Planes of reference
1
* For an orbit outside the Solar System,
the plane through the primary
perpendicular to a line through the
observer and the primary (called the plane
of the
sky).[http://astrowww.phys.uvic.ca/~tatum/
celmechs.html Celestial Mechanics],
Jeremy B. Tatum, on line, accessed May
17, 2007., chap. 17.
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