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• node https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html IPv6 address Solicited-node multicast address 1 The least significant 24 bits of the solicitednode multicast address group ID are filled with the least significant 24 bits of the interface's unicast or anycast address. These addresses allow link-layer address resolution via Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) on the link without disturbing all nodes on the local network. A host is required to join a Solicited-Node multicast group for each of its configured unicast or anycast addresses. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Hybrid fibre-coaxial Fiber optic nodes 1 The optical coupler combined with the optical receiver forms a node. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Hybrid fibre-coaxial Fiber optic nodes The optical portion of the network provides a large amount of flexibility. If there are not many fiber-optic cables to the node, wavelength division multiplexing can be used to combine multiple optical signals onto the same fiber. Optical filters are used to combine and split optical wavelengths onto the single fiber. For example, the downstream signal could be on a wavelength at 1310 nm and the return signal could be on a wavelength at 1550 nm. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Device file Node creation Nodes are created by the mknod system call. The command-line program for creating nodes is also called mknod. Nodes can be moved or deleted by the usual filesystem system calls (rename, unlink) and commands (mv, rm). When passed the option -R or -a while copying a device node, the cp -l command creates a new device node with the same attributes of the original. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Device file Node creation Some Unix versions include a script named makedev or MAKEDEV to create all necessary devices in the directory /dev. It only makes sense on systems whose devices are statically assigned major numbers (e.g. by means of hardcoding it in their kernel module). 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Anycast Local and global nodes the AS is added a few more times) to make the path longer so that a local node announcement is preferred over a global node announcement. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Computer network Network nodes 1 Apart from the physical communications media described above, networks comprise additional basic hardware building blocks, such as network interface controller cards (NICs), repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, routers, and firewalls. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Mono (software) - MonoDevelop 1 MonoDevelop is a free GNOME integrated development environment primarily designed for C# and other .NET languages such as Nemerle, Boo, and Java (via IKVM.NET), although it also supports languages such as C, C++, Python, Java, and Vala. MonoDevelop was originally a port of SharpDevelop to Gtk#, but it has since evolved to meet the needs of Mono developers. The IDE includes class management, built-in help, code completion, Stetic (a GUI designer), project support, and an integrated debugger. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Mono (software) - MonoDevelop The MonoDoc browser provides access to API documentation and code samples. The documentation browser uses wiki-style content management, allowing developers to edit and improve the documentation. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Persistent data structure - Fat Node 1 In order to navigate through the structure, each original field value in a node has a version stamp of zero. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Persistent data structure - Complexity of Fat Node 1 For access time, we must find the right version at each node as we traverse the structure https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html IBM Sequoia - Node architecture 1 Sequoia is a Blue Gene/Q design, building off previous Blue Gene designs. It consists of 96 racks containing 98,304 compute nodes [1024/rack]. The compute nodes are 16-core PowerPC A2 processor chips with 16 GB of DDR3 memory each. Thus the system contains in total 1,572,864 processor cores [96*1024*16] with 1.5 PiB memory. It covers an area of about 3,000 square feet (280 m2). The computer nodes are interconnected in a 5-dimensional torus topology. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html inode 1 In computing, an inode (index node) is a data structure found in many Unix file systems. Each inode stores all the information about a file system object (file, device node, socket, pipe, etc.). It does not store the file's data content and file name except for certain cases in modern file systems. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html inode - Etymology 1 The reason for designating these as "i" nodes is unknown. When asked, Unix pioneer Dennis Ritchie replied: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html inode - Etymology 1 In truth, I don't know either. It was just a term that we started to use. "Index" is my best guess, because of the slightly unusual file system structure that stored the access information of files as a flat array on the disk, with all the hierarchical directory information living aside from this. Thus the i-number is an index in this array, the i-node is the selected element of the array. (The "i-" notation was used in the 1st edition manual; its hyphen was gradually dropped.) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html inode - Etymology 1 Also Maurice J. Bach writes: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html inode - Etymology 1 The term inode is a contraction of the term index node and is commonly used in literature on the UNIX system. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html inode - Etymology 1 —Maurice J. Bach, The Design of the Unix Operating System, 1986 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html inode - Details A file system relies on data structures about the files, beside the file content. The former is called metadata—data that describes data. Each file is associated with an inode, which is identified by an integer number, often referred to as an inumber or inode number. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html inode - Details 1 Inodes store information about files and directories (folders), such as file ownership, access mode (read, write, execute permissions), and file type. On many types of file system implementations, the maximum number of inodes is fixed at file system creation, limiting the maximum number of files the file system can hold. A typical allocation heuristic for inodes in a file system is one percent of total size. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html inode - Details The inode number indexes a table of inodes in a known location on the device; from the inode number, the file system driver portion of the kernel can access the contents of the inode, including the location of the file allowing access to the file. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html inode - Details 1 A file's inode number can be found using the ls -i command. The ls -i command prints the i-node number in the first column of the report. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html inode - Details 1 Some Unix-style file systems such as ReiserFS omit an inode table, but must store equivalent data in order to provide equivalent capabilities. The data may be called stat data, in reference to the stat system call that provides the data to programs. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html inode - Details 1 Unix directories are lists of association structures, each of which contains one filename and one inode number. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html inode - Details The file system driver must search a directory looking for a particular filename and then convert the filename to the correct corresponding inode number. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html inode - Details 1 The operating system kernel's in-memory representation of this data is called struct inode in Linux. Systems derived from BSD use the term vnode, with the v of vnode referring to the kernel's virtual file system layer. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html inode - POSIX inode description 1 The POSIX standard mandates filesystem behavior that is strongly influenced by traditional UNIX filesystems. Regular files must have the following attributes: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html inode - POSIX inode description 1 The file mode which determines the file type and how the file's owner, its group, and others can access the file. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html inode - POSIX inode description 1 Additional system and user flags to further protect the file (limit its use and modification). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html inode - POSIX inode description A link count telling how many hard links point to the inode. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html inode - POSIX inode description 1 Pointers to the disk blocks that store the file's contents (see inode pointer structure). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html inode - POSIX inode description 1 The stat system call retrieves a file's inode number and some of the information in the inode. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html inode - Implications 1 Files can have multiple names. If multiple names hard link to the same inode then the names are equivalent; i.e., the first to be created has no special status. This is unlike symbolic links, which depend on the original name, not the inode (number). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html inode - Implications An inode may have no links. An unlinked file is removed from disk, and its resources are freed for reallocation but deletion must wait until all processes that have opened it finish accessing it. This includes executable files which are implicitly held open by the processes executing them. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html inode - Implications 1 It is typically not possible to map from an open file to the filename that was used to open it. The operating system immediately converts the filename to an inode number then discards the filename. This means that the getcwd() and getwd() library functions search the parent directory to find a file with an inode matching the working directory, then search that directory's parent, and so on until reaching the root directory. SVR4 and Linux systems maintain extra information to make this possible. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html inode - Implications 1 Historically, it was possible to hard link directories https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html inode - Implications 1 A file's inode number stays the same when it is moved to another directory on the same device, or when the disk is defragmented which may change its physical location. This also implies that completely conforming inode behavior is impossible to implement with many non-Unix file systems, such as FAT and its descendants, which don't have a way of storing this invariance when both a file's directory entry and its data are moved around. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html inode - Implications For this reason, when updating programs, best practice is to delete the old executable first and create a new inode for the updated version, so that any processes executing the old version may proceed undisturbed. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html inode - Practical considerations Many computer programs used by system administrators in UNIX Operating Systems often designate files with inode numbers. Examples include popular disk integrity checking utilities such as the fsck or pfiles. Thus, the need naturally arises to translate inode numbers to file pathnames and vice versa. This can be accomplished using the file finding utility find with the -inum option, or the ls command with the proper option (-i on POSIX compliant platforms). 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html inode - Practical considerations 1 It is possible to use up a device's set of inodes. When this happens, new files cannot be created on the device, even though there may be free space available. For example, a mail server may have many small files that don't fill up the disk, but use many inodes to point to the numerous files. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html inode - Practical considerations 1 Filesystems (such as JFS or XFS) escape this limitation with extents and/or dynamic inode allocation, which can 'grow' the filesystem and/or increase the number of inodes. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html inode - Inlining As an inode's size is limited, this only works for very small files. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Compute Node Linux 1 Compute Node Linux (CNL) is a runtime environment based on the Linux kernel for the Cray XT3, Cray XT4, Cray XT5, Cray XT6, and Cray XE6 supercomputer systems based on SUSE Linux Enterprise Server. CNL forms part of the Cray Linux Environment. As of November 2011 systems running CNL were ranked 3rd, 6th and 8th among the fastest supercomputers in the world. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html MonoDevelop - History 1 In late 2003, a few developers from the Mono community began migrating SharpDevelop, a successful .NET open source IDE from System.Windows.Forms on Windows to Gtk# on Linux. Being an early fork of SharpDevelop, MonoDevelop architecturally differs from recent SharpDevelop releases. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html MonoDevelop - History 1 Over time, the MonoDevelop project was absorbed into the rest of the Mono project and is actively maintained by Xamarin and the Mono community. Since Mono 1.0 Beta 2, MonoDevelop is bundled with Mono releases. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html MonoDevelop - MonoDevelop on non-Linux platforms MonoDevelop on FreeBSD is likewise supported only by the FreeBSD community. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html MonoDevelop - MonoDevelop in the Unity3D game development environment 1 MonoDevelop is also the primary IDE for the Unity3D game development environment. The current version that ships with Unity3D (v4.2.0f4) is MonoDevelop 2.8.2. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node (computer science) 1 Software is said to have a node graph architecture when its organization consists of interlinked nodes. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node (computer science) - Pseudocode implementation examples 1 Here, three such nodes form a singly linked list of length 3: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node (computer science) - Pseudocode implementation examples 1 previous, // A reference to the previous node https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node (computer science) - Pseudocode implementation examples 1 Here three such nodes form a doubly linked list of length 3: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Reliable array of independent nodes f making proclamations about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Reliable array of independent nodes Reliable/redundant array of independent/inexpensive nodes (RAIN) is an architectural approach to computing and network-attached computer storage (or NAS), that combines commodity or low-cost computing hardware with management software to address the reliability and availability shortcomings of non-redundant NAS systems. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Reliable array of independent nodes While RAID protects data stored at the physical disk (or 'block') level, RAIN protects data stored at the file-system level, hence RAIN and RAID differ architecturally only in terms of the level of abstraction at which they are implemented 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Reliable array of independent nodes 1 RAIN can also be used with tasks which require many instructions per second to be processed. Instead of using a "tightlycoupled" computing cluster with specialized hardware, arrays of inexpensive RAIN nodes can be assembled. The management software transmits tasks to various computers and, in the event of a failure, will retry the task until a node responds. Many distributed computing projects utilize, to some degree, a RAIN strategy. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Reliable array of independent nodes 1 Many of the distributed file sharing services such as Gnutella and eDonkey are somewhat similar to RAIN systems, but they do not provide adequate redundancy by design—if none of the sharing users online have a copy of some part of a file, the file becomes inaccessible. A distributed hash table is a better basis for implementing such a service, and the few large-scale distributed file systems that exist are based on them (for example, the Chord, Coral, and Tahoe-LAFS projects). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Mercury-arc valve - Anode grading electrodes 1 Mercury-arc valves are prone to an effect called arc-back (or backfire), whereby the valve conducts in the reverse direction while the voltage across it is negative. Arcbacks can be damaging or destructive to the valve, as well as creating high shortcircuit currents in the external circuit, and are more prevalent at higher voltages. For many years this effect limited the practical operating voltage of mercury-arc valves to a few kilovolts. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Mercury-arc valve - Anode grading electrodes The solution was found to be to include grading electrodes between the anode and control grid, connected to an external resistor-capacitor divider circuit Dr Uno Lamm conducted pioneering work at ASEA in Sweden on this problem throughout the 1930s and 1940s, leading to the first truly practical mercury-arc valve for HVDC transmission, which was put into service on the 20 MW, 100 kV HVDC link from mainland Sweden to the island of Gotland in 1954. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Mercury-arc valve - Anode grading electrodes Uno Lamm’s work on high voltage mercury-arc valves led him to be known as the " Father of High Voltage Direct Current" power transmission. and inspired IEEE to dedicate an award named after him, for outstanding contributions in the field of HVDC. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Mercury-arc valve - Anode grading electrodes 1 The anode columns were always air-cooled, with the cathode tanks either water-cooled or air-cooled. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html NetBIOS - Node types 1 The node type of a networked computer relates to the way it resolves NetBIOS names to IP addresses. There are four node types. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html NetBIOS - Node types The node type in use is displayed by opening a command line and typing ipconfig /all. A Windows computer registry may also be configured in such a way as to display "unknown" for the node type. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Nonode 1 Basic FM quadrature detector circuit using a nonode https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Nonode 1 Nonode 6Л1П (6L1P), Manufactured in Novosibirsk, 1970 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Nonode 1 A nonode is a type of thermionic valve that has nine active electrodes https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Electrode - Anode and cathode in electrochemical cells 1 A bipolar electrode is an electrode that functions as the anode of one cell and the cathode of another cell. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Electrode - Other anodes and cathodes 1 In a vacuum tube or a semiconductor having polarity (diodes, electrolytic capacitors) the anode is the positive (+) electrode and the cathode the negative (−). The electrons enter the device through the cathode and exit the device through the anode. Many devices have other electrodes to control operation, e.g., base, gate, control grid. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Electrode - Other anodes and cathodes In a three-electrode cell, a counter electrode, also called an auxiliary electrode, is used only to make a connection to the electrolyte so that a current can be applied to the working electrode. The counter electrode is usually made of an inert material, such as a noble metal or graphite, to keep it from dissolving. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html LAPB - Node addressing The following table shows which addresses are placed into the LAPB frame when issuing commands and responses from DTE to DCE and DCE to DTE using single link operation or multilink operation: 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html LAPB - Node addressing 1 DirectionSingle link operation Multilink operation https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node (networking) 1 A passive distribution point such as a distribution frame or patch panel is consequently not a node. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node (networking) - Computer network nodes In data communication, a physical network node may either be a data communication equipment (DCE) such as a modem, hub, bridge or switch; or a data terminal equipment (DTE) such as a digital telephone handset, a printer or a host computer, for example a router, a workstation or a server. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node (networking) - Computer network nodes 1 Analogously, a repeater or PSTN modem (with serial interface) is a physical network node but not a LAN node in this sense. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node (networking) - Computer network nodes 1 If the network in question is the Internet or an Intranet, many physical network nodes are host computers, also known as Internet nodes, identified by an IP address, and all hosts are physical network nodes. However, some datalink layer devices such as switches, bridges and WLAN access points do not have an IP host address (except sometimes for administrative purposes), and are not considered to be Internet nodes or hosts, but as physical network nodes and LAN nodes. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node (networking) - Telecommunication network nodes 1 In the fixed telephone network, a node may be a public or private telephone exchange, a remote concentrator or a computer providing some intelligent network service. In cellular communication, switching points and databases such as the Base station controller, Home Location Register, Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) and Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) are examples of nodes. Cellular network base stations are not considered to be nodes in this context. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node (networking) - Telecommunication network nodes 1 In cable television systems (CATV), this term has assumed a broader context and is generally associated with a fiber optic node. This can be defined as those homes or businesses within a specific geographic area that are served from a common fiber optic receiver. A fiber optic node is generally described in terms of the number of "homes passed" that are served by that specific fiber node. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node (networking) - Distributed system nodes If the network in question is a distributed system, the nodes are clients, servers or peers. A peer may sometimes serve as client, sometimes server. In a peer-to-peer or overlay network, nodes that actively route data for the other networked devices as well as themselves are called supernodes. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node (networking) - Distributed system nodes 1 Distributed systems may sometimes use virtual nodes so that the system is not oblivious to the heterogeneity of the nodes. This issue is addressed with special algorithms, like consistent hashing, as it is the case in Amazon's. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node (networking) - End node in cloud computing 1 There are several means to remedy this problem but all require instilling trust in the end node computer. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Anode An anode is an electrode through which electric current flows into a polarized electrical device. The direction of electric current is, by convention, opposite to the direction of electron flow. In other words, the electrons flow from the anode into, for example, an electrical circuit. A commonly used mnemonic is ACID (Anode Current into Device). 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Anode Consequently, as can be seen from the following examples, the anode is positive in a device that consumes power, and the anode is negative in a device that provides power: 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Anode 1 In a discharging battery or galvanic cell (diagram at right), the anode is the negative terminal because it is where the current flows into "the device" (i.e. the battery cell). This inward current is carried externally by electrons moving outwards, negative charge moving one way constituting positive current flowing the other way. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Anode 1 In a recharging battery, or an electrolytic cell, the anode is the positive terminal, which receives current from an external generator. The current through a recharging battery is opposite to the direction of current during discharge; in other words, the electrode which was the cathode during battery discharge becomes the anode while the battery is recharging. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Anode In a diode, the anode is the positive terminal at the tail of the arrow symbol (base of the triangle), where current flows into the device. Note electrode naming for diodes is always based on the direction of the forward current (that of the arrow, in which the current flows "most easily"), even for types such as Zener diodes or solar cells where the current of interest is the reverse current. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Anode 1 In a cathode ray tube, the anode is the positive terminal where electrons flow out of the device, i.e., where positive electric current flows in. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Anode 1 An electrode through which current flows the other way (out of the device) is termed a cathode. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Anode - Etymology 1 In that paper Faraday explained that when an electrolytic cell is oriented so that electric current traverses the "decomposing body" (electrolyte) in a direction "from East to West, or, which will strengthen this help to the memory, that in which the sun appears to move", the anode is where the current enters the electrolyte, on the East side: "ano upwards, odos a way ; the way which the sun rises" (, reprinted in ). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Anode - Etymology In retrospect the name change was unfortunate, not only because the Greek roots alone do not reveal the anode's function any more, but more importantly because, as we now know, the Earth's magnetic field direction on which the "anode" term is based is subject to reversals whereas the current direction convention on which the "eisode" term was based has no reason to change in the 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Anode - Etymology Since the later discovery of the electron, an easier to remember, and more durably correct technically although historically false, etymology has been suggested: anode, from the Greek anodos, 'way up', 'the way (up) out of the cell (or other device) for electrons'. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Anode - Flow of electrons 1 The flow of electrons is always from anode to cathode outside of the cell or device, regardless of the cell or device type and operating mode, with the exception of diodes, where electrode naming always assumes current in the forward direction (that of the arrow symbol), i.e., electrons flow in the opposite direction, even when the diode reverse-conducts either by accident (breakdown of a normal diode) or by design (breakdown of a Zener diode, photo-current of a photodiode or solar cell). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Anode - Electrolytic anode Mnemonics: LEO Red Cat (Loss of Electrons is Oxidation, Reduction occurs at the Cathode), or AnOx Red Cat (Anode Oxidation, Reduction Cathode), or OIL RIG (Oxidation is Loss, Reduction is Gain of electrons), or Roman Catholic and Orthodox (Reduction – Cathode, anode – Oxidation), or LEO the lion says GER (Losing electrons is Oxidation, 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Anode - Electrolytic anode 1 This process is widely used in metals refining. For example, in copper refining, copper anodes, an intermediate product from the furnaces, are electrolysed in an appropriate solution (such as sulfuric acid) to yield high purity (99.99%) cathodes. Copper cathodes produced using this method are also described as electrolytic copper. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Anode - Battery or galvanic cell anode 1 Note: in a galvanic cell, contrary to what occurs in an electrolytic cell, no anions flow to the anode, the internal current being entirely accounted for by the cations flowing away from it (cf drawing). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Anode - Battery or galvanic cell anode In the United States, many battery manufacturers regard the positive electrode as the anode, particularly in their technical literature. Though technically incorrect, it does resolve the problem of which electrode is the anode in a secondary (or rechargeable) cell. Using the traditional definition, the anode switches ends between charge and discharge cycles. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Anode - Vacuum tube anode 1 In electronic vacuum devices such as a cathode ray tube, the anode is the positively charged electron collector. In a tube, the anode is a charged positive plate that collects the electrons emitted by the cathode through electric attraction. It also accelerates the flow of these electrons. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Anode - Diode anode 1 The terms anode and cathode should not be applied to a Zener diode, since it allows flow in either direction, depending on the polarity of the applied potential (i.e https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Anode - Sacrificial anode 1 Sacrificial anodes are particularly needed for systems where a static charge is generated by the action of flowing liquids, such as pipelines and watercraft. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Anode - Sacrificial anode In 1824 to reduce the impact of this destructive electrolytic action on ships hulls, their fastenings and underwater equipment, the scientist-engineer Sir Humphry Davy, developed the first and still most widely used marine electrolysis protection system. Davy installed sacrificial anodes made from a more electrically reactive (less noble) metal attached to the vessel hull and electrically connected to form a cathodic protection circuit. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Anode - Sacrificial anode 1 A less obvious example of this type of protection is the process of galvanising iron https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Anode - Sacrificial anode 1 If, conversely, tin is used to coat steel, when a breach of the coating occurs it actually accelerates oxidation of the iron. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Anode - Sacrificial anode 1 At least one anode is found in tank-type water heaters. The anode should be removed and checked after 5 years (sooner if there is a sodium based water softner inline), and replaced if 15 cm (6 inches) or more of bare wire is showing. This will greatly extend the life of the tank. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Anode - Related antonym The opposite of an anode is a cathode. When the current through the device is reversed, the electrodes switch functions, so anode becomes cathode, while cathode becomes anode, as long as the reversed current is applied, with the exception of diodes where electrode naming is always based on the forward current direction. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html XPath - Node tests Node tests may consist of specific node names or more general expressions. In the case of an XML document in which the namespace prefix gs has been defined, //gs:enquiry will find all the enquiry elements in that namespace, and //gs:* will find all elements, regardless of local name, in that namespace. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html XPath - Node tests 1 finds XML processing instructions such as <?php echo $a; ?>. In this case, processing-instruction('php') would match. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html XPath - Node set functions returns a number representing the position of this node in the sequence of nodes currently being processed (for example, the nodes selected by an xsl:for-each instruction in XSLT). 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html XPath - Node set functions 1 returns the number of nodes in the node-set supplied as its argument. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Fiber to the x - Fiber to the node 1 Fiber to the node or neighborhood (FTTN), sometimes identified with and sometimes distinguished from fiber to the cabinet (FTTC), is a telecommunication architecture based on fiber-optic cables run to a cabinet serving a neighborhood https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Fiber to the x - Fiber to the node FTTN allows delivery of broadband services such as highspeed internet. Highspeed communications protocols such as broadband cable access (typically DOCSIS) or some form of digital subscriber line (DSL) are used between the cabinet and the customers. The data rates vary according to the exact protocol used and according to how close the 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Fiber to the x - Fiber to the node 1 Unlike FTTP, FTTN often uses existing coaxial or twisted-pair infrastructure to provide last mile service and is thus less costly to deploy. In the long term, however, its bandwidth potential is limited relative to implementations that bring the fiber still closer to the subscriber. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Fiber to the x - Fiber to the node 1 A variant of this technique for cable television providers is used in a hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) system. It is sometimes given the acronym FTTLA (fiber-to-the-last-amplifier) when it replaces analog amplifiers up to the last one before the customer (or neighborhood of customers). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Computer cluster - Node failure management 1 When a node in a cluster fails, strategies such as "fencing" may be employed to keep the rest of the system operational. Fencing is the process of isolating a node or protecting shared resources when a node appears to be malfunctioning. There are two classes of fencing methods; one disables a node itself, and the other disallows access to resources such as shared disks. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Computer cluster - Node failure management The STONITH method stands for "Shoot The Other Node In The Head", meaning that the suspected node is disabled or powered off. For instance, power fencing uses a power controller to turn off an inoperable node. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Computer cluster - Node failure management 1 The resources fencing approach disallows access to resources without powering off the node. This may include persistent reservation fencing via the SCSI3, fibre Channel fencing to disable the fibre channel port or global network block device (GNBD) fencing to disable access to the GNBD server. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js 1 Original author(s)Ryan Lienhart Dahl https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js Operating system Mac OS X, Linux, Solaris, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, Windows (older versions require Cygwin), webOS 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js 1 Node.js is a software platform that is used to build scalable network (especially server-side) applications. Node.js utilizes JavaScript as its scripting language, and achieves high throughput via non-blocking I/O and a single-threaded event loop. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js 1 Node.js contains a built-in HTTP server library, making it possible to run a web server without the use of external software, such as Apache or Lighttpd, and allowing more control of how the web server works. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js - History 1 Dahl was inspired to create Node.js after seeing a file upload progress bar on Flickr https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js - History On January 30, 2012 Dahl stepped aside, promoting coworker and NPM creator Isaac Schlueter to the gatekeeper position. Dahl wrote on Google groups, 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js - History 1 After three years of working on Node, this frees me up to work on research projects https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js - History 1 Dahl continues to work for Joyent and as an advisor for node. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js - Details 1 Dahl's original goal was to create web sites with push capabilities as seen in web applications like Gmail. After trying solutions in several other programming languages he chose JavaScript because of the lack of an existing I/O API. This allowed him to define a convention of non-blocking, event-driven I/O. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js - Details 1 Node.js implements some CommonJS specifications https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js - Examples 1 console.log('Server running at http://localhost:8000/'); https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js - Examples 1 The following code is a simple TCP server which listens on port 8000 and echoes 'hello' upon connection: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js - Examples 1 function (stream) { https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js - Tools and IDEs JetBrains WebStorm or IntelliJ IDEA (commercial products) 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js - Tools and IDEs Microsoft WebMatrix (free) or Visual Studio (commercial product) with Node.js Tools for Visual Studio (free) 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js - Community Node.js has a developer community primarily centered on two mailing lists, nodejs, nodejs-dev, and the IRC channel #node.js on freenode. The community gathers at NodeConf, an annual developer conference focused on Node.js. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js - Community 1 Node.js is currently used by a number of large companies including LinkedIn, Microsoft, Yahoo!, bankFacil, Walmart and Paypal. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js - Further reading 1 Hughes-Croucher, Tom; Wilson, Mike (April, 2012), Up and Running with Node.js (First ed.), O'Reilly Media, p. 204, ISBN 978-1-4493-9858-3 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js - Further reading 1 Ornbo, George (September, 2012), Sams Teach Yourself Node.js in 24 Hours (First ed.), SAMS Publishing, p. 440, ISBN 9780-672-33595-2 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js - Further reading Randal L. Schwartz and Aaron Newcomb (9 January 2013). "Episode 237: Node.js". http://twit.tv/show/floss-weekly (Podcast). TWiT.tv. Event occurs at 1:08:13. Retrieved 9 January 2013. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Dermatology - Immunodermatology 1 This field specializes in the treatment of immune-mediated skin diseases such as lupus, bullous pemphigoid, pemphigus vulgaris, and other immune-mediated skin disorders. Specialists in this field often run their own immunopathology labs. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Electrochemistry - Sacrificial anodes 1 A method commonly used to protect a structural metal is to attach a metal which is more anodic than the metal to be protected. This forces the structural metal to be cathodic, thus spared corrosion. It is called "sacrificial" because the anode dissolves and has to be replaced periodically. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Electrochemistry - Sacrificial anodes Zinc bars are attached to various locations on steel ship hulls to render the ship hull cathodic. The zinc bars are replaced periodically. Other metals, such as magnesium, would work very well but zinc is the least expensive useful metal. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Electrochemistry - Sacrificial anodes 1 To protect pipelines, an ingot of buried or exposed magnesium (or zinc) is buried beside the pipeline and is connected electrically to the pipe above ground. The pipeline is forced to be a cathode and is protected from being oxidized and rusting. The magnesium anode is sacrificed. At intervals new ingots are buried to replace those lost. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Normal mode - Nodes In one dimensional system at a given mode the vibration will have nodes, or places where the displacement is always zero. These nodes correspond to points in the mode shape where the mode shape is zero. Since the vibration of a system is given by the mode shape multiplied by a time function, the displacement of the node points remain zero at all times. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Normal mode - Nodes When expanded to a two dimensional system, these nodes become lines where the displacement is always zero. If you watch the animation above you will see two circles (one about half way between the edge and center, and the other on the edge itself) and a straight line bisecting the disk, where the displacement is close to zero. In a real system these lines would equal zero exactly, as shown to the right. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lithium air battery - Anode Lithium metal is the current choice of anode material for Li-air batteries. At the anode, electrochemical potential forces the lithium metal to give off electrons as per the oxidation. The half reaction is: 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lithium air battery - Anode The uneven current distribution furthers branch-like dendrite growth and typically leads to a short between the anode and cathode 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lithium air battery - Anode 1 :1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lithium air battery - Anode 1 : 2. Use of a Li-ion conducting glass or glass-ceramic material. Li-ion conducting ceramic materials are (generally) readily reduced by lithium metal, and therefore a thin film of a stable lithium conducting material, such as or , could be inserted between the ceramic and metal. This ceramic based SEI inhibits the formation of dendrites and protects the lithium metal from atmospheric contamination. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lithium air battery - Anode 1 The main challenge in anode development is preventing the anode from reacting with the electrolyte. Alternatives include new electrolyte materials or redesigning the interface between electrolyte and anode. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lithium air battery - Anode Dendrite (crystal)|Dendritic lithium deposits can decrease energy capacity or trigger a short circuit. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Queueing theory - Single queueing nodes 1 Single queueing nodes are usually described using Kendall's notation in the form A/S/C where A describes the time between arrivals to the queue, S the size of jobs and C the number of servers at the node.Tijms, H.C, Algorithmic Analysis of Queues, Chapter 9 in A First Course in Stochastic Models, Wiley, Chichester, 2003 Many theorems in queue theory can be proved by reducing queues to mathematical systems known as Markov chains, first described by Andrey Markov in his 1906 paper.A.A https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Queueing theory - Single queueing nodes 1 339ndash;361http://jmt.sourceforge.net Java Modelling Toolshttp://octave.sourceforge.net/que ueing/index.html Queueing Package for GNU Octave https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html IEEE 802.15.4 - Node types The first one is the 'full-function device' (FFD). It can serve as the coordinator of a personal area network just as it may function as a common node. It implements a general model of communication which allows it to talk to any other device: it may also relay messages, in which case it is dubbed a coordinator (PAN coordinator when it is in charge of the whole network). 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html IEEE 802.15.4 - Node types On the other hand there are 'reducedfunction devices' (RFD). These are meant to be extremely simple devices with very modest resource and communication requirements; due to this, they can only communicate with FFDs and can never act as coordinators. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Connectivism - Nodes and links 1 The central aspect of connectivism is the metaphor of a network with nodes and connections.[http://www.astd.org/LC/2005/ 1105_seimens.htm Connectivism: Learning as Network-Creation], Learning Circuits, November 2005 In this metaphor, a node is anything that can be connected to another node such as an organization, information, data, feelings, and images https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Connectivism - Nodes and links The idea of organisations as cognitive systems where knowledge is distributed across nodes originated from the Perceptron, and is directly borrowed from Connectionism, a paradigm in cognitive sciences that sees mental or behavioral phenomena as the emergent processes of interconnected networks of simple units. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Connectivism - Nodes and links 1 The network metaphor allows a notion of know-where (the understanding of where to find the knowledge when it is needed) to supplement to the ones of know-how and know-what that make the cornerstones of many theories of learning. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Connectivism - Nodes and links As Downes states: at its heart, connectivism is the thesis that knowledge is distributed across a network of connections, and therefore that learning consists of the ability to construct and traverse those networks. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Logistics - Nodes of a distribution network 1 The nodes of a distribution network include: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Logistics - Nodes of a distribution network 1 *Factories where products are manufactured or assembled https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Logistics - Nodes of a distribution network 1 *A depot or deposit is a standard type of warehouse thought for storing merchandise (high level of inventory). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Logistics - Nodes of a distribution network 1 *Distribution centers are thought for order processing and order fulfillment (lower level of inventory) and also for receiving returning items from clients. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Logistics - Nodes of a distribution network 1 *Transit points are built for cross docking activities, which consist in reassembling cargo units based on deliveries scheduled (only moving merchandise). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Logistics - Nodes of a distribution network 1 *Traditional retail stores of the Mom and Pop variety, modern supermarkets, hypermarkets, discount stores or also voluntary chains, consumer cooperative, groups of consumer with collective buying power. Note that subsidiaries will be mostly owned by another company and franchisers, although using other company brands, actually own the https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Logistics - Nodes of a distribution network There maybe some intermediaries operating for representative matters between nodes such as sales agents or brokers. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Bowling ball - Materialshttp://www.bowlingball.com/BowlVersity/bowling-ballevolution#idc-coverhttp://www.bowlingdigital.com/bowl/node/2324 1 Historically, bowling balls were often made from dense hardwoods such as Lignum Vitae, but starting in the early 20th century, hard rubber became the primary material for bowling balls https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Bowling ball - Materialshttp://www.bowlingball.com/BowlVersity/bowling-ballevolution#idc-coverhttp://www.bowlingdigital.com/bowl/node/2324 In the early 1990s, a new material known as reactive resin was introduced. Reactive resin is still made from polyurethane, but has been treated with additives while in a liquid state that create pores in the coverstock that allow it to absorb oil. As oil is absorbed into the ball rather than sitting on the surface, there is greater friction between the ball and 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Bowling ball - Materialshttp://www.bowlingball.com/BowlVersity/bowling-ballevolution#idc-coverhttp://www.bowlingdigital.com/bowl/node/2324 In the late 1990s, particle balls were introduced. By distributing small particles into the reactive polyurethane cover, manufacturers are able to create even high friction. This is particularly noticeable on oily surfaces, where a particle ball is able to create considerably more friction than balls of other materials. The types of particles and their properties may vary between balls and manufacturers. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Bowling ball - Materialshttp://www.bowlingball.com/BowlVersity/bowling-ballevolution#idc-coverhttp://www.bowlingdigital.com/bowl/node/2324 Particle and reactive resin balls are common in modern play, particularly on lanes with relatively higher volumes and/or lengths of oil. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Bowling ball - Materialshttp://www.bowlingball.com/BowlVersity/bowling-ballevolution#idc-coverhttp://www.bowlingdigital.com/bowl/node/2324 1 Plastic balls are also commonly thrown when a bowler wants a ball that will move in a very straight line, particularly while trying to make spares. Urethane balls are less common, but may still be used for strike shots on less oily lanes. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Skeleton - Echinoderms The skeleton of the echinoderms, which include, among other things, the starfish, is composed of calcite and a small amount of magnesium oxide 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm 1 'Echinoderms' (Phylum 'Echinodermata' from Ancient Greek|Greek, ἐχῖνος, echinos – hedgehog und δέρμα, derma – skin) are a Phylum (biology)|phylum of Marine (ocean)|marine animals. The adults are recognizable by their (usually five-point) radial symmetry, and include such wellknown animals as starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers. Echinoderms are found at every ocean depth, from the intertidal zone to the abyssal zone. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm 1 The phylum contains about 7000 living species, making it the second-largest grouping of deuterostomes (a superphylum), after the chordata|chordates (which include the vertebrates, such as birds, fish, mammals, and reptiles). Echinoderms are also the largest phylum that has no freshwater or terrestrial (land-based) representatives. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm 1 Aside from the hard-to-classify Arkarua (a Precambrian animal with Echinoderm-like pentamerous radial symmetry), the first definitive members of the phylum appeared near the start of the Cambrian period. The word echinoderm is made up from Ancient Greek|Greek ἐχινόδερμα (echinóderma), spine (zoology)|spiny skin, cf. ἐχῖνος (echínos), hedgehog; seaurchin and δέρμα (dérma), skin, 'echinodérmata' being the Greek plural form. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm 1 Further, it is held by some scientists that the radiation of echinoderms was responsible for the Mesozoic marine revolution|Mesozoic revolution of marine life. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Taxonomy and evolution 1 The characteristics of adult echinoderms are the possession of a water vascular system with external tube feet and a calcareous endoskeleton consisting of ossicles connected by a mesh of collagen fibres. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Taxonomy and evolution 1 There are a total of about 7,000 extant taxon|extant species of echinoderm as well as about 13,000 extinct species https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Taxonomy and evolution 1 All echinoderms are Marine biology|marine and nearly all are benthic. The oldest known echinoderm fossil may be Arkarua from the Precambrian of Australia. It is a disc-like fossil with radial ridges on the rim and a five-pointed central depression marked with radial lines. However, no stereom or internal structure showing a water vascular system is present and the identification is inconclusive. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Taxonomy and evolution The larvae of all echinoderms are even now bilaterally symmetrical and all develop radial symmetry at metamorphosis 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Taxonomy and evolution 1 It seems probable that the mouth-upward orientation is the primitive state and that at some stage, all the classes of echinoderms except the crinoids reversed this to become mouth-downward https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Anatomy and physiology Although adult echinoderms possess symmetry (biology)#Animals|pentaradial, or five-sided, symmetry, echinoderm larvae are ciliated, free-swimming organisms that organize in bilateral symmetry which makes them look like embryonic chordates 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Anatomy and physiology 1 Echinoderms exhibit secondary radial symmetry in portions of their body at some stage of life. This, however, is an adaptation to their sessile existence. They developed from other members of the Bilateria and exhibit bilateral symmetry in their larval stage. Many crinoids and some seastars exhibit symmetry in multiples of the basic five, with starfish such as Labidiaster annulatus known to possess up to fifty arms, and the sea-lily Comaster schlegelii having two hundred. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Skin and skeleton Echinoderms have a mesodermal skeleton composed of calcareous plates or Ossicle (echinoderm)|ossicles 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Skin and skeleton 1 The modular construction is a result of the growth system employed by echinoderms, which adds new segments at the centre of the radial limbs, pushing the existing plates outwards and lengthening the arms https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Skin and skeleton 1 These may be light-sensitive, and as a result many echinoderms change appearance completely as night falls https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Skin and skeleton 1 One characteristic of most echinoderms is a special kind of tissue known as catch connective tissue https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - The water vascular system This system varies between different classes of echinoderm but typically opens to the exterior through a sieve-like madreporite on the aboral (upper) surface of the animal 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - The water vascular system The organization of the system is somewhat different in ophiuroids where the medreporite may be on the oral surface and the podia lack suckers.Dorit, Walker Barnes (1991) p 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Other organs 1 Echinoderms possess a simple digestive system which varies according to the animal's diet https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Other organs 1 Echinoderms lack specialized excretory (waste disposal) organs and so nitrogenous waste, chiefly in the form of ammonia, diffuses out through the respiratory surfaces. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Other organs 1 Echinoderms have a simple radial nervous system that consists of a modified nerve net consisting of interconnecting neurons with no central brain, although some do possess ganglion|ganglia https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Other organs The gonads occupy much of the body cavities of sea urchins and sea cucumbers, while the less voluminous crinoids, brittle stars and starfish have two gonads in each arm. While the primitive condition is considered to be the possession of one genital aperture, many organisms have multiple gonopores through which eggs or sperm may be released. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Regeneration 1 Many echinoderms have remarkable powers of regeneration (biology)|regeneration https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Regeneration The regeneration of lost parts involves both epimorphosis and morphallaxis. In epimorphosis stem cells - either from a reserve pool or those produced by dedifferentiation- form a blastema and generate new tissues. Morphallactic regeneration involves the movement and remodelling of existing tissues to replace lost parts. Direct transdifferentiation of one type of tissue to another during tissue 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Regeneration 1 The robust larval growth is responsible for many echinoderms being used as popular model organisms in developmental biology. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Sexual reproduction 1 Even at abyssal depths, where no light penetrates, synchronisation of reproductive activity in echinoderms is surprisingly frequent. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Sexual reproduction 1 Some echinoderms brood their eggs https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Asexual reproduction 1 One species of seastar, Ophidiaster granifer, reproduces asexually by parthenogenesis https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction by transverse fission has also been observed in adult sea cucumbers. Holothuria parvula uses this method frequently, an individual splitting into two a little in front of the midpoint. The two halves each regenerate their missing organs over a period of several months but the missing genital organs are often very slow to develop. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Asexual reproduction These species belong to four of the major classes of echinoderms except crinozoans (as of 2011) 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Asexual reproduction 1 The process of cloning is a cost borne by the larva both in resources as well as in development time https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Larval development 1 Gastrulation marks the opening of the second mouth that places echinoderms within the deuterostomes, and the mesoderm, which will host the skeleton, migrates inwards https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Larval development 1 The larvae of echinoderms pass through a number of stages and these have specific names derived from the taxonomic names of the adults or from their appearance https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Larval development The planktotrophic larva is considered to be the ancestral larval type for echinoderms but after 500 million years of larval evolution, about 68% of species whose development is known have a lecithotrophic larval type 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Distribution and habitat 1 While almost all echinoderms are benthic — that is, they live on the sea floor — some sea-lilies can swim at great velocity for brief periods of time, and a few deepsea sea cucumbers are fully floating https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Distribution and habitat The larvae of echinoderms, especially starfish and sea urchins, are pelagic, and with the aid of ocean currents can be transported for great distances, reinforcing the global distribution of the phylum. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Locomotion 1 Echinoderms primarily use their tube feet to move about but some sea urchins also use their spines. The tube feet typically have a tip shaped like a suction pad in which a vacuum can be created by contraction of muscles. This along with some stickiness provided by the secretion of mucus provides adhesion. Waves of tube feet contractions and relaxations move along the adherent surface and the https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Locomotion Brittle stars are the most agile of the echinoderms, raising their discs and taking strides when moving 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Locomotion 1 Sea urchins use their tube feet to move around in a similar way to starfish https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Locomotion 1 Sea cucumbers are generally sluggish animals https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Locomotion 1 The majority of crinoids are motile but the sea lilies are sessile and attached to hard substrates by stalks https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Feeding The modes of feeding vary greatly between the different echinoderm taxa. Crinoids and some brittle stars tend to be passive filter-feeders, enmeshing suspended particles from passing water; most sea urchins are grazers, sea cucumbers deposit feeders and the majority of starfish are active hunters. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Feeding Crinoids are suspension feeders and spread their arms wide to catch particles floating past. These are caught by the tube feet on the pinnules, moved into the ambulacral grooves, wrapped in mucus and conveyed to the mouth by the cilia lining the grooves. The exact dietary requirements of crinoids have been little researched but in the laboratory they can be fed with diatoms. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Feeding 1 Basket stars are suspension feeders, raising their branched arms to collect zooplankton, while brittle stars use several methods of feeding, though usually one predominates https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Feeding 1 Many sea urchins feed on algae, often scraping off the thin layer of algae covering the surfaces of rocks with their specialised mouthparts known as Aristotle's lantern. Other species devour smaller organisms, which they may catch with their tube feet. They may also feed on dead fish and other animal matter. Sand dollars may perform suspension feeding and feed https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Feeding Many sea cucumbers are mobile deposit or suspension feeders, using their buccal podia to actively capture food and then stuffing the particles individually into their buccal cavities 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Feeding 1 Nearly all starfish are detritivores or carnivores, though a few are suspension feeders https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Defence mechanisms 1 779 Because of their catch connective tissue, which can change rapidly from a flaccid to a rigid state, echinoderms are very difficult to dislodge from crevices https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Ecology It has been estimated that echinoderms capture and sequester about 0.1 gigatonnes of carbon per year as calcium carbonate, making them important contributors in the global carbon cycle. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Ecology 1 Echinoderms sometimes have large population swings which can cause marked consequences for ecosystems https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Ecology 1 Echinoderms form part of the diet of many organisms such as bony fish, sharks, eider ducks, gulls, crabs, Gastropoda|gastropod molluscs, sea otters, Arctic foxes and humans https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Use by humans In 2010, 373,000 tonnes of echinoderms were harvested, mainly for consumption. These were mainly sea cucumbers (158,000 tonnes) and sea urchins (73,000 tonnes).Sourced from the data reported in the FAO [http://faostat.fao.org/site/629/defaul t.aspx FishStat database] 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Use by humans Sea cucumbers are considered a delicacy in some countries of south east Asia; particularly popular are the (Pineapple) roller Thelenota ananas (susuhan) and the red Holothuria edulis 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Use by humans The calcareous tests or shells of echinoderms are used as a source of lime by farmers in areas where limestone is unavailable and some are used in the manufacture of fish meal 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Echinoderm - Use by humans Sea urchins are used in research, particularly as model organisms in developmental biology. Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and Arbacia punctulata are used for this purpose in embryological studies. The large size and the transparency of the eggs enables the observation of sperm cells in the process of fertilising ovum|ova. The arm regeneration potential of brittle stars is being studied in connection with understanding and treating Neurodegeneration|neurodegenerative 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Electrodes - Other anodes and cathodes In a vacuum tube or a semiconductor having polarity (diodes, electrolytic|electrolytic capacitors) the anode is the positive (+) electrode and the cathode the negative (−). The electrons enter the device through the cathode and exit the device through the anode. Many devices have other electrodes to control operation, e.g., base, gate, control grid. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html AIDS - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 1 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is defined in terms of either a CD4+ T cell count below 200 cells per µL or the occurrence of specific diseases in association with an HIV infection https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html AIDS - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Opportunistic infections may be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that are normally controlled by the immune system. Which infections occur partly depends on what organisms are common in the person's environment. These infections may affect nearly every biological system|organ system. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html AIDS - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 1 People with AIDS have an increased risk of developing various viral induced cancers including Kaposi's sarcoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, primary central nervous system lymphoma, and cervical cancer https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html AIDS - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 1 Additionally, people with AIDS frequently have systemic symptoms such as prolonged fevers, Night sweats|sweats (particularly at night), swollen lymph nodes, chills, weakness, and weight loss. Diarrhea is another common symptom present in about 90% of people with AIDS. They can also be affected by diverse psychiatric and neurological symptoms independent of opportunistic infections https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Computer networks - Network nodes 1 Apart from the physical communications media described above, networks comprise additional basic Systems engineering|system building blocks, such as network interface controller (NICs), repeaters, Ethernet hub|hubs, Network bridge|bridges, Network switch|switches, Router (computing)|routers, modems, and Firewall (computing)|firewalls. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Immune system - Immunodeficiencies 1 Additionally, the loss of the thymus at an early age through Mutation|genetic mutation or surgical removal results in severe immunodeficiency and a high susceptibility to infection. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Immune system - Immunodeficiencies 1 Immunodeficiencies can also be inherited or 'Immunodeficiency#Acquired immune deficiency|acquired'. Chronic granulomatous disease, where phagocytes have a reduced ability to destroy pathogens, is an example of an inherited, or Primary immunodeficiency|congenital, immunodeficiency. AIDS and some types of cancer cause acquired https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Fiber to the premises - Fiber to the node Fiber to the node or neighborhood (FTTN), sometimes identified with and sometimes distinguished from fiber to the cabinet (FTTC),da Silva, Henrique (March, 2005), [http://www.co.it.pt/seminarios/web casting/itcbr_09_03_05.pdf Optical Access Networks], Instituto de Telecomunicações, 9 March 2005, slide 10 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Fiber to the premises - Fiber to the node A variant of this technique for cable television providers is used in a hybrid fibre-coaxial|hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) system. It is sometimes given the acronym FTTLA (fiber-to-the-last-amplifier) when it replaces analog amplifiers up to the last one before the customer (or neighborhood of customers). 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human immunodeficiency virus The 'human immunodeficiency virus' ('HIV') is a lentivirus (slowly replicating retrovirus) that causes the AIDS|acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows lifethreatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human immunodeficiency virus HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human immunodeficiency virus - Classification 1 HIV is a member of the genus Lentivirus, part of the family Retroviridae https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human immunodeficiency virus - Classification Two types of HIV have been characterized: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the virus that was initially discovered and termed both LAV and HTLV-III. It is more virulence|virulent, more infectivity|infective, and is the cause of the majority of HIV infections globally. The lower infectivity of HIV-2 compared to HIV-1 implies that fewer of those exposed to HIV-2 will be infected per 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human immunodeficiency virus - Structure and genome 1 HIV is different in structure from other retroviruses https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human immunodeficiency virus - Structure and genome This is, in turn, surrounded by the viral envelope that is composed of two layers of fatty molecules called phospholipids taken from the membrane of a human cell when a newly formed virus particle buds from the cell 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human immunodeficiency virus - Structure and genome Both these surface proteins, especially gp120, have been considered as targets of future treatments or vaccines against HIV. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human immunodeficiency virus - Structure and genome The RNA genome consists of at least seven structural landmarks (Long terminal repeat|LTR, Trans-activation response element (TAR)|TAR, HIV Rev response element|RRE, PE, SLIP, CRS, and INS), and nine genes (gag, pol, and env, tat, rev, nef, vif, vpr, vpu, and sometimes a tenth tev, which is a fusion of tat env and rev), encoding 19 proteins 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human immunodeficiency virus - Structure and genome 1 The two Tat proteins (p16 and p14) are Activator (genetics)|transcriptional transactivators for the LTR promoter acting by binding the TAR RNA element https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human immunodeficiency virus - Structure and genome 1 Nef also interacts with SH3 domains https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human immunodeficiency virus - Tropism The term viral tropism refers to the cell types a virus infects. HIV can infect a variety of immune cells such as Helper T cell|CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and microglial cells. HIV-1 entry to macrophages and CD4+ T cells is mediated through interaction of the virion envelope glycoproteins (gp120) with the CD4 molecule on the target cells and also with chemokine coreceptors. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human immunodeficiency virus - Tropism 1 Macrophage (M-tropic) strains of HIV-1, or non-syncitia-inducing strains (NSI; now called R5 viruses ) use the β-chemokine receptor CCR5 for entry and are, thus, able to replicate in macrophages and CD4+ T cells https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human immunodeficiency virus - Tropism 1 T-tropic isolates, or syncitia-inducing (SI; now called X4 viruses ) strains replicate in primary CD4+ T cells as well as in macrophages and use the α-chemokine receptor, CXCR4, for entry. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human immunodeficiency virus - Tropism 1 Dual-tropic HIV-1 strains are thought to be transitional strains of HIV-1 and thus are able to use both CCR5 and CXCR4 as coreceptors for viral entry. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human immunodeficiency virus - Tropism 1 The α-chemokine SDF-1, a ligand for CXCR4, suppresses replication of T-tropic HIV-1 isolates https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human immunodeficiency virus - Tropism 1 which probably constitute a reservoir that maintains infection when CD4+ T cell numbers have declined to extremely low levels. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human immunodeficiency virus - Tropism Some people are resistant to certain strains of HIV. For example, people with the CCR5-Δ32 mutation are resistant to infection with R5 virus, as the mutation stops HIV from binding to this coreceptor, reducing its ability to infect target cells. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human immunodeficiency virus - Tropism 1 Sexual intercourse is the major mode of HIV transmission https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human immunodeficiency virus - Tropism 1 HIV-2 is much less pathogenic than HIV-1 and is restricted in its worldwide distribution https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human immunodeficiency virus - Entry to the cell 1 '3.' The distal tips of gp41 are inserted in to the cellular membrane. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human immunodeficiency virus - Entry to the cell '4.' gp41 undergoes significant conformational change; folding in half and forming coiled-coils. This process pulls the viral and cellular membranes together, fusing them. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human immunodeficiency virus - Entry to the cell HIV enters macrophages and CD4+ T cells by the adsorption of glycoproteins on its surface to receptors on the target cell followed by fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane and the release of the HIV capsid into the cell. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human immunodeficiency virus - Entry to the cell 1 Entry to the cell begins through interaction of the trimeric envelope complex (gp160 spike) and both CD4 and a chemokine receptor (generally either CCR5 or CXCR4, but others are known to interact) on the cell surface. gp120 binds to integrin α4β7 activating LFA-1 the central integrin involved in the establishment of virological synapses, which facilitate efficient cell-to-cell spreading of HIV1. The gp160 spike contains binding domains for both CD4 and chemokine receptors. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human immunodeficiency virus - Entry to the cell 1 The first step in fusion involves the high-affinity attachment of the CD4 binding domains of gp120 to CD4 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human immunodeficiency virus - Entry to the cell 1 After HIV has bound to the target cell, the HIV RNA and various enzymes, including reverse transcriptase, integrase, ribonuclease, and protease, are injected into the cell. During the microtubule-based transport to the nucleus, the viral singlestrand RNA genome is transcribed into double-strand DNA, which is then integrated into a host chromosome. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human immunodeficiency virus - Entry to the cell 1 HIV can infect dendritic cells (DCs) by this CD4-CCR5 route, but another route using mannose-specific C-type lectin receptors such as DC-SIGN can also be used. DCs are one of the first cells encountered by the virus during sexual transmission. They are currently thought to play an important role by transmitting HIV to T-cells when the virus is captured in the mucosa by DCs. The presence of FEZ-1, which occurs naturally in neurons, is believed to prevent the infection of cells by HIV. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human immunodeficiency virus - Replication and transcription Shortly after the viral capsid enters the cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase liberates the single-stranded (+)RNA genome from the attached viral proteins and copies it into a cDNA|complementary DNA (cDNA) molecule 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Prostate cancer staging - Evaluation of the regional lymph nodes ('N') *'NX': cannot evaluate the regional lymph nodes 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Intermodal passenger transport - Automobile to public transport nodes 1 Although automobiles are conventionally used as a single-mode form of transit, they also find use in a variety of mixed-mode scenarios https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Intermodal passenger transport - Automobile to public transport nodes Taxicabs and Rental cars also play a major role in providing door-to-door service between airports or train stations and other points of travel throughout Urban area|urban, suburban, and rural communities. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Intermodal passenger transport - Automobile to public transport nodes (Automobiles can also be used as the centerpiece of a multi-mode commute, with drivers resorting to walking or cycling to their final destination. Commuters to major cities take this route when driving is convenient, but parking options at the destination are not readily available.) 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Intermodal passenger transport - Bus to public transport nodes 1 Many large cities link their railway network to their bus network. This enables commuters to get to places that are not serviced directly by rail as they are often considered be too far for walking. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Intermodal passenger transport - Bus to public transport nodes 1 'Feeder buses' are buses are a specific example of this; feeder buses service local neighbourhoods by taking travellers from their homes to nearby train stations which is important if the distances are too far to comfortably walk; at the end of the working day the buses take the travellers home again https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Intermodal passenger transport - Bus to public transport nodes Feeder buses are very successful in servicing customers' needs which helps to increase patronage and therefore operating revenue 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Computer clusters - Node failure management There are two classes of fencing methods; one disables a node itself, and the other disallows access to resources such as shared disks. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Computer clusters - Node failure management 1 The STONITH method stands for Shoot The Other Node In The Head, meaning that the suspected node is disabled or powered off. For instance, power fencing uses a power controller to turn off an inoperable node. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Severe combined immunodeficiency SCID is the most severe form of Primary immunodeficiency|primary immunodeficiencies, and there are now at least nine different known genes in which mutations lead to a form of SCID 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Severe combined immunodeficiency 1 SCID is the result of an immune system so highly compromised that it is considered almost absent. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Severe combined immunodeficiency SCID patients are usually affected by severe bacterial, viral, or fungal infections early in life and often present with interstitial lung disease, chronic diarrhea, and failure to thrive 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency 'Sex linkage#X-linked recessive|X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency' ('XSCID') is an immunodeficiency disorder in which the body produces very few T cells and NK cells. In the absence of T cell help, B cells become defective. It is an x-linked Dominance (genetics)|recessive trait, stemming from a mutated (abnormal) version of the IL2-RG gene located at xq13.1 on the X-chromosome, which is shared between receptors for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and IL-21. (IL2RG). 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency - Symptoms Persons afflicted with X-SCID often have infections very early in life, before three months of age 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency - Symptoms 1 In some patients symptoms may not appear for the first six months after birth. This is likely due to passive immunity received from the mother in order to protect the baby from infections until the newborn is able to make its own antibodies. As a result, there can be a silent period where the baby displays no symptoms of X-SCID followed by the development of https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency - Genetics 1 Likewise, her female children will have a 50% chance of being carriers for the immunodeficiency https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency - Treatments Treatment for X-linked SCID can be divided into two main groups, the prophylactic treatment (i.e. preventative) and curative treatment. The former attempts to manage the opportunistic infections common to SCID patients and the latter aims at reconstituting healthy Tlymphocyte function. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency - Treatments On the other hand, prophylactic treatments used today for X-linked SCID are similar to those used to treat other primary immunodeficiency|primary immunodeficiencies 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency - Treatments 1 Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is a standard curative procedure and results in a full immune reconstitution, if the treatment is successful https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency - Treatments 1 Gene therapy is another treatment option which is available only for clinical trials https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency - Prognosis X-linked SCID is a known pediatric emergency which primarily affects males. If the appropriate treatment such as intravenous immunoglobulin supplements, medications for treating infections or a bone marrow transplant is not administered, then the prognosis is poor. The patients with X-linked SCID usually die two years after they are born. For this reason, the diagnosis of X-linked SCID 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency - Prognosis 1 However, the patients have a higher chance of survival if the diagnosis of X-linked SCID is done as soon as the baby is born https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency - Epidemiology There is no information on birth ratios/rates, but X-Linked SCID is the most common form of SCID and it has been estimated to account for 46% to 70% of all SCID cases. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Tor (anonymity network) - Exit nodes should not be trusted 1 As Tor does not, and by design cannot, encrypt the traffic between an exit node and the target server, any exit node is in a position to capture any traffic passing through it that does not use end-to-end encryption such as Transport Layer Security|TLS https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Tor (anonymity network) - Exit nodes should not be trusted 1 :If you actually look in to where these Tor nodes are hosted and how big they are, some of these nodes cost thousands of dollars each month just to host because they're using lots of bandwidth, they're heavy-duty servers and so on. Who would pay for this and be anonymous? [http://www.smh.com.au/news/security/thehack-of-theyear/2007/11/12/1194766589522.html?pag https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Tor (anonymity network) - Exit nodes should not be trusted 1 In order to redirect Tor traffic to the nodes they controlled, they used a denial-of-service attack https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Tor (anonymity network) - Site operators may block traffic from Tor exit nodes 1 Operators of Internet sites have the ability to prevent connections from Tor exit nodes, or to offer reduced functionality to Tor users. For example, it is not generally possible to edit Wikipedia when using Tor, or when using an IP address that also is used by a Tor exit node, due to the use of the [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension: TorBlock TorBlock] MediaWiki extension, unless an Wikipedia:IP block exemption|exemption is obtained. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Sodium-ion battery - Anode Using NaxC6 as the anode, the average voltage on the low potential plateau was higher on Na cells compared to Li cells. The carbon materials can be derived from sugars.D. A. Stevens and J. R. Dahn, [http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/Getabs Servlet?prog=normalid=JESOAN0001470000 04001271000001idtype=cvipsgifs=yes High Capacity Anode Materials for Rechargeable Sodium-Ion Batteries]”, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.147,1271-1273 (2000) 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Sodium-ion battery - Anode 1 Tin-coated wood anodes can replace stiff anode bases that are too brittle to withstand the swelling and shrinking that happens as ions move to and from the anode https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Home Node B 1 A Node B is an element of a 3G macro Radio Access Network, or Radio_access_network|RAN. A femtocell performs many of the function of a Node B, but is optimized for deployment in the home. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Home Node B - Standard 1 The following 3GPP documents are currently available: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Home Node B - Standard * [http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html -info/25820.htm 3GPP TR 25.820: 3G Home Node B (HNB) study item Technical Report] - A technical report that looks at the air interface and requirements for the protocols to link the Home NodeB to the core network 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Home Node B - Standard 1 * [http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/htmlinfo/22220.htm 3GPP TS 22.220: Service requirements for Home Node B (HNB) and Home eNode B (HeNB)] End to end architecture https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Home Node B - Standard * [http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/htmlinfo/25467.htm 3GPP TS 25.467: UTRAN architecture for 3G Home Node B (HNB); Stage 2] - UTRAN architecture for 3G Home NodeB (HNB) 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Home Node B - Standard * [http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html -info/25469.htm 3GPP TS 25.469: UTRAN Iuh interface Home Node B (HNB) Application Part (HNBAP) signalling] - interface between HNB and HNB-GW 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Home Node B - Architecture 1 Within an 'HNB Access Network' there are three new network elements: the 'Home Node B' (or femtocell), the 'Security Gateway (SeGW)' and the 'Home Node B Gateway', or 'HNB-GW'. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Home Node B - Architecture Between the HNB and the HNB-GW is a new interface known as 'Iu-h'. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Home Node B - Architecture 1 'Home Node B (HNB)' – Connected to an existing residential broadband service, an HNB provides 3G radio coverage for 3G handsets within a home. HNBs incorporate the capabilities of a standard Node B as well as the radio resource management functions of a standard Radio Network Controller Radio_Network_Controller|RNC. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Home Node B - Architecture 1 'Security Gateway (SeGW)' - Installed in an operator’s network, the Security Gateway establishes IPsec tunnels with HNBs using IKEv2 signaling for IPsec tunnel management. IPsec tunnels are responsible for delivering all voice, messaging and packet data services between HNB and the core network. The SeGW forwards traffic to HNB-GW. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Home Node B - Architecture 'HNB Gateway (HNB-GW)' - Installed within an operator’s network, the HNB Gateway aggregates traffic from a large number of HNBs back into an existing core service network through the standard Iu-cs and Iu-ps interfaces. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Home Node B - Architecture 1 'Iu-h Interface' - Residing between an HNB and HNB-GW, the Iu-h interface defines the security architecture used to provide a secure, scalable communications over the Internet. The Iu-h interface also defines an efficient, reliable method for transporting Iu-based traffic as well as a new protocol (HNBAP) for enabling highly scalable Ad Hoc HNB https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Universal Description Discovery and Integration - UDDI Nodes Registry 1 UDDI nodes are servers which support the UDDI specification and belong to a UDDI registry while UDDI registries are collections of one or more nodes. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Universal Description Discovery and Integration - UDDI Nodes Registry SOAP (protocol)|SOAP is an XMLbased protocol to exchange messages between a requester and a provider of a Web Service. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Universal Description Discovery and Integration - UDDI Nodes Registry 1 The provider publishes the Web Services Description Language|WSDL to UDDI and the requester can join to it using SOAP. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Low-density parity-check code - Updating node information 1 alternative update techniques were studied, in which variable nodes are updated with the newest available check-node information. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Low-density parity-check code - Updating node information 1 The intuition behind these algorithms is that variable nodes whose values vary the most are the ones that need to be updated first. Highly reliable nodes, whose log-likelihood ratio (LLR) magnitude is large and does not change significantly from one update to the next, do not require updates with the same frequency as other nodes, whose sign and magnitude https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Low-density parity-check code - Updating node information 1 These scheduling algorithms show greater speed of convergence and lower error floors than those that use flooding. These lower error floors are achieved by the ability of the Informed Dynamic Scheduling (IDS) algorithm to overcome trapping sets of near codewords.T. Richardson, “Error floors of LDPC codes,” in Proc. 41st Allerton Conf. Comm., Control, and Comput., Monticello, IL, 2003. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Low-density parity-check code - Updating node information 1 When nonflooding scheduling algorithms are used, an alternative definition of iteration is used. For an (n,k) LDPC code of rate k/n, a full iteration occurs when n variable and nminus;k constraint nodes have been updated, no matter the order in which they were updated. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Sensor node 1 A 'sensor node', also known as a 'mote' (chiefly in North America), is a node in a wireless sensor network that is capable of performing some processing, gathering sensory information and communicating with other connected nodes in the network. A mote is a node but a node is not always a mote. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Sensor node - Components 1 The main components of a sensor node are a microcontroller, transceiver, external memory, Electric power|power source and one or more sensors. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Sensor node - Controller 1 Therefore the advantages of DSPs are not usually of much importance to wireless sensor nodes https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Sensor node - Controller 1 Sensor nodes often make use of ISM band, which gives free radio, spectrum allocation and global availability https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Sensor node - Controller 1 Most transceivers operating in idle mode have a power consumption almost equal to the power consumed in receive mode.Y https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Sensor node - External memory 1 From an energy perspective, the most relevant kinds of memory are the on-chip memory of a microcontroller and Flash memory—off-chip RAM is rarely, if ever, used https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Sensor node - Power source A wireless sensor node is a popular solution when it is difficult or impossible to run a mains supply to the sensor node. However, since the wireless sensor node is often placed in a hard-to-reach location, changing the battery regularly can be costly and inconvenient. An important aspect in the development of a wireless sensor node is ensuring that there is always adequate energy available to power the system. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Sensor node - Power source 1 Batteries, both rechargeable and nonrechargeable, are the main source of power supply for sensor nodes https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Sensor node - Power source 1 A DVS scheme varies the power levels within the sensor node depending on the non-deterministic workload https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Sensor node - Sensors 1 As wireless sensor nodes are typically very small electronic devices, they can only be equipped with a limited power source of less than 0.5-2 ampere-hour and 1.2-3.7 volts. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Sensor node - Sensors 1 Passive sensors sense the data without actually manipulating the environment by active probing https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Sensor node - Sensors The overall theoretical work on WSNs works with passive, omni-directional sensors. Each sensor node has a certain area of coverage for which it can reliably and accurately report the particular quantity that it is observing. Several sources of power consumption in sensors are: signal sampling and conversion of physical signals to electrical ones, signal conditioning, and analog-todigital conversion. Spatial density of sensor nodes in the field may be as high as 20 nodes per cubic meter. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html End node problem End nodes often have weak/outdated software, weak security tools, excessive permissions, mis-configurations, questionable content and apps, and covert exploitations 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html End node problem 1 There are several remedies but all require instilling trust in the end node and conveying that trust to the network/cloud. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html End node problem - The cloud’s weakest link 1 Many believe the real risk does not lie within a well monitored, 24-7-365 managed, full redundancy cloud host but in the many questionable computers that access the cloud.http://www.netsfind.net/Meetings/S09Meeting/Talks/clar k.ppt Many such clouds are FISMAcertified whereas the end nodes connecting to them rarely are https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html End node problem - Ever growing risk From 2005 to 2009, the greatest and growing threats to personal and corporate data derived from exploits of users' personal computers. Organized cyber-criminals have found it more profitable to internally exploit the many weak personal and work computers than to attack through heavily perimeters.http://www.verizonbusine 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html End node problem - Solutions 1 To eliminate the end node problem, only allow authenticated users on trusted remote computers in safe environments to connect to your network/cloud. There are many ways to accomplish this with existing technology, each with different levels of trust. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html End node problem - Solutions 1 Many companies issue typical laptops and only allow those specific computers to remotely connect. For example, the US Department of Defense only allows its remote computers to connect via VPN to its network (no direct Internet browsing) and uses twofactor authentication. Some organizations use server-side tools to scan and/or validate the end node's computer, such as communicating with the node's Trusted Computing#Remote attestation|TPM. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html End node problem - Solutions 1 A far higher level of trust can be obtained by issuing an [http://spi.dod.mil/docs/SEN_SKG_DS_20 081024.pdf immutable, tamper-resistant client] with no local storage, allowing it to connect only after device and user authentication, remotely providing the OS and software (via Preboot Execution Environment|PXE or Etherboot), and then only providing remote desktop or browser access to sensitive data. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html End node problem - Solutions For example, the United States Department of Defense|DoD’s Software Protection Initiative[http://spi.dod.mil DoD Software Protection Initiative] offers Lightweight Portable Security, a LiveCD that boots only in RAM creating a pristine, non-persistent, end node while using Common Access Card software for authentication into 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Glossary of fuel cell terms - Anode 1 : An anode is an electrode through which electric current flows into a polarized electrical device. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html 10G-PON - OLT and access nodes The OLT (Optical Line Terminal) connects the PON to aggregated backhaul (telecommunications)|backhaul uplinks, allocates time slots for ONUs and ONTs to transmit upstream data, and transmits shared downstream data in broadcast-mode over the PON to users. Since 10GPON is designed to coexist with GPON devices, migration 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html 10G-PON - OLT and access nodes 1 Normally the OLT is on a card that slots into a chassis at the telephone exchange|Central Office (CO), which uses special uplink cards for Ethernet backhaul to the telecommunications provider's network and internet https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html 10G-PON - OLT and access nodes ITU and IEEE are planning for convergence of their specifications at the physical layer in 10G that would allow for the shared chips, optics and hardware platforms, thus driving cost reductions for hardware manufacturers.http://www.telecomasia.net/ pdf/ZTE/ZTE_101909.pdf 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Tubular solid oxide fuel cell - Anode Electrochemistry|Electrochemically speaking, the anode’s job is to use the oxygen ions that diffuse through the electrolyte to oxidize the hydrogen fuel. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Tubular solid oxide fuel cell - Anode 1 The redox|oxidation reaction between the oxygen ions and the hydrogen produces heat as well as water and electricity. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Tubular solid oxide fuel cell - Anode If the fuel is a light hydrocarbon, for example methane, another function of the anode is to act as a catalyst for steam reforming the fuel into hydrogen. This provides another operational benefit to the fuel cell stack because the reforming reaction is endothermic, which cools the stack internally. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Iris Mote - List of sensor nodes 1 The following table lists out the prototype and commercial motes/sensor nodes available. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Synchronous Ethernet - Interconnection of nodes 1 There are two basic ways to distribute synchronization: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Synchronous Ethernet - Interconnection of nodes * Intranode, which is a high-quality slave clock known as either synchronization supply unit (SSU). These are responsible for distributing synchronization to NEs situated inside the node. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Synchronous Ethernet - Interconnection of nodes * Internode, where the synchronization signal is sent to another node by a link specifically dedicated to this purpose, or by an PHY signal. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Synchronous Ethernet - Interconnection of nodes 1 Several type of networks can be used to transport the synchronous signal and could be combined indeed. Some of these networks are https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Synchronous Ethernet - Interconnection of nodes 1 T1/E1, SONET/SDH and any rate, and SyncE. However legacy Ethernet is not suitable for transmitting synchronization signals. This is important because if the signal crosses a legacy Ethernet island then the synchronization is lost. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Wikis - WikiNodes WikiNodes are pages on wikis that describe related wikis. They are usually organized as neighbors and delegates. A neighbor wiki is simply a wiki that may discuss similar content or may otherwise be of interest. A delegate wiki is a wiki that agrees to have certain content delegated to that wiki. http://web.archive.org/web/200708102137 02/ http://wikinodes.wiki.taoriver.net/moin.fcg/ FrequentlyAskedQuestions 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Wikis - WikiNodes 1 One way of finding a wiki on a specific subject is to follow the wiki-node network from wiki to wiki; another is to take a Wiki bus tour, for example: . https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html SGSN - GPRS support nodes (GSN) A GSN is a network node which supports the use of GPRS in the GSM core network. All GSNs should have a Gn interface and support the GPRS tunneling protocol. There are two key variants of the GSN, namely Gateway and Serving GPRS support node. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html SGSN - Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) 1 The gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) is a main component of the GPRS network. The GGSN is responsible for the internetworking between the GPRS network and external packet switched networks, like the Internet and X.25 networks. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html SGSN - Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) From an external network's point of view, the GGSN is a router to a subnetwork, because the GGSN ‘hides’ the GPRS infrastructure from the external network. When the GGSN receives data addressed to a specific user, it checks if the user is active. If it is, the GGSN forwards the data to the SGSN serving the mobile user, but if the mobile user is inactive, the data is discarded. On the other hand, mobile-originated packets are routed to the right network by the 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html SGSN - Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) The GGSN is the anchor point that enables the mobility of the user terminal in the GPRS/UMTS networks. In essence, it carries out the role in GPRS equivalent to the Mobile IP#Operational principles|home agent in Mobile IP. It maintains routing necessary to tunnel the protocol data units (PDUs) to the SGSN that services a particular MS (mobile 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html SGSN - Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) 1 The GGSN converts the GPRS packets coming from the SGSN into the appropriate packet data protocol (PDP) format (e.g., IP or X.25) and sends them out on the corresponding packet data network https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html SGSN - Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) Other functions include subscriber screening, Address pool|IP pool management and IP address#Modifications to IP addressing|address mapping, Quality of service|QoS and PDP context enforcement. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html SGSN - Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) 1 With Long Term Evolution|LTE scenario the GGSN functionality moves to System Architecture Evolution|SAE gateway (with SGSN functionality working in Mobility Management Entity|MME). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html SGSN - Serving GPRS support node (SGSN) 1 A serving GPRS support node (SGSN) is responsible for the delivery of data packets from and to the mobile stations within its geographical service area https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Primary cell - Anode and cathode The plate that carries the positive terminal (usually carbon) is termed the anode and the plate that carries the negative terminal (usually zinc) is termed the cathode. This is the reverse of the terminology used in an electrolytic cell. The reason is that the terms are related to the passage of electric current through the electrolyte, not the external circuit 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Primary cell - Anode and cathode Inside the cell the anode is the electrode where chemical Redox|oxidation occurs, as it donates electrons to the circuit. The cathode is defined as the electrode where chemical Redox|reduction occurs, as it accepts electrons from the circuit. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Primary cell - Anode and cathode 1 Since the anode accepts electrons from the electrolyte, it becomes negatively electric charge|charged and is therefore connected to the terminal marked − on the outside of the cell https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Primary cell - Anode and cathode Old textbooks sometimes contain different terminology that can cause confusion to modern readers. For example, a 1911 textbook by Ayrton and MatherW. E. Ayrton and T. Mather, Practical Electricity, Cassell and Company, London, 1911, page 170 describes the electrodes as the positive plate and negative plate in a way that contradicts modern usage. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Teredo tunneling - Node types ; Teredo client: A host which has IPv4 connectivity to the Internet from behind a NAT and uses the Teredo tunneling protocol to access the IPv6 Internet. Teredo clients are assigned an IPv6 address that starts with the Teredo prefix (2001:0::/32). 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Teredo tunneling - Node types ; Teredo server: A well-known host which is used for initial configuration of a Teredo tunnel 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Teredo tunneling - Node types ; Teredo relay: The remote end of a Teredo tunnel 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Teredo tunneling - Node types 1 ; Teredo host-specific relay: A Teredo relay whose range of service is limited to the very host it runs on. As such, it has no particular bandwidth or routing requirements. A computer with a host-specific relay will use Teredo to communicate with Teredo clients, but it will stick to its main IPv6 connectivity provider to reach the rest of the IPv6 Internet. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Hybrid fiber-coaxial - Fiber optic nodes 1 The optical coupler combined with the optical receiver forms a node. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lithium ion - Silicon anode John They are using a silicon anode, rather than standard graphite (carbon) 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lithium ion - Silicon-carbon anode The new silicon-anode batteries will allow electric vehicles to go 200-300 miles on a single charge 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Compute Node Linux 1 'Compute Node Linux' ('CNL') is a runtime environment based on the Linux kernel for the Cray XT3, Cray XT4, Cray XT5, Cray XT6, and Cray XE6 supercomputer systems based on SUSE Linux Enterprise Server.[http://www.nccs.gov/wpcontent/uploads/2007/08/wallace_paper.pd f Compute Node Linux: Overview, Progress to Date Roadmap][http://www.nccs.gov/wpcontent/uploads/2007/08/wallace12b_paper.pdf Compute Node Linux: New Frontiers in Compute Node Operating System] CNL forms part of the Cray Linux https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html ENode B 'E-UTRAN Node B', also known as 'Evolved Node B', (abbreviated as 'eNodeB' or 'eNB') is the element in EUTRA of 3GPP Long Term Evolution|LTE that is the evolution of the element Node B in UTRA of UMTS. It is the hardware that is connected to the mobile phone network that communicates directly with mobile handsets (User equipment|UEs), like a base transceiver station (BTS) in GSM 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html ENode B 1 Traditionally, a Node B has minimum functionality, and is controlled by an RNC (Radio Network Controller). However, with an eNB, there is no separate controller element. This simplifies the architecture and allows lower response times. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html ENode B - Air Interface 1 eNB uses the E-UTRA protocols OFDMA (downlink) and SC-FDMA (uplink) on its LTE-Uu interface. By contrast, NodeB uses the UTRA protocols WCDMA or TDSCDMA on its Uu interface. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html ENode B - Control Functionality eNB embeds its own control functionality, rather than using an RNC, (Radio Network Controller) as does a Node B. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html ENode B - Network Interfaces eNB interfaces with the System Architecture Evolution (SAE) core (also known as Evolved Packet Core (EPC)) and other eNB as follows:3GPP TS 36.300 V11.0.0 (2011-12) 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html ENode B - Network Interfaces 1 * eNB uses the S1-AP protocol on the S1MME interface with the Mobility Management Entity (MME) for control plane traffic. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html ENode B - Network Interfaces 1 * eNB uses the GTP-U protocol on the S1-U interface with the Serving Gateway (S-GW) for user plane traffic.Collectively the S1-MME and S1-U interfaces are known as the S1 interface, which represents the interface from eNB to the EPC. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html ENode B - Network Interfaces 1 * eNB uses the X2-AP protocol on the X2 interface with other eNB elements. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Very Simple Control Protocol - Configuring a VSCP node A node needs to be configured appropriately before it will execute its function. Each VSCP node provides its own set of configuration registers tailored for its function. A button node would have some possibility to configure the zone/subzones the buttons belong to. A 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Very Simple Control Protocol - Configuring a VSCP node temperature node would have some possibility to set trigger values. Also configuring the DM is part of configuring a node. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Axon - Nodes of Ranvier Thus in a myelinated axon, action potentials effectively jump from node to node, bypassing the myelinated stretches in between, resulting in a propagation speed much faster than even the fastest unmyelinated axon can sustain. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js 1 'Node.js' is a software platform that is used to build scalability|scalable network (especially server-side) applications. Node.js utilizes JavaScript as its scripting language, and achieves high throughput via non-blocking I/O and a single-threaded Event-driven architecture|event loop. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js - History 1 Dahl was inspired to create Node.js after seeing a file upload progress bar on Flickr https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js - History 1 On January 30, 2012 Dahl stepped aside, promoting coworker and Npm (software)|NPM creator Isaac Schlueter to the gatekeeper position. Dahl wrote on Google groups, https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js - History On January 15, 2014 Schlueter announced he was making Npm (software)|NPM his main focus and Timothy J Fontaine would be Node.js new project lead. Isaac wrote on the Node.js blog, 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js - History 1 I will remain a Node core committer, and expect to continue to contribute to the project in that role https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js - History 1 The next day, January 16, 2014, Timothy J Fontaine made a followup post outlining the road ahead where he, among other things, mention bug fixing, performance tuning, staying up to date with V8 (JavaScript engine)|V8 engine and tooling. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js - Overview 1 Node.js is a packaged compilation of Google's V8 (JavaScript engine)|V8 JavaScript engine, the platform abstraction layer, and a core Library (computing)|library, which is itself primarily written in JavaScript. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js - Overview 1 Dahl's original goal was to create web sites with Push technology|push capabilities as seen in web applications like Gmail. After trying solutions in several other programming languages he chose JavaScript because of the lack of an existing I/O API. This allowed him to define a convention of non-blocking I/O|non-blocking, event-driven I/O.See the book's Foreword [http://ofps.oreilly.com/titles/978144 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js - Overview 1 Node.js implements some CommonJS specifications.[http://wiki.commonjs .org/wiki/Implementations/node.js Implementations/node.js] CommonJS Spec Wiki It also provides a read–eval–print loop|REPL environment for interactive testing. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js - Tools and IDEs * JetBrains MPS|JetBrains WebStorm or IntelliJ IDEA (commercial products) 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js - Tools and IDEs 1 * Microsoft WebMatrix (free) or Visual Studio (commercial product) with Node.js Tools for Visual Studio (free) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js - Community 1 Node.js has a developer community primarily centered on two mailing lists, nodejs, http://groups.google.com/group/nodejs nodejs-dev, http://groups.google.com/group/nodejs-dev nodejs-dev and the IRC channel #node.js on freenode. The community gathers at NodeConf, http://www.nodeconf.com/ an annual developer conference focused on Node.js.[ http://www.readwriteweb.com/hack/2011/04/n odeconf-schedule-announced.php NodeConf Schedule Announced], By Klint Finley, April 7, 2011, ReadWriteHack https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node.js - Community Node.js is currently used by a number of large companies including LinkedIn,[ http://engineering.linkedin.com/nodejs/blazing-fastnodejs-10-performance-tips-linkedin-mobile], LinkedIn's developer blog discusses their Node.js stack optimizationsMicrosoft,[ http://www.hanselman.com/blog/WebMatrix2FrontEnd WebDevelopersTakeNoteASPNETPHPNodejsAndMor e.aspx], WebMatrix - Front End Web Developers take note (ASP.NET, PHP, node.js and more) Yahoo!,[ http://developer.yahoo.com/blogs/ydn/posts/2011/11/y ahoo-announces-cocktails-%E2%80%93-shaken-notstirred/], Yahoo! Developer Network announces Cocktails project using Node.js Walmart and PayPal. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Nonode 1 A 'nonode' is a type of Vacuum tube|thermionic valve that has nine active electrodes https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Local Interconnect Network - Slave node position detection (SNPD), that is, autoaddressing 1 These methods allow the detection of the position of slave nodes on the LIN bus and allow the assignment of a unique node address. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Local Interconnect Network - Slave node position detection (SNPD), that is, autoaddressing 1 * Allows similar or the same devices to be connected on the bus without end of line programming or connector pin programming. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Local Interconnect Network - Slave node position detection (SNPD), that is, autoaddressing 1 * All auto-addressing slaves must be in one line https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Simian immunodeficiency virus 'Simian immunodeficiency viruses' ('SIVs') are retroviruses able to infect at least 45 species of African non-human primates. Based on analysis of strains found in four species of Old World monkey|monkeys from Bioko|Bioko Island, which was isolated from the mainland by Sea level#Changes through geologic time|rising sea levels about 11,000 years ago, it has been 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Simian immunodeficiency virus Virus strains from two of these primate species, SIVsmm in sooty mangabeys and SIVcpz in chimpanzees, are believed to have crossed the species barrier into humans, resulting in HIV-2 and HIV-1, respectively. The most likely route of transmission of HIV-1 to humans involves contact with the blood of chimps that are often hunted for bushmeat in Africa. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Simian immunodeficiency virus Unlike HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections in humans, SIV infections in their natural hosts appear in many cases to be nonpathogenic 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Simian immunodeficiency virus - History Immunodeficiency resembling human AIDS was reported in captive monkeys in the United States beginning in 1983 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Simian immunodeficiency virus - Tropism 1 Differences in species specificity of SIV and related retroviruses may be partly explained by variants of the protein TRIM5-alpha|TRIM5α in humans and nonhuman primate species. This intracellular protein recognizes the capsid of various retroviruses and blocks their reproduction. Other proteins such as APOBEC3G/APOBEC3F|3F may also be important in restricting cross-species transmission. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Simian immunodeficiency virus - Research 1 SHIV, a virus combining parts of the HIV and SIV genomes, was created for various research purposes, including analyzing how different parts of the virus respond to different antimicrobial drugs and vaccines. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Simian immunodeficiency virus - Research Beatrice Hahn of the University of Pennsylvania recently led a team of researchers to find that chimpanzees do die from simian AIDS in the wild and that the AIDS outbreak in Africa has contributed to the decline of chimpanzee populations 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Simian immunodeficiency virus - Research 1 In 2010, researchers reported that SIV had infected monkeys in Bioko for at least 32,000 years. Based on molecular clock analyses of sequences, it was previously thought by many that SIV infection in monkeys had happened over the past few hundred years. Scientists estimated that it would take a similar amount of time before humans would adapt naturally to HIV infection in the way monkeys in Africa have adapted to SIV and not suffer any harm from the infection. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Simian immunodeficiency virus - Research In 2012, researchers reported that initial infection of Rhesus macaque|Rhesus monkeys by neutralization-resistant SIV strainsNeutralization-resistant refers to strains which are not able to be neutralized by the native immune response due to compensating mutation; see Antigenic variation#HIV-1|HIV-1 related 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Simian immunodeficiency virus - Research 1 In 2013, a study by a group of authors reported on successful testing of a vaccine containing SIV proteinexpressing rhesus cytomegalovirus vector https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Simian immunodeficiency virus - Research Bonobo's appear to avoid simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and its effects, though it is not known why. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Autoimmunity - Immunodeficiency and autoimmunity There are a large number of immunodeficiency syndromes that present clinical and laboratory characteristics of autoimmunity. The decreased ability of the immune system to clear infections in these patients may be responsible for causing autoimmunity through perpetual immune system activation. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Autoimmunity - Immunodeficiency and autoimmunity One example is common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) where multiple autoimmune diseases are seen, e.g. inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune thrombocytopenia and autoimmune thyroid disease. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Autoimmunity - Immunodeficiency and autoimmunity Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, an autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency, is another example. Pancytopenia, rashes, lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly are commonly seen in these patients. Presence of multiple uncleared viral infections due to lack of perforin are thought to be responsible. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Autoimmunity - Immunodeficiency and autoimmunity In addition to chronic and/or recurrent infections many autoimmune diseases including arthritis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, scleroderma and type 1 diabetes are also seen in X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Autoimmunity - Immunodeficiency and autoimmunity 1 Recurrent bacterial and fungal infections and chronic inflammation of the gut and lungs are seen in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) as well. CGD is a caused by decreased production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase by neutrophils. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Autoimmunity - Immunodeficiency and autoimmunity 1 Hypomorphic RAG mutations are seen in patients with midline granulomatous disease; an autoimmune disorder that is commonly seen in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s disease) and NK/T cell lymphomas. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Autoimmunity - Immunodeficiency and autoimmunity 1 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) patients also present with eczema, autoimmune manifestations, recurrent bacterial infections and lymphoma. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Autoimmunity - Immunodeficiency and autoimmunity In autoimmune polyendocrinopathycandidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) also autoimmunity and infections coexist: organ-specific autoimmune manifestations (e.g. hypoparathyroidism and adrenocortical failure) and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Autoimmunity - Immunodeficiency and autoimmunity Finally, IgA deficiency is also sometimes associated with the development of autoimmune and atopic phenomena. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Newborn screening - Severe combined immunodeficiency 1 Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) caused by T-cell deficiency is a disorder that was recently added to newborn screening programs in some regions of the United States https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Newborn screening - Severe combined immunodeficiency SCID has not been added to newborn screening in a wide scale for several reasons. It requires technology that is not currently used in most newborn screening labs, as PCR is not used for any other assays included in screening programs. Follow-up and treatment of affected infants also requires skilled immunologists, which may not be available in all regions. Treatment for SCID is a stem cell transplant, which cannot be done in all centers. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Tantalum capacitor - Anode Tantalum capacitors are manufactured from a powder of relatively pure elemental tantalum metal. A common figure of merit for comparing volumetric efficiency of powders is expressed in capacitance (C) in microfarads (µF) times voltage (V) in volts (V) per gram (CV/g). The typical particle size is between 2 and 10 μm. Figure 1 shows powders of 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Tantalum capacitor - Anode 1 The powder is compressed around a tantalum wire (known as the riser wire) to form a “pellet”.[http://www.vishay.com/doc s/49268/tn0003.pdf Vishay] The riser wire ultimately becomes the anode connection to the capacitor https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Tantalum capacitor - Anode 1 Larger surface area produces higher capacitance; thus high CV/g powders, which have a lower average particle size, are used for low voltage, high capacitance parts https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Linked list - Sentinel nodes In some implementations, an extra 'sentinel' or 'dummy' node may be added before the first data record and/or after the last one. This convention simplifies and accelerates some list-handling algorithms, by ensuring that all links can be safely dereferenced and that every list (even one that contains no data elements) always has a first and last node. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Linked list - Using sentinel nodes 1 Another example is the merging two sorted lists: if their sentinels have data fields set to +∞, the choice of the next output node does not need special handling for empty lists. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Linked list - Using sentinel nodes 1 However, sentinel nodes use up extra space (especially in applications that use many short lists), and they may complicate other operations (such as the creation of a new empty list). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Linked list - Using sentinel nodes However, if the circular list is used merely to simulate a linear list, one may avoid some of this complexity by adding a single sentinel node to every list, between the last and the first data nodes. With this convention, an empty list consists of the sentinel node alone, pointing to itself via the next-node link. The list handle should then be a pointer to the last data node, before the 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Linked list - Using sentinel nodes 1 The same trick can be used to simplify the handling of a doubly linked linear list, by turning it into a circular doubly linked list with a single sentinel node. However, in this case, the handle should be a single pointer to the dummy node itself.Ford, William and Topp, William Data Structures with C++ using STL Second Edition (2002). Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-085850-1, pp. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes 1 Languages that do not support any type of reference (computer science)|reference can still create links by replacing pointers with array indices. The approach is to keep an array data type|array of record (computer science)|records, where each record has integer fields indicating the index of the next (and possibly previous) node in the array. Not all nodes in the array need be used. If records are also not https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes 1 As an example, consider the following linked list record that uses arrays instead of pointers: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes By creating an array of these structures, and an integer variable to store the index of the first element, a linked list can be built: 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes 1 Links between elements are formed by placing the array index of the next (or previous) cell into the Next or Prev field within a given element. For example: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes 1 In the above example, ListHead would be set to 2, the location of the first entry in the list. Notice that entry 3 and 5 through 7 are not part of the list. These cells are available for any additions to the list. By creating a ListFree integer variable, a free list could be created to keep track of what cells are available. If all entries are in use, the size of the array would have to https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes 1 The following code would traverse the list and display names and account balance: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes When faced with a choice, the advantages of this approach include: 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes 1 * The linked list is relocatable, meaning it can be moved about in memory at will, and it can also be quickly and directly serialization|serialized for storage on disk or transfer over a network. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes * Especially for a small list, array indexes can occupy significantly less space than a full pointer on many architectures. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes 1 * Locality of reference can be improved by keeping the nodes together in memory and by periodically rearranging them, although this can also be done in a general store. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes * Naïve dynamic memory allocation|dynamic memory allocators can produce an excessive amount of overhead storage for each node allocated; almost no allocation overhead is incurred per node in this approach. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes * Seizing an entry from a pre-allocated array is faster than using dynamic memory allocation for each node, since dynamic memory allocation typically requires a search for a free memory block of the desired size. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes This approach has one main disadvantage, however: it creates and manages a private memory space for its nodes. This leads to the following issues: 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes 1 * Growing a large array when it is full may be difficult or impossible, whereas finding space for a new linked list node in a large, general memory pool may be easier. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes 1 * Adding elements to a dynamic array will occasionally (when it is full) unexpectedly take linear (Big-O notation|O(n)) instead of constant time (although it's still an amortized analysis|amortized constant). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes 1 * Using a general memory pool leaves more memory for other data if the list is smaller than expected or if many nodes are freed. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Linked list - Linked lists using arrays of nodes 1 For these reasons, this approach is mainly used for languages that do not support dynamic memory allocation. These disadvantages are also mitigated if the maximum size of the list is known at the time the array is created. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Orbit of the Moon - Nodes Lunar orbit inclination also determines eclipses; shadows cross when nodes coincide with full and new moon, when the sun, earth, and moon align in three dimensions. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Link-state - Determining the neighbors of each node 1 First, each node needs to determine what other ports it is connected to, over fully working links; it does this using a reachability protocol which it runs periodically and separately with each of its directly connected neighbors. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Freenode 'freenode', formerly known as 'Open Projects Network', is an Internet Relay Chat|IRC computer network|network used to discuss peer-directed projects. Their servers are all accessible from the Domain name system|domain name [irc://chat.freenode.net chat.freenode.net], which Load balancing (computing)|load balances connections by using the actual servers in rotation. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Freenode 1 In 2010, it became the largest free and open source software-focused IRC network and, as of 2013, the largest IRC network, regardless of focus, encompassing more than 80,000 users and 40,000 channels, gaining almost 5,000 new users per year. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Freenode - Characteristics 1 freenode is centrally managed. Staffers (as IRC operators are called) have the same access across all servers. Some operations that would normally only apply to one server (like k-lines) are propagated across the whole network. Servers are donated to the network, rather than linked. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Freenode - Characteristics The network focuses on supporting peerdirected and open source projects. Channels not related to these things are considered offtopic and encouraged to find a home elsewhere. To support this distinction, channels are divided into namespaces. Primary on-topic channels begin with a single #, and groups wanting to use such a channel must officially register with freenode. About channels begin with two ##, and are available on a first-come, first-served basis without needing a group registration. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Freenode - Server software 1 freenode currently runs ircd-seven, a set of freenode-specific patches on the Charybdis IRC server. The network previously ran an ircd called hyperion. The replacement of hyperion with ircdseven occurred on 30 January 2010. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Freenode - History 1 In 2002 the name changed to freenode and the Peer-Directed Projects Center (PDPC) was founded https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Freenode - History On 24 June 2006, a user with the nickname ratbert gained the network privileges of freenode Network administrator|administrator Rob Levin (lilo) and took control of the network. It is likely that approximately 25 user passwords were stolen as a result. This user proceeded to K-line (IRC)|K-line many freenode staff members, and most freenode servers subsequently went down 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Freenode - History 1 The Internet troll organisation the Gay Nigger Association of America, famous for the shock site Last Measure, created a piece of JavaScript that caused users of Firefox, as well as SeaMonkey and Mozilla to silently connect to freenode and IRC Flooding|flood it https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Freenode - History 1 On 2 February 2014 Freenode suffered a DDoS attack (confirmed by @freenodestaff on Twitter) which caused a partial outage. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Freenode - Peer-Directed Projects Center The 'PDPC' is known as the organization which ran the freenode IRC network, where many prominent open source projects host their official IRC channels. The PDPC was incorporated in England and Wales. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Freenode - Peer-Directed Projects Center PDPC was created to run the freenode network and to establish a variety of programs relating to peer-directed project communities. According to its charter, the PDPC exists to help peer-directed project communities flourish, mostly based around FOSS|free and open source software projects, and encouraging the use of free software through supporting its development. The GNU Project uses the 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Freenode - Peer-Directed Projects Center The PDPC was founded and initially directed by Rob Levin. In November 2006, the board went through a reshuffle and new members were installed. Seth Schoen left and Christel Dahlskjaer, senior freenode staffer became the secretary and head of staff on freenode in Schoen's place. Also joining the board was David Levin, Rob's brother. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Freenode - Peer-Directed Projects Center In March 2013, the PDPC was dissolved. The decision to dissolve was made in part due to the donation levels and costs associated with maintaining its status as a charitable organization in the UK. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Freenode - Rob Levin Robert Levin (16 December 1955– 16 September 2006), also known as 'lilo', was the founder of the freenode Internet Relay Chat|IRC network and Executive Director of the PDPC charity that helped fund freenode. A computer programmer since 1968, Levin worked as an administrator and an applications programmer from 1978 until his death. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Freenode - Rob Levin 1 On 12 September 2006, Levin was struck by a car while riding a bicycle at night in Houston, Texas ,in a Hit and run (vehicular)|hit-and-run collision. After the collision, it was reported that Levin was hospitalized for several days. He died on 16 September. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Freenode - OpenProjects 1 From 1994 onwards, Levin worked to encourage the use of IRC for Free Software and Open Source projects. Levin was one of the founders of the OpenProjects Network (OPN), which quickly grew to become the largest IRC network used by the free software community. The OpenProjects domains were later put up for sale, but did not sell. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Freenode - OpenProjects 1 In 2003 The Register (UK) reported that Levin embezzlement|mismanaged funds intended for the OPN, quoting him as writing that they went to paying bills, to paying the rent, to buying food and necessities. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html R-tree - Splitting an overflowing node 1 In quadratic split, the algorithm searches the pair of rectangles that is the worst combination to have in the same node, and puts them as initial objects into the two new groups https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html R-tree - Splitting an overflowing node 1 In addition to having a more advanced splitting heuristic, the R*-tree also tries to avoid splitting a node by reinserting some of the node members, which is similar to the way a B-tree balances overflowing nodes https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html R-tree - Splitting an overflowing node Finally, the X-tree can be seen as a R*tree variant that can also decide to not split a node, but construct a so-called super-node containing all the extra entries, when it doesn't find a good split (in particular for high-dimensional data). 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Nodeclipse 'Nodeclipse' is a set of third-party developer|third-party solutions for Eclipse (software)|Eclipse for programming in JavaScript (programming language)|JavaScript, CoffeeScript with focus on Node.js. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Nodeclipse 1 'Nodeclipse' also refers to the team that makes this software as Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) for development|free open-source on GitHub. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Nodeclipse 1 Nodeclipse Eclipse (software)|Eclipse plug-in (computing)|plug-in (Nodeclipse-1 on GitHub) is core that other solutions are based on. It is available via update site or Eclipse Marketplace. Other solutions are Eclipse Node.js IDE (Enide), set of plugins and Node Tool Suite (NTS), an Integrated Development Environment (IDE). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Nodeclipse - History 1 Nodeclipse was originally created by Software industry in China|Chinese software developer LambGao 金氧. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Nodeclipse - History 1 Currently the project has contributors from 4 countries, while the original author has not participated for several months. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Nodeclipse - History 1 In April 2013 the Nodeclipse-1 plugin got 1072 installs through Marketplace clients alone. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Nodeclipse - History 1 Nodeclipse became #1 in Eclipse Top 10 NEW Plugins for 2013. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Nodeclipse - Features 1 Features set varies based on solution. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Nodeclipse - Features Below there are some basic features available: 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Nodeclipse - Features 1 Nodeclipse NTS Enide Studio Features https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Nodeclipse - Features 1 * 'Passing arguments to Node application and Node.js' https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Nodeclipse - Features * 'Open Explorer or command line for current project' 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html BT 21CN - Access Node The aim is to implement a few hundred access nodes 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html BT 21CN - Metro Node 1 The aim is to implement around 100 metro nodes. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html BT 21CN - Core Node 1 The core nodes are MPLS switches, with the MPLS traffic carried over optical (DWDM) transport. They are completely unaware of customer IP traffic, and only switch based on MPLS tags (all customer IP traffic is encapsulated with an MPLS header by the Metro node PEs). Native IP is only used by the Core nodes for protocols such as MP-BGP, an IGP, LDP, and RSVP to exchange routing and label information between all Core and Metro nodes. The aim is to have approximately 10 core nodes. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html BT 21CN - iNode The iNode will implement a set of standardized functions - common capabilities - that deliver layered services 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html BT 21CN - iNode The iNode is built upon the AXE telephone exchange TSS (Telephony Softswitch Server) and is currently using HP Alpha processors (APZ 212 50) as well as the IS-Blade in the APZ logic. After extensive field testing and countless iNode soft revisions in the South Wales Pathfinder area all current logical and intelligent network services now operate in conjunction with the existing PSTN and the MPLS network. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Device file - Node creation Nodes are created by the 'mknod' system call. The command-line program for creating nodes is also called mknod. Nodes can be moved or deleted by the usual filesystem system calls (rename (computing)|rename, unlink (Unix)|unlink) and commands (mv, rm (Unix)|rm). When passed the option -R or -a while copying a device node, the cp (Unix)|cp -l command 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Device file - Node creation Some Unix versions include a script named 'makedev' or 'MAKEDEV' to create all necessary devices in the directory /dev. It only makes sense on systems whose devices are statically assigned major numbers (e.g. by means of hardcoding it in their kernel module). 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html MonoDevelop MonoDevelop integrates a Gtk Sharp|Gtk# GUI designer called Stetic 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html MonoDevelop - History 1 In late 2003, a few developers from the Mono (software)|Mono community began migrating SharpDevelop, a successful .NET open source IDE from System.Windows.Forms on Windows to Gtk# on Linux. Being an early fork of SharpDevelop, MonoDevelop architecturally differs from recent SharpDevelop releases. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html MonoDevelop - Platforms MonoDevelop on FreeBSD is likewise supported only by the FreeBSD community. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html MonoDevelop - Unity3D 1 MonoDevelop is the primary IDE for the Unity3D game development environment. The version that ships with Unity3D v4.3 is MonoDevelop 4.0.1. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node (astronomy) 1 An 'orbital node' is one of the two points where an orbit crosses a plane of reference to which it is inclined.[http://www.bartleby.com/65/no/no de.html node], entry in The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., New York: Columbia University Press, 2001ndash;04. Accessed on line May 17, 2007. An orbit which is contained in the plane of reference (called non-inclined orbit|noninclined) has no nodes. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node (astronomy) - Planes of reference 1 Common planes of reference include: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node (astronomy) - Planes of reference * For a geocentric orbit, the Earth's equatorial plane. In this case, non-inclined orbits are called equatorial.[http://www.daviddarling.info/en cyclopedia/L/line_of_nodes.html line of nodes], entry in The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight, David Darling, on line, accessed May 17, 2007. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Node (astronomy) - Planes of reference 1 * For an orbit outside the Solar System, the plane through the primary perpendicular to a line through the observer and the primary (called the plane of the sky).[http://astrowww.phys.uvic.ca/~tatum/ celmechs.html Celestial Mechanics], Jeremy B. Tatum, on line, accessed May 17, 2007., chap. 17. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html For More Information, Visit: • https://store.theartofservice.co m/itil-2011-foundationcomplete-certification-kitfourth-edition-study-guideebook-and-online-course.html The Art of Service https://store.theartofservice.com