Download A COMPUTER - Konsep Sistem Informasi

Mata kuliah
Tahun Akademik
: CSS 113 , Konsep Sistem Informasi
: 2012/2013
Komputer H/W, S/W, Network & Telekomunikasi
Peremuna - 3
Learning Outcomes
Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa
akan mampu :
Menerangkan teknologi komputer dalam
pendukung konsep work sistem
3-1
Outline Materi
• Overview sistem komputer
• Overview S/W, programming
• Overview Telekomunikasi
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1959
3-2
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1959
2. TRANSISTORS: 1957-1963
3-3
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1959
2. TRANSISTORS: 1957-1963
3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: 1964-1979
4. VERY LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATED (VLSI)
CIRCUITS: 1980- PRESENT
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3-4
SUPERCOMPUTER
TERAFLOP: TRILLION CALCULATIONS/SECOND
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HIGHLY SOPHISTICATED
COMPLEX COMPUTATIONS
FASTEST CPUs
LARGE SIMULATIONS
STATE-OF-THE-ART COMPONENTS
EXPENSIVE
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3-5
MAINFRAME
MIPS: Millions of Instructions per second
• LARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTER
• 5O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM
• COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY
APPLICATIONS
• MASSIVE DATA
• COMPLICATED COMPUTATIONS
*
3-6
MINICOMPUTER
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MIDDLE-RANGE
10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM
UNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABS
USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR FOR
MAINFRAME
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3-7
MICROCOMPUTER
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DESKTOP OR PORTABLE
64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 128 MEGABYTES RAM
PERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERS
AFFORDABLE
MANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTS
CAN BE NETWORKED
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3-8
LAPTOPS & SMALLER
• LAPTOP (OR NOTEBOOK): Briefcase type
package, very portable, can be inexpensive, can
connect to other computers or networks
• HAND-HELD (OR PALMTOP): Sub-miniature,
wireless computer. Growing in sophistication
and connectivity
*
3-9
BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
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UNDERLYING STRUCTURE
INPUT/OUTPUT
BITS & CODING SCHEMES
ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT
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3-10
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
ARITHMETIC/LOGIC
UNIT
CONTROL UNIT
ROM
CLOCK
RAM
PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY
3-11
BUSES
PRIMARY
CPU
STORAGE
DATA BUS
ADDRESS BUS
CONTROL BUS
INPUT
OUTPUT
SECONDARY
DEVICES
DEVICES
STORAGE
3-12
TYPES OF MEMORY
• RAM : Random Access Memory
– Dynamic: Changes thru processing
– Static: Remains constant (power on)
• ROM : Read Only Memory (preprogrammed)
– PROM: Program can be changed once
– EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet light
– EEPROM: Electrically erasable
*
3-13
INPUT/OUTPUT
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TERMINAL
POINT-OF-SALES TERMINALS
AUTOMATIC TELLER MACHINES
PUNCHED CARDS
MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION (MICR):
Used by banks to process checks
*
3-14
INPUT/OUTPUT
• OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION: Scanned
material translated into computer characters
• IMAGING: Forms, documents, photos
digitized for computer use
• BAR CODE LABEL: Product label information
read into computer. Can be used to track
inventory
*
3-15
INPUT/OUTPUT
• COMPUTER OUTPUT MICROFILM (COM): Computer
rapidly generates microfilm documents for archive
copies in small space
• VOICE RESPONSE UNITS: Computer recognizes,
generates verbal messages
• MULTIMEDIA: Combines text, graphics, sound still
images, animations, video
*
3-16
HOW CHARACTERS ARE STORED IN COMPUTER
MEMORY
• BIT: Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/Not
• BYTE: Group of bits for one character
– EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal
Interchange Code (8 bits per byte)
– ASCII- American Standard Code for
Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte)
• PARITY BIT: extra bit added to each byte to
help detect errors
*
3-17
EXAMPLES OF BYTES
EBCDIC
ASCII
(assume even-parity system)
C: 1100 0011 0
A: 1100 0001 1
T: 1110 0011 1
100 0011 1
100 0001 0
101 0100 1
Note how sum for each byte is an EVEN number
*
3-18
ALU & CONTROL UNIT
• ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT: CPU component
performs logic and arithmetic operations
• CONTROL UNIT: CPU component controls,
coordinates other parts of computer system
*
3-19
COMPUTER FILES
• RECORD: Data about a transaction arranged
in a set of FIELDS, each holding a datum
• FILE: A group of similar records, such as
accounts receivable or payroll
• DATABASE: The files of an organization, an
electronic library
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3-20
COMPUTER FILES
• SEQUENTIAL ACCESS: A sequence of files
arranged in order, say alphabetically. Usually
stored on magnetic tape or cartridge
• DIRECT ACCESS: Records stored on a DIRECT
ACCESS STORAGE DEVICE (DASD). Can move
directly to any record
*
3-21
DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICE
• HARD DISK: Steel platter array for large
computer systems
• RAID: Redundant array of Inexpensive Disks
• FLOPPY DISK: Removable disk for PC
*
3-22
Disks
• Components of a Disk
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DISK PACK STORAGE
• LARGE SYSTEMS
• RELIABLE STORAGE
• LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA
• QUICK ACCESS & RETRIEVABLE
• TYPICAL: 11 2-SIDED DISKS
• CYLINDER: SAME TRACK ALL SURFACES
READ/WRITE
HEADS
DISK 1
DISK 2
DISK 3
DISK 4
DISK 5
CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK)
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THE STORED PROGRAM CONCEPT
• COMPUTER IS A BINARY SYSTEM
• PROGRAM: A set of instructions telling the
computer what to do
• INSTRUCTION: Individual step or operation in
a program
• MACHINE LANGUAGE: Translated instruction
understood by particular model of computer
*
3-25
THE STORED PROGRAM CONCEPT
• COMPUTER IS A BINARY SYSTEM
• PROGRAM: A set of instructions telling the
computer what to do
• INSTRUCTION: Individual step or operation in
a program
• MACHINE LANGUAGE: Translated instruction
understood by particular model of computer
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3-26
DATA CHANNEL
• SPECIALIZED INPUT/OUTPUT PROCESSOR (A
COMPUTER): Takes over function of device
communication from the CPU
• CORRECTS FOR SPEED MISMATCH BETWEEN
SLOW PERIPHERAL DEVICES AND VERY FAST
CPU
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SYMMETRIC MULTIPROCESSOR
• PROCESSORS (CPUs) ARE IDENTICAL, WITH
EACH PROCESSOR OPERATING
INDEPENDENTLY OF THE OTHERS
• USED IN MOST MAINFRAMES AND SOME
MIDRANGE MACHINES
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PARALLEL PROCESSOR (PP)
• MULTIPLE CPUs INSTALLED AS PART OF A
SINGLE COMPUTER SYSTEM: Gives separate
piece of program to each of the processors so
that work on the program can proceed in
parallel on the separate pieces
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MASSIVELY PARALLEL PROCESSOR (MPP)
PARALLEL PROCESSING COMPUTER WITH MANY
PARALLEL PROCESSORS:
• 32 OR MORE: Different CPUs capable of performing
different instructions at the same time
• 1000 OR MORE: CPUs must all carry out the same
instruction at the same time
*
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THE STORED PROGRAM CONCEPT
• COMPUTER IS A BINARY SYSTEM
• PROGRAM: A set of instructions telling the
computer what to do
• INSTRUCTION: Individual step or operation in
a program
• MACHINE LANGUAGE: Translated instruction
understood by particular model of computer
*
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SOFTWARE
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE
• FIRST GENERATION: Machine language - binary
language designed for particular computer
• SECOND GENERATION: Assembly language substituted mnemonic operation codes and
addresses, translated to machine language by
assembler
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EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE
• THIRD GENERATION: Procedural language FORTRAN, COBOL, C - translated to machine
language by compiler or interpreter. Example:
COBOL
• FOURTH GENERATION: Nonprocedural language.
Tell what to do, not how to do it, order not
important. Translate to machine language by
compiler or interpreter. Example: FOCUS
*
3-33
KEY TYPES OF SOFTWARE
• APPLICATION SOFTWARE: Programs written to
accomplish particular tasks for computer users
• SUPPORT SOFTWARE: Programs that support
application software in producing needed output.
Does not directly produce output needed by users
*
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
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WORD PROCESSING
SPREADSHEETS
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
PRESENTATION GRAPHICS
3-34
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
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WORLD WIDE WEB BROWSERS
ELECTRONIC MAIL, GROUPWARE
DESKTOP PUBLISHING
APPLICATION SUITES
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3-35
SUPPORT SOFTWARE
• OPERATING SYSTEMS: Helps maximize work
done, eases workload of users
• JOB CONTROL LANGUAGE: Allows users to
communicate with operating systems
• MULTIPROGRAMMING: Large computers can
run multiple programs simultaneously. Timedriven approach is time-sharing
*
3-36
SUPPORT SOFTWARE
• MULTITASKING: Allows small computers to work on
several programs interactively
• VIRTUAL MEMORY: Allows computer to run portions
of a large program as required, saving use of main
memory
• MULTIPROCESSING: Multiple CPUs divide workload,
increases efficiency
*
3-37
SOURCES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
• PROPRIETARY: Written for particular computer class
or system. Examples: Windows 98, Windows 2000
• OPEN SYSTEM: Not tied to specific platform.
Examples: UNIX, Linux
• NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM (NOS): Manages
network resources, local area networks
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3-38
GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)
• MOUSE: A standard pointing device
• ICON: Graphic or label on screen associated with
task or operation
• 32-BIT OPERATING SYSTEM: Operating system
handles 32 bits at a time
• CLICKING MOUSE ON ICON INITIATES TASK
*
3-39
OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
(OOP)
• COMPUTER PROGRAMMING BASED ON
CREATING, USING SET OF OBJECTS: Object
combines data and methods (or chunks of
programs)
• EXAMPLES: C++, Smalltalk, Java
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3-40
OTHER LANGUAGES
• NATURAL LANGUAGES: User types in or speaks
English, computer evolves program
• HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE (HTML):
Code used to develop World Wide Web
(WWW) pages and sites
• eXtensible Markup Language (XML): Used for
data exchange on WWW
*
3-41
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
(DBMS)
• SUPPORT SOFTWARE USED TO CREATE,
MANAGE, AND PROTECT ORGANIZATIONAL
DATA
• DBMS: Software that manages a database,
works with operating system to store and
modify data and to make data accessible in
authorized ways
*
3-42
TYPES OF DBMSs
• HIERARCHICAL: Data arranged in a top-down,
organization chart fashion
• NETWORK: Data arranged like cities on a highway
systems, often with multiple paths between pieces
of data
• RELATIONAL: Data arranged into simple tables,
and records are related by storing common data in
each of the associated tables
*
3-43
FILING METHODS
• INDEXED SEQUENTIAL ACCESS METHOD (ISAM) :
–EACH RECORD IDENTIFIED BY KEY
–GROUPED IN BLOCKS AND CYLINDERS
–KEYS IN INDEX
• VIRTUAL STORAGE ACCESS METHOD (VSAM) :
–MEMORY DIVIDED INTO AREAS & INTERVALS
–DYNAMIC FILE SPACE
VSAM WIDELY USED FOR RELATIONAL DATABASES
• DIRECT FILE ACCESS METHOD
*
3-44
COMPONENTS OF DBMS:
• DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE: Defines data
elements in database
• DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE:
Manipulates data for applications
• DATA DICTIONARY/DIRECTORY: Formal
definitions of all variables in database, controls
variety of database contents
*
3-45
STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE
(SQL)
EMERGING STANDARD
DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE
FOR RELATIONAL DATABASES
*
3-46
ADVANTAGES OF RELATIONAL DBMS
• NEW DATA ELEMENTS CAN EASILY BE ADDED AS
NEW NEEDS ARISE
• NEW RELATIONSHIPS CAN BE CREATED AS NEW
QUERY/REPORTING NEEDS CHANGE
• FEWER DATA CONSISTENCY PROBLEMS DUE TO
LESS REDUNDANT DATA STORAGE
• MORE “USER FRIENDLY” TOOLS
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3-47
COMPUTER-AIDED SOFTWARE
ENGINEERING (CASE)
• HELPS AUTOMATE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT: Used by
computer professionals to help automate software
development
• MAY INCLUDE:
– upper-CASE (requirements definition and design)
– lower-CASE (code generation)
– I-CASE or integrated-CASE
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CHANGING NATURE OF SOFTWARE
• MORE HARDWIRING OF SOFTWARE AND MORE
MICROCODE
• MORE COMPLEXITY OF HARDWARE/SOFTWARE
ARRANGEMENTS
• LESS CONCERN WITH MACHINE EFFICIENCY
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3-49
CHANGING NATURE OF SOFTWARE
• MORE PURCHASED APPLICATIONS AND MORE
PORTABILITY OF THESE APPLICATIONS FROM ONE
COMPUTER PLATFORM TO ANOTHER
• MORE PROGRAMMING USING OBJECT-ORIENTED AND
VISUAL LANGUAGES, IN LARGE PART BECAUSE OF
EMPHASIS ON GUIs
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3-50
CHANGING NATURE OF SOFTWARE
• MORE EMPHASIS ON APPLICATIONS THAT RUN
ON INTRANETS AND THE INTERNET
• MORE USER DEVELOPMENT
• MORE USE OF PERSONAL PRODUCTIVITY
SOFTWARE ON MICROCOMPUTERS, ESPECIALLY
PACKAGES WITH A GUI
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS &
NETWORKING
• TELECOMMUNICATIONS: Communications
(both voice and data) at a distance
• NETWORKING: Electronic linking of
geographically dispersed devices
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3-52
THE NEED FOR NETWORKING
• SHARING OF TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES
• SHARING OF DATA
• DISTRIBUTED DATA PROCESSING AND
CLIENT/SERVER SYSTEMS
• ENHANCED COMMUNICATIONS, INCLUDING
ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE (EDI) AND
ACCESS TO THE INTERNET
*
3-53
KEY ELEMENTS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS
& NETWORKING
• ANALOG SIGNALS: Continuous waveform,
passes thru system. Example: voice
communications
• DIGITAL SIGNALS: Discrete waveform two
discrete states (1-bit & 0-bit, on / off pulse).
Data communication. Uses modem to translate analog
to digital, digital to analog
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3-54
MODEM
• ABBREVIATION FOR MODULATOR/
DEMODULATOR
• DEVICE THAT CONVERTS DATA FROM DIGITAL
FORM TO ANALOG FORM TO BE SENT OVER
ANALOG TELEPHONE NETWORK (RECONVERTS
DATA AFTER IT HAS BEEN TRANSMITTED)
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SPEED OF TRANSMISSION
• BANDWIDTH: Difference between highest and
lowest frequencies (cycles per second) that can
be transmitted on a particular medium; a
capacity measure
• HERTZ: Cycles per second
• BAUD: Signals sent per second
• BITS PER SECOND (bps): Common measure
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3-56
TYPES OF TRANSMISSION LINES
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PRIVATE, OR DEDICATED, LINES
SWITCHED LINES
SIMPLEX TRANSMISSION
HALF-DUPLEX TRANSMISSION
FULL-DUPLEX TRANSMISSION
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TRANSMISSION MEDIA
• TWISTED PAIR
• COAXIAL CABLE: Baseband and broadband
• WIRELESS: Cordless phone, cellular phone,
wireless LAN, infrared devices
• SATELLITE: Microwave, line of sight
• FIBER OPTICS
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ORBITING SATELLITES
MICROWAVE
TRANSMISSION
UPLINK
DOWNLINK
3-59
NEW SATELLITES
• OVER A DOZEN NEW PROJECTS PROPOSED
• LOW EARTH ORBIT (LEO) SATELLITES: Only 400 to
1000 miles above the earth, compared to
geosynchronous satellites at 22,000 miles above the
equator. 1,700 satellites to be launched by 2006
* mobile telephony,
• IRIDIUM: 66 satellites offered
paging, and data communications. Bankrupt by 1999.
• TELEDESCIC: Will include 288 LEO to provide lowcost, high-speed Internet access, networking,
teleconferencing
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3-60
TELECOMMUNICATIONS TRANSMISSION
SPEEDS
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Twisted pair - voice telephone
Twisted pair - conditioned
Twisted pair - LAN
Coaxial cable - baseband
Coaxial cable - broadband
Radio frequency wireless LAN
Infrared light wireless LAN
Microwave / Satellite
Fiber optic cable
14.4 kbps -56 kbps
56 kbps - 144 kbps
4 mbps - 100 mbps
10 mbps - 2 gbps
10 mbps - 550 mbps
1 mbps - 11 mbps
4 mbps - 16 mbps
64 kbps - 100 mbps
100 mbps - 100 gbps
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3-61
TOPOLOGY OF NETWORKS
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BUS TOPOLOGY
RING TOPOLOGY
STAR TOPOLOGY
TREE, OR HIERARCHICAL, TOPOLOGY
MESH TOPOLOGY
MORE COMPLEX TOPOLOGIES
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3-62
NETWORK TYPES
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COMPUTER TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK
PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE (PBX) NETWORK
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
BACKBONE NETWORK *
WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
INTERNET
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3-63
LOCAL AREA NETWORKS
• CONTENTION BUS NETWORK: Uses CSMA/CD
protocol. Example: Ethernet
• TOKEN BUS NETWORK: Central to
Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP)
• TOKEN RING NETWORK: Used in LAN;
unidirectional data flow
*
3-64
NEW LAN TECHNOLOGY
• FAST ETHERNET: Ethernet operating at speeds
up to 100 mbps
• FIBER DISTRIBUTED DATA INTERFACE (FDDI):
Token ring architecture delivered on a dual
ring at speeds up to 100 mbps
*
3-65
BACKBONE NETWORKS
• MIDDLE DISTANCE NETWORKS: Interconnect LANs
in a single organization with each other and with the
organization’s WAN and Internet
• EMPLOY HIGH-END LAN TECHNOLOGY, OFTEN
OPERATING AT 100 MBPS OR MORE
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3-66
BACKBONE NETWORK TERMINOLOGY
• HUB: Simple device connecting one section of a LAN to
another
• BRIDGE: Connects two LAN segments when the LANs
use the same protocols
• ROUTER, OR GATEWAY: Connects two or more LANs
together. Networks may use different protocols
• SWITCH: Connects more than two LANs that use the
same protocol into a backbone network
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3-67
WIDE AREA NETWORKS
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DIRECT DISTANCE DIALING (DDD)
WIDE AREA TELEPHONE SERVICE (WATS)
LEASED LINE: Most common, T-1 lines
SATELLITE: C-Band, KU-Band
VALUE ADDED NETWORK (VAN)
INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN)
*
3-68
VALUE ADDED NETWORK (VAN)
• DATA-ONLY, PRIVATE, NONREGULATED
TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK: Uses packet
switching
• AN ORGANIZATION MAY CHOOSE TO BUY SERVICES OF
A VAN TO IMPLEMENT ITS WIDE AREA NETWORK
(WAN)
*
3-69
PACKET SWITCHING
• INFORMATION DIVIDED INTO PACKETS OF SOME
FIXED LENGTH, SENT OVER NETWORK
SEPARATELY
• PERMITS MORE EFFICIENT USE OF THE NETWORK
*
3-70
INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK
(ISDN)
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EMERGING SET OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
USING PUBLIC TELEPHONE NETWORK
EXTENSIVE NEW TELECOMMUNICATIONS CAPABILITIES
SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSION OF VOICE AND DATA
OVER SAME LINE TO TELEPHONE USERS WORLDWIDE
*
3-71
USES OF ISDN
• CUSTOMER SERVICE APPLICATION: Customer’s
records automatically sent to service representative’s
workstation when customer calls in
• SOLVES DIAL-IN PROBLEMS INTO CORPORATE
NETWORK FOR TELECOMMUTERS, BRANCH
OFFICES
*
3-72
NEW WAN AND LAN TECHNOLOGY
ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE (ATM):
Switching technology employing fast packet switching.
Emerging standard for broadband ISDN. Speeds from
1.544 mbps to 622 mbps. Represents the future for
both LANs and WANs
*
3-73
PROTOCOL
RULES & PROCEDURES
TO GOVERN TRANSMISSION
BETWEEN COMPONENTS
IN A NETWORK
*
3-74
NETWORK PROTOCOLS
• OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION (OSI): Reference
model, emerging standard
• TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL / INTERNET
PROTOCOL (TCP/IP): Standard used on the Internet
• SYSTEMS NETWORK ARCHITECTURE (SNA): IBM
standard
• FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP): Allows file transfer
on Internet
*
3-75
INTERNET
• NETWORK OF NETWORKS THAT USE THE TCP/IP
PROTOCOL, WITH GATEWAYS (CONNECTIONS) TO
OTHER NETWORKS THAT DO NOT USE TCP/IP
• INTERNET APPLICATIONS: e-mail, Usenet
newsgroups, listserv, FTP, Gopher, Archie,
Veronica, World Wide Web
*
3-76
CONNECTIONS TO INTERNET
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PHONE LINE MODEM
CABLE MODEM
DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL)
T-1 DATA PHONE LINE
SATELLITE
FIBER OPTICS
*
3-77
INTRANET
• A NETWORK OPERATING WITHIN AN ORGANIZATION
EMPLOYING TCP/IP PROTOCOL
• ORGANIZATION USES SAME WEB BROWSER, CRAWLER,
SERVER SOFTWARE AS IT WOULD ON THE INTERNET,
BUT INTRANET IS NOT ACCESSIBLE FROM OUTSIDE THE
ORGANIZATION
*
3-78
CONNECTIVITY
MEASURE OF ABILITY OF COMPUTING DEVICES
TO PASS & SHARE INFORMATION WITHOUT
HUMAN INTERVENTION
OPEN SYSTEMS: Software able to function on
different computer platforms. Nonproprietary
operating systems, applications, protocols
*
3-79
Closing
• Overview sistem komputer
• Overview S/W, programming
• Overview Telekomunikasi
Diskusikan dan jawablah bersama kelompoknya
• Perkirakanlah trend perkembangan teknologi
komputer dan telekomunikasi dimasa yang akan
datang!
========== thanks 4 your attention =========
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