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Advanced Computer Architecture CSE 8383 April 11, 2006 Session 23 Copyright by Hesham El-Rewini Computer Science and Engineering Contents Network Computing Client/Server System Clusters Grid Interconnection Networks Copyright by Hesham El-Rewini Computer Science and Engineering Networks Computing Four categories WAN MAN LAN SAN Internet TCP/IP Copyright by Hesham El-Rewini Computer Science and Engineering Other Network technologies Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet The Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) High-Performance Parallel Interface (HIPPI) Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Scalable Coherent Interface (SCI) Copyright by Hesham El-Rewini Computer Science and Engineering 10Gbps SCI HiPPI 1000Mbps 1000 Base T ATM FDDI 100Mbps 100 Base T 10Mbps 10 Base T SAN LAN MAN WAN A representation of network technologies Copyright by Hesham El-Rewini Computer Science and Engineering Client/Server Systems Client Client Server Server Threads Interconnection Network Copyright by Hesham El-Rewini Computer Science and Engineering Sockets Sockets are used to provide the capability of making connections from one application running on one machine to another running on a different machine. Once a socket is created, it can be used to wait for an incoming connection (passive socket) or can be used to initiate connection (active socket). Client Serve r A Socket Connection Copyright by Hesham El-Rewini Computer Science and Engineering A Client Server Framework for Parallel Applications Server 1 Server 2 Server 3 Slaves (Workers) Server n Interconnection Network Client Copyright by Hesham El-Rewini Master (Supervisor) Computer Science and Engineering Computer Clusters Advances in commodity processors and network technology Network of PCs and workstations connected via LAN or WAN forms a Parallel System Compete favorably (cost/performance) Copyright by Hesham El-Rewini Computer Science and Engineering Cluster Architecture Programming Environment Middleware OS M C P OS I/O M C OS I/O P Interconnection Network Copyright by Hesham El-Rewini M C I/O P Home cluster Computer Science and Engineering Grids Geographically distributed platforms. Internet Dependable, consistent, pervasive, and inexpensive access to high end computing. Copyright by Hesham El-Rewini Computer Science and Engineering Interconnection Networks Ethernet A packet-switched LAN technology. All hosts connected to an Ethernet receive every transmission, making it possible to broadcast a packet to all hosts at the same time. Ethernet uses a distributed access control scheme called Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detect (CSMA/CD). Each computer connected to an Ethernet network is assigned a unique 48-bit address known as its Ethernet address, also called the media access control address, (MAC). Copyright by Hesham El-Rewini Computer Science and Engineering Switches A n1 x n2 switch consists of: n1 input ports n2 output ports Links connecting each input to every output Control logic to select a specific connection Internal buffers The connections between input ports and output ports may be: One-to-one (point-to-point) One-to-many (multicast or broadcast) Many-to-one: may cause conflicts at the output ports and needs arbitration. Copyright by Hesham El-Rewini Computer Science and Engineering When only one-to-one connections are allowed, the switch is called crossbar. An n x n crossbar switch can establish n! connections. If we allow both one-to-one as well as one-to-many in an n x n switch, the number of connections that can be established is nn. (We discussed this before, remember?) Copyright by Hesham El-Rewini Computer Science and Engineering Routing can be achieved using 2 mechanisms: Source-path: the entire path to the destination is stored in the packet header at the source location. Table-based: the switch must have a complete routing table that determines the corresponding port for each destination. 5 0 6 Dest-id Port 0 Port 4 Port 0 Port 4 Port 1 Port 5 Port 1 Port 5 Port 2 Port 6 Port 2 Port 6 Port 3 Port 7 id 6 Port 3 Port 7 Routing table Source-path Routing versus Table-based Routing Copyright by Hesham El-Rewini Computer Science and Engineering Myrinet Clos network Myrinet is a high-performance, packet communication and switching technology. Myrinet switches are multiple-port components that route a packet entering on an input channel of a port to the output channel of the port selected by the packet. Copyright by Hesham El-Rewini Computer Science and Engineering Myrinet Clos network Network Spine Clos “Spreader” Network Connects Spine (upper 8 switches) to Leaves (16 lower switches) 128 Hosts 128-host Clos Network using 16-port Myrinet Switch Copyright by Hesham El-Rewini Computer Science and Engineering Myrinet Clos network Network Spine 2 links each 64 Hosts 64-host Clos Network using 16-port Myrinet Switch (Each line represents 2 links) Copyright by Hesham El-Rewini Computer Science and Engineering Myrinet Clos network Network Spine 4 links each 32 hosts 32-host Clos Network using 16-port Myrinet Switch (Each line represents 4 links) Copyright by Hesham El-Rewini Computer Science and Engineering The Quadrics network (QsNet) Consists of 2 hardware building blocks A programmable network interface called Elan: connects the Quadrics network to a processing node containing one or more CPUs Elan provides substantial local processing power to implement high-level message passing protocols (ex: MPI). High-bandwidth, low-latency communication switch called Elite: QsNet connects Elite switches in a quaternary fat-tree topology. Copyright by Hesham El-Rewini Computer Science and Engineering The Quadrics network (QsNet) Processing Nodes Copyright by Hesham El-Rewini Computer Science and Engineering