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Transcript
Network Interface Cards (NICs) ITEC 370 George Vaughan Franklin University 1 Sources for Slides • Material in these slides comes primarily from course text, Guide to Networking Essentials,Tomsho, Tittel, Johnson (2007). • Other sources are cited in line and listed in reference section. 2 TCP/IP and OSI Models TCP/IP and OSI Models (OSI-Model, n.d.) and (Tomsho, 2007) TCP/IP Layers Application PDU Data OSI Layers 7 Application 6 5 Transport Segments 4 Network Packets 3 Link Frames 2 Function Network process to application, Initiates or accepts a request to transfer data Presentation Adds formatting, display, and encryption of information Session Adds communication session control information, Login/Logout Transport Adds End-to-end connections and reliability, re-sequencing, flow control Network Path determination and logical addressing (IP), translates MAC address to logical address LLC Data Adds error checking and physical Link addressing (MAC & LLC) Devices - Apps Standards Browsers, servers, Gateways Gateways HTTP, SNMP, FTP, Telnet DNS, Gateways Gateways NetBIOS Routers IP, ICMP, ARP, NetBEUI Switches, Bridges, NICs 802.3, 802.11, FDDI ASCII, MPEG TCP, UDP MAC Bits 1 Physical Media, signal and binary transmission, Hubs, sends data as a bit stream Repeaters 10Base-T, T1, E1 3 NIC • • • • • NIC – Network Interface Card Hardware that connects computer to Network Media NIC plugs into computer backplane (bus). NIC is gate keeper for computer. Uploading data: – NIC reads data (bits) from the system bus (parallel) – NIC packages data into frames along with error check codes and address. – NIC ships frames out onto the network medium (serial) • Downloading data: – NIC reads frames from network medium and checks address (serial) – NIC unpacks data and performs error checking – NIC places data (in bits) onto the system bus (parallel) 4 From Parallel to Serial and Vice Versa Tomsho, Tittel, Johnson (2007). Bus width 5 NIC and Backplane (Bus) • NIC plugs into computer backplane (bus). • The backplane (bus) on a computer: – Is a connection between CPU, memory, and certain devices such as the NIC. – Typically supports 32 bit or 64 bit parallel communication (for high speed) – Bus types described later. • NIC must match the number of bits in backplane (bus width). • Many computers have incorporated the functionality of NIC on motherboard. 6 Bus Types Common Bus Types (Yomsho, 2007) Bus Type Introduced (Wikipedia) ISA 1981 Extended ISA (EISA) Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) PCI 1988 PCI-X Bus Speed Bus Size (Width) 33 MBps 16 or 32 bits 16 or 32 bits 32 and 64 bits 32 and 64 bits 1 to 32 Serial Lines 32 bits 1987 4.77 MHz 8.33 MHz 10 MHz 1990 33 MHz 533 MBps 1998 66-533 MHz 4 GBps PCI Express (PCIe) 2004 PCMCIA Max Transfer Rate 16 MBps 264 MBps 8 GBps 33 MHz 132 MBps Notes 8 or 16 bits Early PCs Obsolete Obsolete Standard Servers, high-end workstations Servers, high-end workstations Laptop 7 NIC and Network Media • NIC also has an interface to the network. • Interface may be a wired or wireless serial connection. • Wire interface may support coax, twistedpair or fiber or some combination of the three. • Wireless interface consists of a transceiver and antenna (which may be internal to card). 8 NIC With Multiple Interfaces Tomsho, Tittel, Johnson (2007) 9 Wireless Adapters Tomsho, Tittel, Johnson (2007) 10 NIC Buffer • NIC also contains a buffer (memory) • Buffer is used to manage traffic bursts either from the CPU or from network. • Buffers allow CPU and network to operate more efficiently. • The bigger the buffer, the better the performance of both CPU and network. • A slow NIC can affect others on network. 11 NIC Address and OSI Model • NIC has link address burned in (MAC address) • MAC = Media Access Control – 48 bits. • MAC Example (Hex): 00:20:ED:73:B7:1D – First 3 numbers = Manufacturer (Red) – Last 3 numbers = Unique Address for the card (Turquoise) • MAC Address is burned on card • NIC manages layer 2 (link layer) for computer. • NIC also provides interface to network media (layer 1 or physical layer). 12 Available NIC Features • Direct Memory Access (DMA) – direct access to CPU memory. • Shared Adapter Memory – NIC buffer mapped into CPU memory • Shared System Memory – CPU memory mapped into NIC buffer • Bus Mastering – NIC can control Bus • NIC Buffer Size • On-board Co-processors – NIC can process network data w/o main CPU 13 Available NIC Features • Security – NIC on-board support for IPSec • Traffic Management – Quality of Service (QoS) • Automatic Link Aggregation – Multiple NICs to multiply bandwidth • Fault tolerance – Multiple NICs • Wake-on-Lan – Remote computer powerup by special signal received by NIC. 14 Choosing Network Adapters for Best Performance Tomsho, Tittel, Johnson (2007) • Increased performance features have payoffs for servers that might not apply to workstations – The following is a checklist for purchasing NICs: • Bus width—Higher is better • Bus type—Use 64-bit PCI-X or PCIe for servers • Memory transfer—Shared memory outpaces I/O or DMA • Special features—Choose security, management, protocol-handling, and hot-plug capabilities • Bus mastering—Important for servers • Vendor factors—Look for quality, reliability, staying power, and reputation 15 References Tomsho, Tittel, Johnson (2007). Guide to Networking Essentials. Boston: Thompson Course Technology. Odom, Knott (2006). Networking Basics: CCNA 1 Companion Guide. Indianapolis: Cisco Press Wikipedia (n.d.). OSI Model. Retrieved 09/12/2006 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_Model 16