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Figure 6-1 Growth pattern of Internet hosts Growth Pattern of Internet Hosts 350 M i l l i o n 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Figure 6-2 The Internet Hierarchy Backbone The Internet Infrastructure NAPs HOME Dial-up, DSL, Cable ISP POPs T-3s Businesses T-1s ISPs Subscribers Figure 6-3 A Router joining three networks Internet Switch Router Switch Application F i g u r e 6 4 T C P /I P S u i t e o f P r o t o c o l s SCTP COPS FTP, Telnet, SMTP POP3, HTTP, x-windows SOCKS SLP CMOT, SNAP TACACS+, TACACS IMAP4 TFTP NTP GDP RLOGIN, RSHELL, PRINT, REXEC, RWHO WCCP HTTP, SSH RADIUS ISAKMP RTSP Presentation Session NetBIOS-SSN DNS NetBIOS-SN LDAP XOT Transport SS7 TALI DSMCC (MPEG) RUDP Net-Bios-DGM ISO DE TCP PIM Network ICMP Mobile IP UDP DHCP RSVP VRRP BOOTP IGMP RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, BGP, GGP, GRE IP ESP AH TDP, MPLS Data Link RSRB L2F, RRTP, L2TP, ATMP Physical ARP, RARP, IARP, SLAPP Trailers STUN-SDLC CSLIP, SLIP Figure 6-5 Distance Vector vs. Link State Pure Distance Vector Link State vs Distance Vector Destination X Destination unreachable Cost = 5 B A Cost = 3 Cost = 10 C D Source Cost = 1 Figure 6-6 Interior and Exterior Protocols AS100 AS (Autonomous Systems) AS300 AS200 Exterior protocol running here Interior protocol running here Figure 6-7 The Anatomy of an IPv4 address Class First Octet Decimal range values First Octet Binary Range values Octet 1 Octet 2 Octet 3 Octet 4 A 0 - 127 00000000 - 01111111 Network Host Host Host B 128 - 191 10000000 - 10111111 Network Network Host Host C 192 - 223 11000000 - 11011111 Network Network Network Host D 224 - 239 11100000 - 11101111 NNNNHHHH Host Host Host E 240 - 255 11110000 - 11111111 NNNNHHHH Host Host Host Octet = 8 bits N = network portion of the IP address H = host portion of the IP address Examples: 10.212.215.33 128.219.34.254 199.111.6.200 224.89.67.222 242.224.128.0 Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E Figure 6-8 Network Address Translation Your IP address: 172.16.20.33 Inside IP address: 172.16.20.1 PUBLIC Network PRIVATE Network NAT Router IN Internet OUT OUT LAN IN outside IP address: 62.134.17.252 e-bay 66.135.192.87 A NAT router translates IP addresses coming into and leaving the private network Figure 6-9 A firewall using DMZ Internet Router NIC 1 NIC 3 Switch NIC 2 Firewall Web server Switch FTP Server DMZ E-mail server Web server File server Protected Zone E-mail server Figure 6-10 Firewalls using Protocol Switching Internet TCP/IP Router Router IPX/SPX only Dead zone TCP/IP Firewall IPX/SPX only Router Protected Zone Switch E-mail server Web server File server Protected Zone Switch TCP/IP E-mail server Web server File server IPX/SPX Chapter 6 Figure 6-1 Growth pattern of Internet hosts Figure 6-2 The Internet Hierarchy Figure 6-3 Router with three networks Figure 6-4 Client/Server Relationship Figure 6-5 TCP/IP Suite of Protocols Figure 6-6 Chat screen Figure 6-7 Distance Vector vs. Link State Figure 6-8 Interior and Exterior Routing Protocols Figure 6-9 Network Address Translation Figure 6-10 A home network firewall Figure 6-4 Client Server Printer Server Client Figure 6-6 Interior and Exterior Protocols AS 100 AS 200 Interior Routing Protocol Exterior Routing Protocol AS 300 AS (Autonomous Systems)