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Topic 10: Network Security
Management
References:
FD: Chapter 10
WS: Chapter 18 & 20
Outline
 An introduction to network security
 Preventing unauthorized access
 Data encryption/decryption
 Securing e-commerce transactions
 Protecting network from the intrusion
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An introduction to network
security
Why Networks Need Security
In recent years, organizations have become increasingly
dependent on the data communication networks for
their daily business communications, database
retrieval, distributed data processing, and the
internetworking of LANs.
The losses associated with security failures can be
huge.
More important than direct theft losses are the potential
losses from the disruption of applications systems
that run on computer networks.
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25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Figure 10-2 Number of Incidents Reported to CERT
(Computer Emergency Response Team)
Business Data Communications,
Source: CERT Statistics, www.cert.org/stats/cert_stats.html
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Virus
Device Failure
Theft of Equipment
External hacker
Fraud
0
20
40
60
80
100
Percent of organizations reporting security problems
due to this cause in the last 12 months
Figure 10-5 Common Threats
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Crime Is Soaring in Cyberspace

New York Times (01/27/03) P. C4; Tedeschi, Bob Cybersecurity consultants such as
Ponemon Institute Chairman Larry Ponemon report that cybercrimes are increasing
exponentially, yet quantifying losses is difficult because victimized companies are reluctant to
publicly disclose electronic theft for a variety of reasons, including fear that it will inspire
other hackers to attack them, shake the confidence of their customers and investors, or make
them the target of rival businesses' ridicule. Ponemon adds that companies often hide these
losses in their balance sheets, a practice that does not allow for "a clean picture of how
expensive it is to have to deal with fraudulent or criminal activities." Mi2g estimates that the
number of successful, confirmed worldwide hacker intrusions this month will probably exceed
20,000, compared to 16,000 in October. Last year, the FBI and the Computer Security
Institute held a survey of 500 computer security practitioners, and found that 80 percent of
respondents admitted that their companies sustained financial losses from hack attacks; the
average loss was $2 million, according to 223 respondents who quantified the damage.
Deloitte Touche Tohmasu's Richard Power reports that the increase in cybercrime is partly
attributable to the economic downturn, while cutbacks in corporate budgets and personnel
only increase the difficulty businesses face in securing their computer systems. Law
enforcement officials acknowledge that tracing cybercrime is hard, because hackers can use
technology to remain anonymous--plus they have an advantage over the authorities in terms
of skill and numbers. Complicating matters is the fact that perpetrators are often corporate
insiders; in fact, Gartner analyst John Pescatore attributes 70 percent of cyber-intrusions to
employees who sold information to competitors in hopes of getting better jobs or building a
financial cushion to sustain them if they are let go.
http://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/27/technology/27ECOM.html
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Ex-Officials Urge U.S. to Boost
Cybersecurity
 Washington Post (04/09/03) P. E5; Krebs, Brian Former White
House cybersecurity advisor Richard A. Clarke told a House
Government Reform subcommittee yesterday that the Homeland
Security Department is ill-equipped to effectively implement the White
House's National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace, which he coauthored. He warned that legislators should not dismiss the
ramifications of an assault on U.S. computer networks, arguing that
such thinking is similar to the now-defunct assumption that a major
foreign terrorist attack could never take place on American soil.
Former National Infrastructure Protection Center (NIPC) director
Michael Vatis, who also testified before the House panel, agreed with
Clarke. He added that many positions in the Homeland Security
Department's cybersecurity division are still unfilled, because most
FBI cybersecurity specialists assigned to the NIPC were not
transferred to the new department. The Homeland Security
Department's David Wray admitted that over 200 positions are still
vacant, but supported the Bush administration's decision to have all
cybersecurity efforts coordinated by a single officer.
Click Here to View Full Article
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SETI@home Flaw Could Let Invaders
In
 CNet (04/07/03); Lemos, Robert; Gray, Patrick The SETI@home
project released a new version of its distributed client software on
April 4 in order to close a buffer overflow flaw that could allow hackers
to commandeer the computer systems of SETI@home volunteers.
SETI@home is a distributed computing project in which PC users
donate idle processing time to scan radio-telescope data for signs of
intelligent extraterrestrial transmissions. Three vulnerabilities:



The first one is the buffer overflow problem, to SETI@home in December,
which were not disclosed to the public until this past weekend.
Another flaw resides in the project servers that could allow a hacker to
breach the main servers and take advantage of all SETI@home clients.
The third flaw Wever alerted SETI@home to lies in the unencrypted data
the client sends to the server--such information revolves around the
computer that is running the client.
http://news.com.com/2100-1002-995801.html
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Loss from Hack Attacks
The cost of cyberattacks to U.S. businesses doubled to
$10 billion in 1999, according to estimates from the
Computer Security Institute (CSI). The research
group today is releasing the results of its survey of
643 large organizations, showing estimated losses of
$266 million in 1999 from cybercrime, which is more
than twice the amount lost in 1998.
- Los Angeles Times (03/22/00) P. C1; Piller, Charles
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A Hacker’s Story
 Kevin Mitnick - a famous hacker
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
arrested At 1:30 a.m., February 15, 1995
released on January 21, 2000
 What has he done?



Broke into LA Unified School District’s main computers when
he was in high school.
Accessed North American Air Defense Command computers
He is referred to as “electronic terrorist” for many computer
break-ins he has committed.
 More stories
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A True Story of Linux Hacking
 How the hacker did?

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Got the login for admin account
Delete netlog directory to prevent discovery
Load a DoS software bomb
Attack other computers using the bomb
 How it is discovered?


When it attacks someone caught it
A complaint is sent to Tech
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A True Story of Linux Hacking
From: roger rick [mailto:[email protected]]
Sent: Sunday, February 04, 2001 2:32 PM
To: [email protected]; [email protected]
Subject: Compromised Box?
I believe on of your systems on your subnet has been compromised and is
now running a eggdrop on IRC EFnet. A eggdrop is a client that is always
connected to the EFnet server and allows a user to get Operator status.
This eggdrop could result in DoS attacks on your server if the user makes
the right people angry.
ÚÄÄÄÄÄ---Ä--ÄÄÄ-ÄÄÄÄÄÄ---Ä--ÄÄ-ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ -- | H20B0NG ( [email protected] <mailto:[email protected]> )
³ ircname : ]real eyes realize real lies[
| channels : #shells
³ server
: irc.stanford.edu
ÀÄÄÄÄÄ---Ä--ÄÄÄ-ÄÄÄÄÄÄ---Ä--ÄÄ-ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ -- There is the bot and system information. If you are not concerned about
this, sorry for wasting your time. But it could result in downtime in
the long run. Look for a connection to a irc server on port 6667, It might
reveal the persons IP that is using your box to connect.
Thanks.
Business Data Communications,
Roger
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Security Threats - Type 1
Non-technical based threats and can be prevent
and protected using managerial approaches.
Typically, they are from disasters.
Nature disasters: flood, fire, earthquake, etc
Terror attacks
Criminal cases
Accidents by human error
Direct consequences:
 Destroying host computers or large sections of the
network.
 Damaging data storages




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How to prevent the losses
from type 1 threats?
 Discussion focus: If you were CIO for a
large company what you should do to
prevent the losses from a disaster from
a managerial point of view?
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Security Threats - Type 2
These are technical attacks. Need both technical and
managerial approaches to prevent and protect the
attacks.
 Destruction: Virus/Worm attacks
 Disruption: DoS (Denial of Service) and DDoS (Distributed
DoS) attack
 Unauthorized access: often viewed as hackers gaining access
to organizational data files and resources.


Most unauthorized access incidents involve employees. Serious
intruders could change files to commit fraud or theft, or destroy
information to injure the organization.
Story: Microsoft network was hacked in Oct. 2000
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Attacks: Passive vs. Active
 Passive Attacks


Eavesdropping and Monitoring
Targets: Electronic mail, file transfers, and
client/server exchanges
 Active Attacks



Modification of transmitted data
Attempts to gain unauthorized access to computer
systems
E.g. Modification, Hacking, Software bombing,
Disrupting
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Worm vs. Virus
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Red Alert Worm
 "'Code Red' Unleashed on Web"

Los Angeles Times (08/01/01) P. C3; Piller, Charles
A malicious computer worm is spreading over the Internet, causing
infected computers to search the Web to find more victims. Eventually
the Code Red worm, which only recently began its spread, will cause
its host computers to deluge the White House Web site with a barrage
of data. However, a previous version of the worm was released earlier
last month against the same White House target. That version also
defaced the Web sites hosted on the servers it infected with a
message claiming "Hacked by Chinese," though the Chinese
government has denied the worm originated in that country. Officials
at the White House have since used an address-change technique to
divert the data flow from Code Red computers, and the site will also
remain safe from the current version. Code Red, however, will
continue to spread, reaching its peak within 36 hours of its August 1st
release date, according to Internet Security Systems researcher Chris
Rouland. The worm is programmed to go dormant on August 28th.
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A True Story of Red Alert
Attack
 When: July 20, 2001
 Where: Dr. Lin’s Office
 What computer: 129.118.49.94, Windows 2000
Advanced Server
 How: Not known yet
 Who discovered the attack: someone using
DShield.org reported and sent BACS an email
 Symptoms:


When using asp scripts, the page displays: “Hacked by
Chinese”
A malicious program scans ports of other computer
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Security Attacks
Source
Destination
Normal
Normal Flowflow
Interruption
Interruption
Interception
Interception
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Modification
Modification
Masquerade
Fabrication
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How to protect your network
 Managerial approaches
 Technical approaches
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Preventing unauthorized
access
Preventing Unauthorized
Access
Approaches to preventing unauthorized access:







Developing a security policy
Developing user profiles
Strengthen physical security and software security
Securing dial-in service system
Fix security holes
Using firewall
Using encryption
A combination of all techniques is best to
ensure strong security.
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Securing Network Access
Points
What is a firewall: A router, gateway, or special
purpose computer that examines packets flowing into
and out of a network and restricts access to the
organization’s network.
Why using firewall: With the increasing use of the
Internet, it becomes important to prevent
unauthorized access to your network from intruders
on other networks.
Case Study: Attack to a firewall
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Securing Network Access
Points
Packet-level firewall:
 Examines the source and destination address of every
network packet that passes through it and only allows
packets that have acceptable source and destination
addresses to pass.
 Vulnerable to IP-level spoofing, accomplished by
changing the source address on incoming packets from
their real address to an address inside the organization’s
network.
 Many firewalls have had their security strengthened
since the first documented case of IP spoofing in
December 1994. Business Data Communications,
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*Spoof
 "Spoof" was a game invented in 1933 by an English comedian,
Arthur Roberts. Webster's defines the verb to mean (1) to
deceive or hoax, and (2) to make good-natured fun of. On the
Internet, "to spoof" can mean:



To deceive for the purpose of gaining access to someone else's
resources (for example, to fake an Internet address so that one
looks like a certain kind of Internet user)
To simulate a communications protocol by a program that is
interjected into a normal sequence of processes for the purpose of
adding some useful function
To playfully satirize a Web site.
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Application-level Firewall
Application-level firewall
 Acts as an intermediate host computer or gateway between the
Internet and the rest of the organization’s network.
 In many cases, needs special programming codes to permit the use
of application software unique to the organization.
Difference:
 packet-level firewalling - prohibits only disabled accesses
 application-level firewalling - permits only authorized accesses
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Proxy Server
Proxy server - the technology for firewalls
 Uses an address table to translate network addresses inside the
organizations into fake addresses for use on the Internet
(network address translation or address mapping). This way
systems outside the organization never see the actual internal
IP addresses.
 Is becoming the application-level firewall of choice.
Many organizations use a combination of packet-level and
application-level firewalls.
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Network Address Translation
(NAT)
 The process of translating between one set of private
addresses inside a network and a set of public
address outside the network.
 Transparent
 A NAT proxy server uses an address table to translate
the private IP addresses used inside the organization
into proxy IP address used on the Internet. It uses
the source port number in the TCP packet to a
unique number that it uses as an index into its
address table to find the IP address of the actual
sending computer in the internal network.
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*Proxy Server Features
Reverse hosting.
Reverse proxy.
Multi-protocol support.
Virtual private networking ability.
Application-level proxy
Circuit level proxy with SOCKS 4 client support and SOCKS 5 logic
policy support.
 Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) tunneling.
 Authentication.
 Enterprise security management such as LDAP based
user/group/password management for proxy authentication, Simple
Network Management Protocol (SNMP) support, etc.






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(Demilitarized Zone)
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DMZ
 Features:




Allows limited accesses to DMZ from the outside
(Using a packet level firewall)
Prevent unauthorized accesses to departmental
networks from the Internet (using a proxy server)
Allows full accesses to DMZ and the Internet from
internal networks
Limits inter-departmental accesses (using the
proxy server for each department)
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Network Eavesdropping
Another way to gain unauthorized access, where the
intruder inserts a listening device or computer into
the organization’s network to record messages.
Targets:


Network cables,
Network devices such as controllers, hubs, and bridges
Certain types of cable can impair or increase security by
making eavesdropping easier (i.e. wireless) or more
difficult (i.e. fiber optic).
Physical security of the network’s local loop and
interexchange telephone circuits is the responsibility
of the common carrier.
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Trojan Horse - A Malicious
Sniffer
A tiny program that runs on a workstation (PC
or Macintosh). In its simplest form, it simply
records every key pressed, including your
username and password when logging onto any
computer network.
Trojan Horse may steal the important security
information without awareness.
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Data encryption/decryption
Outline of Encryption
 Symmetric key encryption
 Public-key encryption
 Key management
 Digital signature
 Digital certificate
 Certificate authority
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Encryption
Encryption: A means of disguising information by the use of
mathematical rules known as algorithms to prevent
unauthorized access.
Five components to the algorithm
 Plaintext: The original readable message or data
 Ciphertext: encrypted message produced as output.



Encryption algorithm: Performs various substitutions and
transformations on the plaintext.
Secret key: Input to the encryption algorithm. Substitutions and
transformations performed depend on this key
Decryption algorithm: Encryption algorithm run in reverse. Uses
ciphertext and the secret key to produce the original plaintext.
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Using Encryption
Today, the U.S. government considers
encryption to be a weapon, and regulates its
export in the same way it regulates the
export of machine guns or bombs. The
government is also trying to develop a policy
called key escrow (key recovery), requiring
key registration with the government.
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Location of Encryption Devices
 Link encryption



Each vulnerable communications link is equipped on both
ends with an encryption device.
All traffic over all communications links is secured.
Vulnerable at each switch
 End-to-end encryption



the encryption process is carried out at the two end
systems.
Encrypted data are transmitted unaltered across the network
to the destination, which shares a key with the source to
decrypt the data
Packet headers cannot be secured
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Encryption Methods
 The essential technology underlying virtually
all automated network and computer security
applications is cryptography
 Two fundamental approaches are in use:


conventional encryption, also known as symmetric
encryption
public-key encryption, also known as asymmetric
encryption
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Conventional Encryption
Operation
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Conventional Encryption
Requirements & Weaknesses
 Requirements


A strong encryption algorithm
Secure process for sender & receiver to
obtain secret keys
 Methods of Attack


Cryptanalysis
Brute force
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Symmetric Key Encryption DES
Data encryption standard (DES):


A commonly used encryption algorithm.
Symmetric (the key used to decrypt a particular bit stream is
the same one used to encrypt it)
Symmetric algorithms can cause problem with key
management; keys must be dispersed and stored
carefully.
A 56-bit version of DES is the most commonly used
encryption technique today.
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Data Encryption Standard
(DES)
 Adopted in 1977, reaffirmed for 5 years in
1994, by NBS/NIST
 Plaintext is 64 bits (or blocks of 64 bits), key
is 56 bits
 Plaintext goes through 16 iterations, each
producing an intermediate value that is used
in the next iteration.
 DES is now too easy to crack to be a useful
encryption method
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Triple DEA (TDEA)
 Alternative to DES, uses multiple encryption
with DES and multiple keys
 With three distinct keys, TDEA has an
effective key length of 168 bits, so is
essentially immune to brute force attacks
 Principal drawback of TDEA is that the
algorithm is relatively sluggish in software
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Public-Key Encryption
 Based on mathematical functions rather than
on simple operations on bit patterns
 Asymmetric, involving the use of two
separate keys
 Misconceptions about public key encryption


it is more secure from cryptanalysis
it is a general-purpose technique that has made
conventional encryption obsolete
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Public-Key Encryption
Operation
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Public-Key Signature
Operation
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Characteristics of Public-Key
 Infeasible to determine the decryption key given
knowledge of the cryptographic algorithm and the
encryption key.
 Either of the two related keys can be used for
encryption, with the other used for decryption.
 Slow, but provides tremendous flexibility to perform a
number of security-related functions
 Most widely used algorithm is RSA, invented by Ron
Rivest, Adi Shamir and Len Adleman at MIT in 1977.
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Conventional Encryption
Key Distribution
 Both parties must have the secret key
 Key is changed frequently
 Requires either manual delivery of keys,
or a third-party encrypted channel
 Most effective method is a Key
Distribution Center (e.g. Kerberos)
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Public-Key Encryption
Key Distribution
 Parties create a pair of keys; public key is broadly
distributed, private key is not
 To reduce computational overhead, the following
process is then used:
1. Prepare a message.
2. Encrypt that message using conventional encryption with a
one-time conventional session key.
3. Encrypt the session key using public-key encryption with
recipient’s public key.
4. Attach the encrypted session key to the message and send it.
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Digital Signature
 An electronic message that can be used by someone
to authenticate the identity of the sender of a
message or of the signer of a document.
 Can also be used to ensure that the original content
of the message or document that has been conveyed
is unchanged.
 Additional benefits:

Easy transportation, not easily repudiated, not imitated by
someone else, and automatically time-stamped.
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Digital Signature Process
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Level 2 Encryption
Alice
Bob
Alice encrypts with
Bob’s public key
Bob decrypts with
his private key
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Public Key Certificates
1. A public key is generated by the user and submitted
to Agency X for certification.
2. X determines by some procedure, such as a face-toface meeting, that this is authentically the user’s
public key.
3. X appends a timestamp to the public key, generates
the hash code of the result, and encrypts that result
with X’s private key forming the signature.
4. The signature is attached to the public key.
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Certificate Authority
A certificate authority is a trusted organization that can
vouch for the authenticity of the person or
organization using authentication.
 A person wanting to use a CA registers with the CA and must provide some



proof of identify.
The CA issues a digital certificate that is the requestor's public key encrypted
using the CA's private key as proof of identify.
This certificate is then attached to the user's email or Web transactions in
addition to the authentication information.
The receiver then verifies the certificate by decrypting it with the CA's public key
-- and must also contact the CA to ensure that the user's certificate has not
been revoked by the CA.
 For higher level security certification, the CA requires that a unique “fingerprint”
(key) be issued by the CA for each message sent by the user.
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*VeriSign, Inc
 Headquartered in Mountain View, California, a
leading provider of Internet trust services
authentication, validation and payment - needed by
Web sites, enterprises, and e-commerce service
providers to conduct trusted and secure electronic
commerce and communications over IP networks.
 To date, VeriSign has issued over 215,000 Web site
digital certificates and over 3.9 million digital
certificates for individuals.
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*VeriSign
"Group Approves VeriSign's Control Over Web Addresses” Wall
Street Journal (04/03/01) P. B4; Bridis, Ted
In a 12-3 vote, ICANN's board approved its new deal with VeriSign, allowing the
company to retain control of the .com domain without divesting portions of its
business. By Dec. 2002, VeriSign will give up the .org domain, and the .net
domain will be surrendered at a later date, although VeriSign will have a chance
to bid for control of the .net domain. There were a few changes made to the
agreement. The $10,000 fee that registrars pay to VeriSign was dropped and
VeriSign now has to spend $200 million toward the research necessary to create
a directory of all domain names. Further, VeriSign must keep the registrar and
registry portions of its business separate or it will face fines. The U.S. Commerce
Department still has to approve the deal, and four members of Congress have
suggested that the Commerce Department "fully analyze" competitive concerns
stemming from the new deal. These suggestions, which were made by Reps.
(http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A35085-2001Apr3.html)
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Securing e-commerce
transactions
Secure Transactions for EPayment
Secure transactions must have at least the
following characteristics:
Confidentiality: others cannot eavesdrop on an exchange.
Integrity: the messages received are identical to the messages sent.
Authenticity: you are assured of the persons with whom you are making
an exchange.
Non-Repudiation: none of the involved parties can deny that the
exchange took place.
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Confidentiality
 The protection of transmitted data from
passive attacks: release of message contents,
and traffic analysis.

With respect to the release of message contents,
several levels of protection can be identified. The
broadest service protects all user data transmitted
between two users over a period of time.
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Authentication
 Authentication service is concerned with assuring
that a communication is authentic.



In the case of a single message, to assure the recipient that the
message is from the source that it claims to be from
In the case of an ongoing interaction, to assure that the two
entities are authentic
To assure that the connection is not interfered with in such a way
that a third party can masquerade as one of the two legitimate
parties for the purpose of unauthorized transmission and reception.
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Integrity
 The integrity service is applied particularly to
total stream protection.


In connection-oriented service, to assure
messages are received as sent, without
duplication, insertion, modification, recording, or
replays.
In connectionless service, generally provides
protection against message modification.
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Non-repudiation
 To prevent either sender or receiver from
denying a transmitted message.


The receiver can prove that the message was in
fact sent by the alleged sender.
The sender can prove that the message was in
fact received by the alleged receiver.
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How to prevent repudiation?
 What is repudiation: Denial of the
message previously sent
 Idea: keep the original message
encrypted using sender’s private key
 How: using digital signature
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Internet Security Architecture
PGP
S/MIME
SET
HTTP
S-HTTP
FTP
Application
oriented
SMTP
SSL or TLS
Transport
oriented
TCP
IP/IPSec
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IPSec
 Why IPSec?



In 1994, IAB (Internet Architecture Board) issued “Security in the
Internet Architecture” (RFC 1636)
In 1996, CERT’s annual report listed 8000 reported security
incidents affecting 4 million hosts, identifying IP spoofing attacks.
IAB proposed security features for IPv6, which are applicable to
IPv4. So came IPSec.
 IP Sec can secure communications across a LAN, WANs, and/or
the Internet
 Examples of use:




Secure branch office connectivity over the Internet
Secure remote access over the Internet
Establishing extranet and intranet connectivity with partners
Enhancing electronic commerce security
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Benefits of IPSec
 When implemented in a firewall or router, provides




strong security for all traffic crossing the perimeter
IPSec in a firewall is resistant to bypass
Runs below the transport layer (TCP, UDP) and so is
transparent to applications
Can be transparent to end users because it is under
transport layer
Can provide security for individual users if needed,
e.g. a remote access VPN for mobile users
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IPSec Functions
 IPSec provides three main facilities


authentication-only function referred to as
Authentication Header (AH)
combined authentication/encryption function
called Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
 Transport mode: protects upper-layer protocols, and is
for end-end communications; good for small networks
 Tunnel mode: protects entire IP packet, and is used
between two security gateways; more efficient for VPNs

a key exchange function
 Supports DES or other algorithms; HMAC, a
new scheme, is required for authentication.
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ESP Encryption &
Authentication
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IPSec Key Management
 Manual


System administrator (SA) manually configures each system
with its own keys and with the keys of other communicating
systems
Practical for small, relatively static environments
 Automated


Enables the on-demand creation of keys for SAs and
facilitates the use of keys in a large distributed system
Most flexible but requires more effort to configure and
requires more software
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Web Security
 Web Vulnerabilities
Unauthorized alteration of data at the Web site
 Unauthorized access to the underlying operating system at the Web
server
 Eavesdropping on messages passed between a Web server and a
Web browser
 Impersonation
 Securing the Web site itself




install all operating system security patches
install the Web server software with minimal system privileges
use a more secure platform
 Securing the Web application


Secure HyperText Transfer Protocol (S-HTTP)
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
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SSL & TLS
 Protocols that sit between the underlying transport
protocol (TCP) and the application
 Provides security at the “socket” level, just above the
basic TCP/IP service
 Can provide security for a variety of Internet services,
not just the WWW
 Secure Socket Layer (SSL)

Originated by Netscape
 Transport Layer Security (TLS)

TLS has been developed by a working group of the IETF,
and is essentially SSLv3.1
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SSL Implementation
 Focused on the initialization/handshaking to set up a
secure channel
 to negotiate on an acceptable protocol version. i.e., v2 or
v3,
 to select the appropriate set of cryptographic algorithms,
i.e., cipher and hash methods,
 to authenticate uni- or bi-directionally, and
 to securely distribute shared secrets.
 Digital signatures used in initialization are based on
RSA; after initialization, single key encryption
systems like DES can be used
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Simplified SSL Handshake
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Client sends request to connect
Server sends signed certificate
Client verifies certificate signer is in its acceptable Certificate
Authority (CA) list.
Client generates session key to be used for encryption and
sends it to the server encrypted with the server's public key
(from certificate received in step 2.)
Server uses private key to decrypt client generated session
key.
(Client HTTP Request and Server HTTP Response)
(References: 1 2)
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Recited from:
http://www.ececs.uc.edu/
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Secure Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (S-HTTP)
 The logical extension of HTTP.
 A method that is used to support the encryption and decryption
of specific WWW documents sent over the Internet.
 Uses RSA public-key encryption. A main use is expected to be
for online payments.
 Supported by America Online, CompuServe, IBM, Netscape,
Prodigy, SPRY (at http://www.spry.com, and now owned by
CompuServe), and Spyglass.
 Designed by Allan Schiffman, then at EIT (which is now working
with Terisa Systems).
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*PGP
 Pretty Good Privacy


A freeware public key encryption package
developed by Philip Zimmermann that is often
used to encrypt e-mail.
User post their public key on web pages, for
example, and anyone wishing to send them an
encrypted message simply cuts and pastes the key
off the web page in to PGP software, which
encrypts and sends the message.
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Secure Electronic Transactions
 SET is a payment protocol supporting the use
of bank/credit cards for transactions
 Supported by MasterCard, Visa, and many
companies selling goods and services online
 SET is an open industry standard, using RSA
public-key and DES single-key encryption
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Features of SET
1. Establishes industry standards to keep your order
and payment information confidential.
2. Increases integrity for all transmitted data through
encryption.
3. Provides authentication that a cardholder is a
legitimate user of a branded payment card account.
4. Provides authentication that a merchant can accept
branded payment card transactions through its
relationship with an acquiring financial institution.
5. Allows the use of the best security practices and
system design techniques to protect all
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E-Cash
 Created by David Chaum in Amsterdam in
1990
 Maintains the anonymity of cash transactions
 Users maintain an account with a
participating financial institution, and also
have a “wallet” on their computer’s hard drive
 Digital coins, or tokens, are stored in the
wallet
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Digital Wallet (SET)
 In the physical world, your wallet stores your credit
cards and cash. In the online world, your digital
wallet is installed as a plug-in to your web browser.
Like your real wallet, your digital wallet stores your
credit card number and your shipping information.
Unlike your real wallet, you need to the know the
secret "password" to use what's inside. Your wallet
implements the "encryption" that makes SET secure.
See Digital Wallet Demo
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Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
 Enables users of a public network to securely and
privately exchange data and money through the use
of a public and a private cryptographic key pair that
is obtained and shared through a trusted authority.
 Provides for a digital certificate that can identify an
individual or an organization and directory services
that can store and, when necessary, revoke the
certificates.
 Different vendors may adopt different approaches
and services. An Internet standard for PKI is being
worked on.
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PKI
 A public key infrastructure consists of:




A certificate authority (CA) that issues and verifies
digital certificate. A certificate includes the public
key or information about the public key
A registration authority (RA) that acts as the
verifier for the certificate authority before a digital
certificate is issued to a requestor
One or more directories where the certificates
(with their public keys) are held
A certificate management system
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Protecting the network from
the intrusion
Intrusion Detection System
Internet
Network-based
IDS Sensor
Internal
Subnet
Router
Firewall
Web Server
with host-based IDS
and application-based IDS
NAT
Proxy Server
with network-based IDS
Router
Switch
Internal
Subnet
Router
Switch
Mail Server
with host-based IDS
Network-based
IDS Sensor
DMZ
DNS Server
with host-based IDS
IDS Management
Console
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Detecting Unauthorized
Access
 Using Intruder Detection System (IDS).
There are three type of IDS:



Network-based
Host-based
Application-based
 Two techniques for IDS:


Misuse detection
Anomaly detection
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Computer forensics
 The use of computer analysis techniques to
gather evidence for criminal and/or civil trials
 Includes the following steps:




Identify potential evidence.
Preserve evidence by making backup copies and
use those copies for all analysis.
Analyze the evidence.
Prepare a detailed legal report for use in
prosecutions.
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*Computer Forensics
"Whodunnit?” Economist (03/31/01) Vol. 358, No. 8215, P. 73
Computer forensics--the tools and techniques used to find, keep, and analyze the digital
evidence from cybercrimes--is a field that is becoming more commercially viable by the day.
Computer forensics experts must search through data that is often encrypted or put in
graphics files in order to establish an "audit trail." Such experts are needed to combat the
growing popularity of programs on the Internet that enable a hacker to gain control of a
computer's operating system. With more and more computers attached to large networks,
and with few users taking anything more than minimal security precautions--if even that-hackers relying on these programs could easily have a field day employing ordinary users'
systems to mount sophisticated hacking attacks. However, there are now automated
investigation tools that can counter the hacking programs, such as Coroners Toolkit, which
speeds up and standardizes the digital-forensic examination process. A group of antihacking experts have even set up a network of "honeypots," vulnerable but unimportant
computers designed to lure hackers so that the experts can study their habits and
techniques.
http://www.economist.com/science/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=550004
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Entrapment - Honey-Pot
 A server that contains highly interesting fake
information available only through illegal intrusion to
“bait” or "entrap" the intruder and also possibly divert
the hacker's attention from the real network assets.
 The honey pot server has sophisticated tracking
software to monitor access to this information that
allows the organization and law enforcement officials
to trace and document the intruder’s actions. If the
hacker is subsequently found to be in possession of
information from the honey pot, that fact can be
used in prosecution.
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