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99學年台北藝術大學「數位生活 & Web2.0」 作業(2):文獻閱讀報告 Comparative Telecommunications Law Prof. Manheim Spring, 2007 Present by: 張宜婕 29962020 郭捷立 旁聽生 by Brendan P. Kehoe ZEN AND THE ART OF THE INTERNET A BEGINNER'S GUIDE TO THE INTERNET, FIRST EDITION, JANUARY 1992 Contents: Zen and the Art of the Internet ◦ Network Basics ◦ Domains ◦ Internet Numbers ◦ Resolving Names and Numbers Definitions(from ZDWebOpedia) ◦ Internet ◦ Circuit Switching ◦ Packet Switching ◦ TCP/IP ◦ Communications Protocol DNS DEMYSTIFIED Layers : Internet Architecture and the Law ◦ A. The Layers Principle ◦ B. Situating Layers Analysis 內容大綱說明 這是一篇跟Zen沒有關係的論文。 ◦ 根據檢索的結果,只有第一頁的標題有”Zen”的 字。 這是一篇關於網路概論的論文 Zen and the Art of the Internet You have at your fingertips the ability to talk in ‘‘real-time’’ with someone in any place. Speed up the learning process drastically The largest problem people face when first using a network is grasping all that's available. Domain Name(網域名稱) Domains ◦ The end of domain name :com, edu , gov, mil , net, org ◦ The country domain name : au: Australia, ca: Canada, fr : France, uk :The United Kingdom ◦ The ways to apply a domain name.(Click) ◦ More references(Click) FQDN(Fully Qualified Domain Name)是由「主 機名稱」與「網域名稱所組成」 ◦ EX: techart.tnua.edu.tw. Internet Numbers(IP) XXX . XXX . XXX . XXX 開始的前面兩個or 三個 represent the network that a system is on, called the subnet. ex : 台大的ip : 140.112.XXX.XXX IP 的管理者是 Network Information Center (NIC) 補充:有所謂的內部IP(區域網路內的)和外部IP (世界網域) IPv6: 2001:0db8:85a3:08d3:1319:8a2e:0370:7344 Definitions The Internet is decentralized by design, each Internet computer, called a host, is independent Internet Service Provider (ISP) (網際網路服務提供者) Definitions from ZDWebOpedia Circuit Switching Packet Switching ◦ Circuit-switching systems are ideal for communications that require data to be transmitted in real-time. ◦ Packet-switching networks are more efficient if some amount of delay is acceptable. Circuit-switching networks are sometimes called connection-oriented networks TCP/IP Communications Protocol ◦ rate of transmission (in baud or bps) ◦ whether transmission is to be synchronous or asynchronous ◦ whether data is to be transmitted in halfduplex or full-duplex mode DNS DEMYSTIFIED (簡易介紹DNS) Domain Naming Service (DNS), an Internet protocol and distributed database and database tree are root name servers. Domain Name has US and Non-US standard EX : connect to www.lantimes.com 1. Connect to TOP- level domains. 2. In top-level domain server contain the record of IP and the domain name. 3. Go to this most specific name server supplies the DNS server with the IP address Three-step process First, have your ISP inform the InterNIC that it is providing both primary and secondary DNS services for your organization. Second, your ISP will give you the numeric IP addresses of the primary and secondary DNS servers, which you'll need to configure your users' TCP/IP stacks. (do this by entering the information manually either at the desktop or at your Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server.) Finally, you need to tell your ISP about the DNS records that you wish to publish to allow outside users to interact with your network. EX : Mail Exchange (MX) Domain can have multiple MX records: Acme.com mail.acme.com 0 Acme.com mail2.acme.com 10 Acme.com mail.isp.net 100. 1. 一步一步地進行。從0 到100 進行。 Layers : Internet Architecture and the Law The Content Layer—the symbols and images that are communicated. The Application Layer—the programs that use the Internet, e.g. the Web. The Transport Layer—TCP, which breaks the data into packets. The Internet Protocol Layer—IP, handles the flow of data over the network. The Link Layer—the interface between users computers and the physical layer. The Physical Layer—the copper wire, optical cable, wireless devices, routers, etc. Laws: The layers are organized in a vertical hierarchy. 1. top-down 2. bottom-up. A.The Layers Principle B. Situating Layers Analysis A.The Layers Principle First, the principle of layer separation: Internet regulation should not violate or compromise the separation between layers designed into the basic architecture of the Internet. Second, the principle of minimizing layer crossing, minimize the distance between the layer at which the law aims to produce an affect and the layer directly affected by legal regulation. 作者用如何防止色情資訊(pornographic)的方式來做例子。 B. Situating Layers Analysis The first insight can be called the code thesis. The second insight can be called the end- to-end (E2E) principle(末端對末端法則). We shall show that analysis under layers framework uncovers certain general structural problems of a class of Internet regulation. We then introduce and explicate four key concepts (1) layer separation, (2) layer violating regulation, (3) layer crossing regulation, and (4) the substantial innocent use theorem.