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Chapter 51 Behavioral Ecology Teaching Objectives Introduction to Behavior and Behavioral Ecology 1. Define behavior. 2. Distinguish between proximate and ultimate questions about behavior. Ask a proximate question and an ultimate question about bird song. 3. Explain how the classical discipline of ethology led to the modern study of behavioral ecology. 4. Define fixed action patterns and give an example. 5. Define imprinting. Suggest a proximate cause and an ultimate cause for imprinting in young geese. Many Behaviors Have a Genetic Component 6. Explain how genes and environment contribute to behavior. Explain what is unique about innate behavior. 7. Distinguish between kinesis and taxis. 8. Distinguish between signal and pheromone. 9. Explain how Berthold’s research demonstrated a genetic basis for blackcap migration. 10. Describe Insel’s research on the genetic and physiological controls on parental behavior of prairie voles. Describe Bester-Meredith and Marler’s research on the influence of social behavior on parental behavior of California mice. Learning 11. Explain how habituation may influence behavior. 12. Describe Tinbergen’s classic experiment on spatial learning in digger wasps. 13. Distinguish between landmarks and cognitive maps. 14. Describe how associative learning might help a predator to avoid toxic prey. 15. Distinguish between classical conditioning and operant conditioning. 16. Describe an experiment that demonstrates problem solving in nonhuman animals. Behavioral Traits Can Evolve by Natural Selection 17. Explain how Hedrick and Riechert’s experiments demonstrated that behavioral differences between populations might be the product of natural selection. 18. Use an example to show how researchers can demonstrate the evolution of behavior in laboratory experiments. 19. Explain optimal foraging theory. 20. Explain how behavioral ecologists carry out cost-benefit analyses to determine how an animal should forage optimally. Explain how Zach demonstrated that crows feed optimally on whelks. 21. Explain how predation risk may affect the foraging behavior of a prey species. 22. Define and distinguish among promiscuous, monogamous, and polygamous mating relationships. Define and distinguish between polygyny and polyandry. 23. Describe how the certainty of paternity influences the development of mating systems. 24. Explain why males are more likely than females to provide parental care in fishes. 25. Suggest an ultimate explanation for a female stalk-eyed fly’s preference for mates with relatively long eyestalks. 26. Agonistic behavior in males is often a ritualized contest rather than combat. Suggest an ultimate explanation for this. 27. Explain how game theory may be used to evaluate alternative behavioral strategies. 28. Define inclusive fitness and reciprocal altruism. Discuss conditions that would favor the evolution of altruistic behavior. 29. Relate the coefficient of relatedness to the concept of altruism. 30. Define Hamilton’s rule and the concept of kin selection. Social Learning and Sociobiology 31. Define social learning and culture. 32. Explain why mate choice copying by a female may increase her fitness. 33. State the main premise of sociology. Student Misconceptions 1. Clarify to your students that proximate and ultimate questions are both legitimate approaches to the study of behavior. “How” (proximate) and “why” (ultimate) questions about animal behavior are related in their evolutionary basis. Proximate mechanisms were favored by natural selection because they produce behaviors that increase fitness in some way. 2. Provide examples to your students to show them that the answer to “nature or nurture?” is usually “nature and nurture.” 3. Students may have difficulty understanding that our genetic makeup influences human social behaviors, but does not rigidly determine that behavior. Some students may entirely discount the genetic basis of complex human behaviors. Other students may take the opposite view, imagining that there are single genes determining complex human behavioral traits such as depression, alcoholism, or overeating leading to obesity. Chapter Guide to Teaching Resources Overview: Studying behavior Concept 51.1 Behavioral ecologists distinguish between proximate and ultimate causes of behavior Transparencies Figure 51.3 Sign stimuli in a classic fixed action pattern Figure 51.4 Proximate and ultimate perspectives on aggressive behavior by male sticklebacks Figure 51.5 Proximate and ultimate perspectives on imprinting in graylag geese Figure 51.6 Imprinting for conservation Instructor and Student Media Resources Investigation: How can pillbug responses to environments be tested? Video: Ducklings Concept 51.2 Many behaviors have a strong genetic component Transparencies Figure 51.7 A kinesis and a taxis Figure 51.9 Minnows responding to the presence of an alarm substance Figure 51.10 Are the different songs of closely related green lacewing species under genetic control? Concept 51.3 Environment, interacting with an animal’s genetic makeup, influences the development of behaviors Transparencies Figure 51.12 How does dietary environment affect mate choice by female Drosophila mojavensis? Table 51.1 Influence of cross-fostering on male mice Figure 51.14 Does a digger wasp use landmarks to find her nest? Figure 51.15 Associative learning in zebrafish Instructor and Student Media Resource Video: Chimp cracking nut Concept 51.4 Behavioral traits can evolve by natural selection Transparencies Figure 51.19 Aggressiveness of funnel web spiders (Agelenopsis aperta) living in two environments Figure 51.20 Evolution of foraging behavior by laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster Figure 51.21 Evidence of a genetic basis for migratory orientation Concept 51.5 Natural selection favors behaviors that increase survival and reproductive success Transparencies Figure 51.22 Energy costs and benefits in foraging behavior Figure 51.23 Feeding by bluegill sunfish Figure 51.24 Risk of predation and use of foraging areas by mule deer Figure 51.28 Sexual selection influenced by imprinting Figure 51.31 Male polymorphism in the marine intertidal isopod Paracerceis sculpta Instructor and Student Media Resources Video: Snake wrestle ritual Video: Albatross courtship ritual Video: Blue-footed boobies, courtship ritual Video: Chimp agonistic behavior Video: Wolves, agonistic behavior Video: Giraffe courtship ritual Concept 51.6 The concept of inclusive fitness can account for most altruistic social behavior Transparencies Figure 51.34 The coefficient of relatedness between siblings Figure 51.35 Kin selection and altruism in Belding’s ground squirrel Figure 51.36 Mate choice copying by female guppies (Poecilia reticulata) Instructor and Student Media Resource Video: Bee pollinating For additional resources such as digital images and lecture outlines, go to the Campbell Media Manager or the Instructor Resources section of www.campbellbiology.com. Key Terms agonistic behavior altruism associative learning behavior behavioral ecology classical conditioning coefficient of relatedness cognition cognitive ethology cognitive map communication culture ethology fixed action pattern (FAP) foraging game theory habituation Hamilton’s rule imprinting inclusive fitness innate behavior kin selection kinesis landmark learning mate choice copying monogamous operant conditioning optimal foraging theory pheromone polyandry polygamous polygyny promiscuous proximate question reciprocal altruism sensitive period sign stimulus signal social learning sociobiology spatial learning taxis ultimate question Word Roots agon- 5 a contest (agonistic behavior: a type of behavior involving a contest of some kind that determines which competitor gains access to some resource, such as food or mates) andro- 5 a man (polyandry: a polygamous mating system involving one female and many males) etho- 5 custom, habit (ethology: the study of animal behavior in natural conditions) gyno- 5 a woman (polygyny: a polygamous mating system involving one male and many females) kine- 5 move (kinesis: a change in activity rate in response to a stimulus) mono- 5 one; -gamy 5 reproduction (monogamous: a type of relationship in which one male mates with just one female) poly- 5 many (polygamous: a type of relationship in which an individual of one sex mates with several of the other sex) socio- 5 a companion (sociobiology: the study of social behavior based on evolutionary theory)51-2 Instructor’s Guide for Campbell/Reece Biology, Seventh EditionChapter 51 Behavioral Ecology 51- 3 Instructor’s Guide for Campbell/Reece Biology, Seventh EditionChapter 51 Behavioral Ecology Edition Instructor’s Guide for Campbell/Reece Biology, Seventh