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Protocol Suites
Lecture 1
Protocol
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An agreed-upon format for transmitting data
between two devices.
Communication b/w Nodes
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Requires sending and receiving devices
Both devices must be configured for the
same protocol or there must be a
gateway to translate between the
protocols
Network Communication How
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Sending Device (Source)
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File/message is separated into smaller parts –
segments/packets/frames
Encapsulation - Headers including source and
destination addresses – logical and physical –
added to front of each part of the message as it
moves through the OSI layers; trailers sometimes
added – depending on the layer
Encapsulated data is sent through the source NIC
via the media to destination NIC.
Network Communication How
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Receiving Device (Destination)
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Bits input through destination NIC
Headers and trailers are stripped from the
data
Packets are reassembled into file/message
(data).
Data is passed to the specific application
Communication
Message to
send to
Workstation
B
Application
Application
Presentation
Presentation
Session
Session
Transport
Transport
Network
Network
Data Link
Data Link
Physical
Physical
Protocol Suite
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Groupings of protocols
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Examples:
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TCP/IP
IPX/SPX
Appletalk
Protocol Categories
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Application Protocols
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Transport Protocols
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Facilitate client functions
Map to the top three layers of OSI
Facilitate communication between nodes
Maps to Layer 4
Network Protocols
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Facilitates addressing for communication between
nodes
Maps to Layer 3
Suites
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TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
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IPX/SPX – Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange
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Proprietary – Novell
Routable
AppleTalk
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Most popular
Available for all platforms and OS
Open source (non-proprietary)
Routable
Proprietary – Macintosh
Routable
NetBEUI – Net Bios Extended User Interface

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Non-routable
Good for a simple LAN or peer to peer network
TCP/IP Protocol Suite

FTP – File Transfer Protocol (AP)
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TFTP – Trivial File Transfer Protocol (AP)

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Processing using a remote server
Terminal emulation
TCP – Transmission Control Protocol (TP)
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Sending mail from a mail server
Telnet – Telecommunication Network (AP)
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Monitoring network resources
SMTP – Simple Mail Transport Protocol (AP)
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Transferring files very quickly (no error checking; uses UDP)
SNMP – Simple Network Management Protocol (AP)
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Transferring files (downloading/uploading)
Connection-oriented
Responsible for reliable end (node) to end (node) connectivity
Provides error detection and handling
UDP – User Datagram Protocol (TP)
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Connectionless
Fast
No error checking
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
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IP – Internet Protocol (NP)
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ARP – Address Resolution Protocol (NP)
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Source node knows IP address of destination node; needs MAC address. Sends
broadcast on network. Node with matching IP responds with its MAC address.
ICMP – Internet Control Message Protocol (NP)
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Connectionless (depends on TCP for reliability)
Logical addressing and best path selection
Provides information regarding errors
PING makes use of ICMP to test connectivity
TRACERT
DNS – Domain Name Service (NP)
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Translates named nodes to their IP addresses
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Example: Dilleelt is my computer’s name; IP address is 10.19.9.16
RARP – Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (NP)
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Source node knows destination MAC address; needs IP address. Sends request.
TCP/IP Suite Mapped to OSI Layers
Application
FTP
TFTP Telnet SMTP DNS SNMP
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
TCP
UDP
HTTP
Unique
address
IP Addressing
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IP address for each node must be unique
Four bytes (bytes called octets)
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10.9.19.3 might be a node address
10.0.0.0 would be the network address
The first 10 in 10.9.19.3 corresponds to the network in this
example.
Subnet mask identifies which part of the IP address
refers to the network address and which part to the
node.
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11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 (binary subnet
mask)
255.0.0.0 would be the subnet mask
IP Address Classes
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Businesses are assigned network IP
addresses by IANA – Internet Assigned
Numbers Authority - depending on the
size of the business.
Class A – very large businesses such as
the US government
Class B – large businesses
Class C – medium sized businesses
IP Class Addresses & S/N
Masks
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The first number of the network
address identifies the network class
Class A: 1 – 126
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Class B: 128 – 191
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S/N mask: 255.0.0.0
S/N mask: 255.255.0.0
Class C: 192 – 223
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S/N mask: 255.255.255.0