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Wireless Technologies
Group Presentation by:
Kevin Shaffer
Jill Young
Dana Wiggins
David White
Robert Hambly
Ali Abedin
Douglas Newton
Kamal Al-Nasser
Kofi Frimpong
Standards
Bluetooth
Wireless Personal Area Networks
Business Sector Applications
Government Applications
Network Challenges
Security
Costs
Future of Wireless
Wireless Standards
Kevin Shaffer
Standardization
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Increases
competition and
lowers prices
Provides
interoperability
Improves selection
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Formal Standards
Process is Slow
Collaboration may
appear to violate
anti-trust laws
Collusion may occur,
but not be caught
Influential Groups
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IEEE
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http://www.ieee.org/
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ANSI
http://www.itu.int/
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http://www.ansi.org/
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ISO
UL
http://www.ul.com/
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FCC
http://www.fcc.gov/
WiFi Alliance
http://www.wi-fi.org/
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http://www.iso.ch/
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ITU
WLANA
http://www.wlana.org/
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IETF
http://www.ietf.org/
IEEE Wireless Standards
802 Series of Standards for Networking
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802.11 WiFi
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a, b, e, g, i
802.15 WPAN
802.16 BBWA
Local Area Networking
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802.11b
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802.11g
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11 Mbps top speed, subject to distance and
interference (raw data rate)
CSMA/CA
2.4 GHz spectrum, public, microwaves, cordless
phones
54 Mbps, compatible with ‘b’
802.11a
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54 Mbps, 5 GHz, also public spectrum
Initiatives in Standardization
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Implementing security for WLAN
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802.1X
EAP
No. of Channels depend on allocations
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Japan 14 channels
Europe 13
US 11
Personal Area Networks
PANs and WPANs
Jill Young
Background
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The term personal area network (PAN) is meant to describe
interconnecting personal devices: notebooks, cell phones,
personal digital assistants (PDAs)
Untethered version => WPAN, can be viewed as a “personal
communications bubble around a person. Within this bubble,
which moves as a person moves around, personal devices can
connect to one another.” 1
WPAN => mobile (versus, WLAN => portable) WPAN
connection lasts only as long as it is needed; has a finite
lifespan. Connections created by a mobile device are ad hoc
and temporary; previous or future connections may or may not
resemble devices to which it was or will be connected.
Example: notebook computer may connect to a PDA for a
moment; then to a digital camera; then to a cell phone; later it
may connect to several of these devices simultaneously
WPAN Architecture
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IEEE Std. 802.15.1-2002
Based on the Bluetooth™ specifications (Bluetooth is an
industry specification for short-range radio frequency
(RF)-based connectivity for portable personal devices)
Defines the lower transport layers [(Logical Link Control
and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP), Link Manager Protocol
(LMP), baseband, and radio] of the Bluetooth™ wireless
technology.
The IEEE 802.15.1 Task Group has reviewed and
provided a standard adaptation of the Bluetooth
specifications (version 1.1) medium access control (MAC)
sublayer of the data link layer (DLL) and physical layer
(PHY) (radio)
Bluetooth WPAN
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Technology uses a short-range radio link optimized for
small, lightweight devices
Supports synchronous for telephony-grade voice
communication and asynchronous communication
channels for data communication
Operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band, 1600 hops/s using 79
slotted channel packets of 625 ms duration. Each packet
is transmitted on a different frequency in the hopping
sequence. A packet nominally covers a single slot, but
can be extended to three or four. (Figure follows for a
general format for a single slot payload).
Full duplex is enabled with a fast time division duplex
(TDD) scheme
Topology - Piconet
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Can link to 8 devices; Can link to other piconets to form a
larger network.
Master/Slave relationship - One device designated as the
piconet master and the other devices are slaves.
The master controls the piconet, scheduling frequencies and
access control used by the master and the slaves.
All messages are sent from a slave to the master and from
the master to a slave. The slaves do not communicate directly
with each other.
All devices share the same frequency ranges so the network
behaves in the same manner as a shared bus topology.
The master controls which channel will be used, so the
master and the slave with which it is communicating are
synchronized so that they both know which frequencies will
be used at which point.
WPAN
Dana Wiggins
WPAN
A Wireless Personal Area Network is a
system that allows independent data
devices within mutual communication.
(Braley, R., Gifford, I., & Heile, R., 2000)
WPAN
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Personal Network
Provides Connection Infrastructure
Handles Interactions Between digital
Devices
(Heile, 2000)
WPAN
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Worldwide 2.4 GHz ISM Band
10 Meters in Diameter Range
Range can be extended to 100 meters
(Braley, R., Gifford, I., & Heile, R., 2000)
WPAN
Disadvantages
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Less Available Power
Association Problem
Reduced Data Rates
(Fiskin, K., Partridge, K., & Chatterjee, S., 2002)
WPAN
The Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE) has
increased the speed of Wireless
Personal Area Networks from 1MBps to
55MBps.
(IEEE Increases Speeds for WPAN Networks, 2003)
WPAN
Speed Increase From 1MBps to 55MBps
"We created the standard in response to the strong
demand from end users and manufacturers who
want to interconnect portable devices without
undue expense yet transfer multimedia, still digital
images and audio content in home networks,'' said
Robert F. Heile, IEEE 802.15 working group chair.
(IEEE Increases Speeds for WPAN Networks, 2003)
Corporate Wireless
Applications and Initiatives
David T. White
Overview of Industry Utilization
and Implementations
Corporate Deployments – Strong demand, lagging use
University Campus - Represents the highest daily usage
Public Retail Usage – Continued growth, next largest
Home Wireless - Currently the smallest user base
Hewlett-Packard Co.
Implementations:
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Company-Wide Deployment Internally
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Wireless Access Point Deployment in Common Areas
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Performance: 11Mbps for a Range of 150 Feet
Device Type Usage:
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Notebooks
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PDA’s (IPAQ)
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Blackberry
Hewlett-Packard Co. cont.
Implementation Benefits and Detail:
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Limited Hardwiring Needed
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Immediate Information When Mobile
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Reduced Response Times for Support Teams
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Single Signon (Same as Primary Account)
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Seamless Roaming (Inside Buildings)
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On-Campus Access Limitations
Starbucks
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Infrastructure from Compaq / HP
T-Mobile ISP Access Accounts
Wireless access in over 2000 locations
VPN company access if available
Limitations on IM Security
Consumer Wireless Access Points
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3044 Access Points
Account Cost $29.00
Locations:
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Borders Books (1000 Locations)
Starbucks (2300 Locations)
American Airlines Clubs (500 Locations)
Access Point Distribution
Government Applications
Robert Hambly
The Basics
Mobile, Wireless, Mobile-Wireless
Mobile – capable of moving or being moved.
Wireless – without wires.
Almost all mobile devices are wireless, but
wireless devices are not always mobile.
30% of Federal Government Employees are Mobile
2004 – 60% of Federal Government Employees carry
or own three (3) mobile devices.
2004 – USASOC (5/7)
E-Government
2004 – 6 Billion Wireless Devices (PDA, computers,
phones, GPS, etc.)
Third World Nations – Bypassing Wired Connections
University of Maryland Center for e-Service and
Rockbridge Associates (Peoples’ Choice – Government
Web Sites)
E-Government Strategy Report (OMB-2002) –
“primary focus of the ‘expanding E-Government’
initiative is on citizen service – to make it easy for
citizens to obtain services…”
E-Government Technology Requirements
Ubiquitous Interactivity
Mobile and Wireless
Handy and Available
Personal (tracked to an individual vs. department)
Location Aware (tracking when on)
Technology Implications
Accessibility – access to Government services and
agencies at any time and from any place.
Individuals can be targeted specifically and reached
by a Government agency instantaneously.
Global War On Terrorism (GWOT).
Invasion of Privacy.
Strategies for Successful Wireless Adoption
Dependent on Four (4) Factors:
Extent of Mobility in Target Segment
Information Access Needs
Security/Privacy Requirements
Technology Readiness of the Target Segment
Harvest the “Low Hanging Fruit”
“Low Hanging Fruit”
Sacramento Police Department: 800MHz radio
network allowing data networking and helicopter video
downlink.
New Jersey Parking Enforcement: Hand-held devices
print parking tickets and send information directly to
DMV database.
Edmonton, Alberta: Building Inspectors use mobile
devices to enter inspection reports directly into
database.
Centers for Disease Control (CDC): GPS-equipped
devices collect data on bio-terrorism related incidents.
Network Challenges
Ali Abedin
Current Wireless LAN Challenges
Security Challenges
Roaming User Challenges
Configuration Challenges
Current Wireless LAN Challenges
Security Challenges
Infrastructure Vulnerability to potential data thief.
Service Set Identifier (SSID) is a weak security.
 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) algorithm lacks a
key management protocol.
Current Wireless LAN Challenges
Roaming User Challenges
Maintaining Network Connectivity.
Network Access Permissions across
subnets.
Current Wireless LAN Challenges
Configuration Challenges
Multiple different network configurations
References
White Paper by Tom Fount, Microsoft Corporation, Published:
July 2001, Retrieved from World Wide Web: 04/15/2003.
http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/pro/techinfo/planning/wi
relesslan/default.asp
The Wireless LAN Alliance: www.alan.com
The Wireless LAN Association (WLANA): www.wlana.org
Wireless Networking Security
Douglas Newton
Wireless Networking Security
Service Set Identifier (SSID):
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The SSID, also called the network name, ensures
that only wireless network devices configured with
the same SSID are permitted access to the
network.
The SSID name is included in the header of every
data packet broadcast in the wireless network’s
coverage area.
Wireless Networking Security
MAC filtering:
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MAC address filtering is a mechanism that limits
user access to the wireless network.
Access to the wireless network is limited based on
the physical, hard-wired address of the units’
wireless network adapter.
A table stored in the wireless access point lists the
MAC addresses that are permitted to participate in
the wireless network.
Wireless Networking Security
Wireless Equivalency Privacy (WEP) encryption:
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WEP encryption must be enabled to ensure that
data is secured while in transit over the airwaves.
It uses standard 40-bit encryption to scramble
data packets.
WEP provides a level of authentication based on
the wireless node’s MAC address.
It works on the Data Link layer and the Physical
layer of the OSI model.
Wireless Networking Security
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA):
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WPA serves as a sort of security protocol upgrade
to WEP-enabled devices.
It offers security enhancements such as an
encryption key integrity-checking feature and user
authentication through the industry-standard
Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP).
Wireless Cost and
Business Justification
Kamal Al-Nasser
Wireless Cost and
Business Justification
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Overall driver is to lower TCO.
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Initial construction of network
environments.
Ongoing maintenance.
Increase end-user and IT productivity.
Wireless Cost Case Study
Interviews for this study were conducted with wireless
LAN users in the following industries:
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Education: In-building K-12, University/College
connectivity, Healthcare (Point of Care)
Manufacturing:Production, Distribution,
Maintenance, Shipping, Receiving.
Retail: Point of Sale
Financial/Office –Automation: Stock Exchange,
Banking, Consulting
http://wlana.org/learn/roi.htm
Wireless Cost Case Study
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Real-Time Access to Information. One of
the consistent findings of this study was:
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How end-users benefited from real-time
information.
97% of respondents said they either strongly
agree or agree that the wireless LAN contributed
to the speed in which they completed a task
requiring real-time or near real-time access to
information.
Wireless Cost Case Study
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89% of the companies experienced a successful
implementation.
92% of respondents interviewed believe there is a
definite economic and business benefit after
installation.
92% of respondents reported that they will continue
to deploy wireless technology in their network through
2000 because of the benefits experienced by end
users and/or IT staff.
Payback was less than one year, across all industries
surveyed.
The survey combines both telephone and written responses from 34 organizations
Wireless Cost Case Study
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The percentages for wireless LAN expenses,
by category, were as follows:
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WLAN Hardware/End User Devices: 50%
Monthly expenses: 1%%
Management expenses: 16%
Application development expenses: 16%
Outsourcing: 16% Downtime: 1%
Wireless Cost Case Study
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With large investments in wireless LAN
technology at approximately $300,000 to $4.2
million dollars per year
Organizations implementing an average of
300 client cards reaped annual savings of up
to $4.9 million, which translated into per user
savings of $15,989.
Across all industries, the wireless LAN paid for
itself within 12 months time.
Future of Wireless
Kofi Frimpong
Wi-Fi: Wireless Technology That Matters
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Future Outlook
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Wi-Fi technology, also called 802.11, provides high-speed wireless Internet
access in many locations around the world called Hotspots, including airports,
cafes, corporate offices, universities, factories and homes.
Providers: Boingo Wireless, HereUAre Communications, Joltage, FatPort, and Surf
and Sip. T-Mobile and AT&T Wireless have joined and Sprint PCS and Verizon
Wireless say it is an important part of their 3G wireless strategy.
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Eg. Starbucks, Newark Liberty airport; McDonalds in Idaho ( http://www.iwifi-here.com/WiFiLocations.htm)
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Recent test – Airport WiFi tested at 205MPH (330kph)in Tokyo by NEC
(http://www.macworld.co.uk/news/main_news.cfm?NewsID=7114)
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Wi-Fi Growth Predictions - Standards
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802.11g – variant of 802.11a but uses same 2.4 GHz frequency as current WiFi
802.11i - addresses security weaknesses inherent to the technology
802.11h – aimed at meeting regional needs. Will add some capabilities to
802.11a that allows it to meet certain frequency-regulation requirements in
Europe.
802.11j – Also aimed at meeting regional needs. Will adapt 802.11a for
Japan.
Wi-Fi: Wireless Technology That Matters
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Wi-Fi Hardware Solutions
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future developments will be shaped by the following issues:
(1) the continued growth and evolution of dual-mode 2.4/5GHz capable
equipment,
(2) Intel’s ability to push outs its Banias mobile platform, which includes a WiFi mini-PCI solution, and
(3)the shift toward 802.11g as the preferred 2.4 GHz WLAN technology.
IOGear – the connectivity and peripheral specialist, current and future
products. http://www.iogear.com/
Wireless-G USB 2.0 Flex
Adapter
Rotates 300 degrees in any
direction and pivots 180
degrees for optimum
reception.
Plugs into the USB port to
leave your CardBus slots
free for other devices.
Wireless-G Notebook Network
Card
Low profile antenna leaves room
for other Card Bus connections to
operate simultaneously.
Software Access Point included for
systems running Windows XP.
Wireless-G Broadband Gateway/Print
Server
An all-in-one wireless access point,
router and print server for both small
and home office users.
Surf the Internet, share files, chat with
your friends, and print... Wirelessly!
Wireless Metropolitan-Area Networking(WiMAN)
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WirelessMAN
 IEEE 802.16(a) enable computers to
communicate wirelessly over kilometers
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WiMAX Forum – Industry group of about
25 companies including Intel and Nokia
formed to promote the new technology.
Compatible product should be available
by end of 2004.
VOIP on WLANs
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VOIP involves implementing digital voice telephony over an Internet Protocol
(IP) connection, typically a LAN, or the interconnection of LANs carrying voice
traffic via WANs.
Point-to-point and all-IP through a network connection, or gateways can be
used to convert between VOIP signals and traditional telephone
conversations.
“Point Coordination Function” mechanism of 802.11 standard is being
improved by IEEE 802.11e Working Group to further enhance the
performance of time-bounded packets within a wireless LAN.
Analyst predict VOIP on WLANS will be major driver of WLANS installations over
next couple of years.
VOIP product already exists from
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Cisco (Cisco Wireless IP Phone 7920 – uses IEEE 802.11b -
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/phones/ps379/ps5056/index.html )
Spectralink (Netlink e340 and i640 Wireless Telephones - http://www.spectralink.com/)
Telesym(SymPhone System– Delivers high-quality voice communication on Laptops,
PCs and Pocket PC mobile devices with 802.11 wireless IP networks). Available
http://www.telesym.com/.
Wireless Network Initiatives
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Wireless for the Disabled (Technology Review: MIT ‘s mag., Dec. ’03/Jan. ‘04)
Researchers at the Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center on Mobile Wireless
Technologies for Persons with Disabilities at the Georgia Institute of Technology are
adapting wireless technology to aid millions of disabled people worldwide. Target is
on wireless aids for mobility, vision, and hearing impairments.
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Pharmacy on a chip 
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Captioning device – movie theatres: PDA’s, mini monitor on eye glasses,
Remote Gesture Controls – Will allow the manipulation of switches and buttons with a wave
of a hand.
Audio Navigator – Will help the vision impaired using a GPS sensor mounted with
preprogrammed routes.
an under-skin pharmacy on a microchip
Chip has tiny reservoirs that can hold different types of medicine as well as
varying doses of the same medicine
Can be programmed to release drugs at specific time intervals, and it could
also change the way we think about medical recording.
Upcoming Events
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Wi-Fi Planet Conference & Expo, December 2 - 5, 2003 at the McEnery Convention Center
in San Jose, Calif., where Margaret LaBrecque, marketing manager in Intel's Broadband
Wireless division and the president of the WiMax Forum, will discuss how WiMax will work in
conjunction with 802.11 in a panel called "Fatter Wireless Pipes: How do they Fit into the WiFi Landscape.
References
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Beyond patches and pills: the remarkable future of drug delivery. Available:
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2002-11/acs-bpa112502.php. Last
modified November 25, 2002.
Genesis Of An Anthill: Wireless Technology And Self-Organizing Systems
http://www.acm.org/ubiquity/views/e_andersen_8.html
IEEE Advances Wirelesss MAN Standard. Available: http://www.wifiplanet.com/news/article.php/1577591. Last modified January 31, 2003
McDonald’s WiFi Locations in Idaho. Available
http://www.iwifi.us/hotspots/mcdonalds-wifi-locatiions-in-Idaho.htm
VOIP on WLANs. http://wireless.itworld.com/4285/031030voip1/page_1.html.
Last modified October 31, 2003.
WiMAX: The Critical Wireless Standard. Available:
http://www.arcchart.com/pr/blueprint/pdf/BluePrint_WiFi_REPORT_I.pdf.
Last modified October 2003
Wireless for the Disabled. Available: Technology Review (MIT). December
2003/January 2004.
Wireless Technologies
Thank You