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Bluetooth and Wireless LAN
Technology Primer
and Mobile Products
September 2001
David Conway-Jones
Technology Consultant,
IBM EMEA Pervasive Computing
email: [email protected]
IBM Wireless e-business
•Introduction
•Positioning of PAN/LAN/WAN
•Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and 802.11
•Personal Area Networks (PAN) and Bluetooth
•Future Wireless Technologies
•IBM Mobile Wireless Technology
IBM Wireless e-business
Penetration of Technology
Opportunities for Connection
Servers
ConectdInter
PCs and
Desktops
Mobiles
60% penetration in UK
TV - approx 1 per home
White Goods, Entertainment Systems, Toys,
Cars, Infrastructure, etc - multiple per home
IBM Wireless e-business
Geography
Nomenclature
Off-campus
(Open areas)
On-campus
(Office, School, Airport, Hotel)
Person Space
(office, briefcase, person)
Wireless Technology
Cellular
WAN
(Kilometers)
802.11b
LAN
PAN
(10’s-100’s of meters)
Bluetooth
(meters to 10’s of meters)
IBM Wireless e-business
Augment Wired LANs
Infrastructure
LAN Access Point
Peer-to-peer
collaboration
Ad hoc
1. Wireless Local Area Networks
(WLAN)
2. WLAN Components
3. IEEE 802.11 ?
4. Mixing Vendor Equipment
5. Wireless and wired LAN
interoperability
6. WLAN Range
7. Access Points
8. Roaming
9. Using a WLAN to Interconnect
two LANs
10. WLAN Scenarios
11. Security
12. Technology Comparisons
IBM Wireless e-business
Worldwide WLAN Sales ($ in Millions)
IBM Wireless e-business
•Two or more computers connected wirelessly using
standard network protocols
•The current buzzword however generally refers to
wireless LANs (WLAN).
•Controlled by a standards committee (IEEE 802.11)
•WLAN solutions for:
•Business
•Education
•Applications where network wiring is impossible
•Warehousing
•Point-of-sale handheld equipment.
IBM Wireless e-business
There are two kinds of wireless networks:
1) An ad-hoc, or peer-to-peer wireless networks
•Each computer communicates directly with each
other to: send files, share printers, work
collaboratively
•They may not be able to access wired LAN
resources, unless one of the computers acts as a
bridge to the wired LAN using special software.
2) Infrastructure wireless networks (access
points, hardware or software)
•Access point acts like a hub, providing
connectivity for the wireless computers.
It can connect (or "bridge") the wireless
LAN to a wired LAN, allowing wireless
computer access to LAN resources,
such as file servers or the Internet.
IBM Wireless e-business
Dedicated hardware access points (HAP)
Wired
Client
Wired Network
Wireless
Clients
Access Point
Wireless Network
Server
IBM Wireless e-business
Software Access Points which run on a computer equipped
with a wireless network interface card as used in an ad-hoc
or peer-to-peer wireless network
Wireless
Client
Software
Access Point
Wired
Client
Wired Network
Wireless Network
Server
Wireless
Client
IBM Wireless e-business
•Wireless networking hardware requires the use of
underlying technology that deals with radio
frequencies as well as data transmission.
•The most widely used standard is 802.11 produced
by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
(IEEE).
•This is a standard defining all aspects of Radio
Frequency Wireless networking.
•802.11 was ratified in 1997 at speeds of 1- 2 Mb/s
•The 802.11b extension runs at 1, 2, 5.5 and 11 Mb/s
IBM Wireless e-business
•802.11a is a proposed spec running in the 5GHz
IBM band with speeds of 54Mb/s scheduled for
2002
•But range is less (more like 10m)
•The 802.15 Coexistence Task Group is
addressing interoperability between low-power
wireless devices (Bluetooth) and 802.11b.
Completion is scheduled for 2001
•IBM is a member of 802.11 and 802.15
IBM Wireless e-business
•Because most wireless networking hardware
vendors support the 802.11 standard they can interoperate.
•Verification is recommended because there are
two different modulation techniques:
•Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
•Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
•They are not interoperable.
•When purchasing wireless networking hardware
from separate vendors be sure to obtain
guarantees from the vendors that the hardware will
inter-operate and follows the standards.
IBM Wireless e-business
•Within a short time all new wireless cards, like Ethernet
cards, will become inexpensive, ubiquitous and totally
interoperable.
•The latest version of the standard (802.11b) defines
11mbps with support for the older standard of 1mbps and
2mbps speeds. This provides compatibility with different
or older equipment.
•Note that this new standard covers DS-type Networks,
not FH types.
•At this point mixing Access Points is not
recommended, unless it has the Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)
logo from WECA (Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Association)
IBM Wireless e-business
•The Access Point acts as a “Bridge” between the
wireless and wired networks
•Hardware access points are available with various
types of network interfaces, such as Ethernet or
Token Ring
•Software access point
may also be used
IBM Wireless e-business
• Each access point has a finite range
• The distance varies depending upon the
environment; indoor, outdoor, building construction.
• Operating at the limits of the range reduces
performance.
• Typical indoor ranges are 20-50 meters, outdoor are
100-200 meters
• Longer ranges are possible; performance will
degrade with distance.
• Using multiple Access Points will extend the range
IBM Wireless e-business
•Inexpensive access points have a
recommended limit of 10
•More expensive access points support up to
100 wireless connections.
•Using more computers than recommended will
degrade performance and reliability
•Multiple access points can be connected to a
wired LAN, or to a second WLAN.
•Functions vary by manufacturer
IBM Wireless e-business
•A wireless computer can
"roam" from one access point
to another
•Completely transparent to the
user
•Some access point
configurations require
security authentication when
swapping access points,
usually in the form of a
password dialog box.
•Access points are required to
have overlapping wireless
areas to achieve this.
IBM Wireless e-business
•WLAN offers a cost-effective solution to users with difficult
physical installations such as:
•campuses
•hospitals
•businesses with more than
one location in immediate
proximity but separated by
public thoroughfare.
•This type of installation requires
two access points.
•Each access point acts as a bridge or
router connecting its own LAN to the
wireless connection.
•The wireless connection allows the two access points to
communicate
with each other, and therefore interconnect the two LAN's.
IBM Wireless e-business
•Mobile users, both on and off “campus”
•Where physical wiring is difficult or impossible
•Connecting small groups to a larger work
environment.
•Wireless networking in these environments is a
very cost effective alternative
•Temporary wireless LANs can easily be created for
exhibitions, school or business projects, all without
any trailing cabling.
IBM Wireless e-business
•Potential security issues; physical access not required.
•802.11 wireless communications cannot be received
nor decoded by simple scanners or short wave
receivers.
•However, eavesdropping is possible using special
equipment.
•802.11 WLAN have a function called WEP (Wired
Equivalent Privacy); a form of encryption.
•Access Points can control access via unique MAC
addresses.
•Virtual Private Networking (VPN) techniques will work
over wireless networks in the same way as traditional
wired networks. This is the best approach.
IBM Wireless e-business
WLAN Security: SSID
•Network access control can be implemented using
an SSID associated with an AP or group of APs.
•The SSID provides a mechanism to "segment" a
wireless network into multiple networks serviced by
one or more APs.
•Each AP is programmed with an SSID
corresponding to a specific wireless network.
•To access this network, client computers must be
configured with the correct SSID.
•The SSID acts as a simple password
IBM Wireless e-business
WLAN Security: MAC Filtering
•A client computer can be identified by the unique MAC
address of its 802.11 network card.
•Each AP can be programmed with a list of MAC
addresses associated with the client computers
allowed to access the AP.
•If a client's MAC address is not included in this list,
the client is not allowed to associate with the AP.
•MAC address filtering provides good security, but is
best suited to small networks.
•Each AP must be manually programmed with a list of
MAC addresses, and the list must be kept up-to-date.
IBM Wireless e-business
WLAN Security: WEP
•WEP provides encrypted communication
•All clients and APs on a wireless network use the same key
•The key resides in the client computer and in each AP
•Support for WEP is standard
•WEP specifies the use of a 64-bit encryption key
•Implementations of non-Wi-Fi 128-bit key encryption exists
•The 802.11 standard does not specify a key management
protocol, so all keys on a network must be managed manually
IBM Wireless e-business
WLAN Security: VPN
•A VPN solution for wireless access is the most
suitable alternative to WEP and MAC address filtering.
•VPN solutions are already widely deployed to provide
remote workers with secure access to the network via
the Internet.
•In this remote user application, the VPN provides a
secure, dedicated path (or "tunnel") over an "untrusted"
network-in this case, the Internet.
•Various tunneling protocols are used in conjunction
with standard, centralized authentication solutions,such
as Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service
(RADIUS) servers.
IBM Wireless e-business
WLAN Security: VPN
•VPN technology can also be used for secure wireless access; the
"untrusted" network is the wireless network.
•The APs are configured for open access with no WEP
encryption, but wireless access is isolated from the enterprise
network by the VPN server and a VLAN between the APs and the
VPN servers.
•The APs should still be configured with SSIDs for segmentation.
•Authentication and full encryption over the wireless network is
provided through the VPN servers that also act as gateways.
•Unlike the WEP key and MAC address filtering approaches, the
VPN-based solution is scalable to a very large number of users.
IBM Wireless e-business
1. What is Bluetooth?
Cell phone
Modem Access Point
Peripherals
ThinkPad
2. Characteristics?
3. Usage scenarios:
Today/Tomorrow?
4. 802.11 vs. Bluetooth vs. IR
WorkPad
Personal Area “Connectivity”
5. Security
6. IBM’s Contribution
IBM Wireless e-business
Defacto standard for wireless Personal Connectivity
technology
Specification for small-form factor, low-cost, short range
radio links between mobile PCs, mobile phones and other
portable devices.
The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) is an industry
group consisting of leaders in the telecommunications and
computing industries that are driving development of the
technology and bringing it to market.
IBM, Toshiba, Ericsson, Nokia, Intel - Motorola,
Microsoft, Lucent and 3Com - plus 2000+ other
companies
IBM Wireless e-business
Bluetooth Market Potential
W/W Bluetooth Enabled Equipment Forecast (Units in Millions)
Source : Cahners In Stat July 2000
IBM Wireless e-business
•Operates in the 2.4 GHz Industrial-Scientific-Medical (ISM)
band at a data rate of 721Kb/s
•Uses Frequency Hopping (FH) spread spectrum, which
divides the frequency band into a number of channels (2.402
- 2.480 GHz yielding 79 channels). 1600 hops/sec.
•During a connection, radio transceivers hop from one
channel to another in a pseudo-random fashion,
determined by the Master.
•Supports up to 8 devices in a piconet (1 master and up to 7
slaves sharing a channel).
•Up to 10 piconets can combine to form scatternets
(scaling).
IBM Wireless e-business
•A collection of devices
•Connected via Bluetooth in an
ad hoc fashion.
•Starts with two devices, and may grow
to eight (including the master)
•Master sets the clock and hopping pattern.
•However, when establishing a piconet, one unit will act as a
master and the other(s) as slave(s) for the duration of the
piconet connection.
•A Scatternet is the linking of multiple co-located piconets
through the sharing of common master or slave devices.
IBM Wireless e-business
•Built-in security.
•Non line-of-sight transmission through walls and briefcases.
•Omni-directional.
•Supports both voice and data services; easy integration of
Serial links and TCP/IP for networking
•Regulated by governments worldwide, even France !
•Supports both one-to-one and one-to-many networking
topologies
•Devices must be in a 10 meter radius for communications to
occur.
IBM Wireless e-business
Bluetooth Protocol Stack
WAE
vCard/vCal
Upper Transport
WAP
Obex
Middleware
TCP/UDP
Lower Transport
Adopted
IP
Service
Discovery
PPP
RFComm
Telephony
Control
Audio
LMP
L2CAP
HCI
BaseBand
Radio
IBM Wireless e-business
•One-to-one
(generally Serial mode)
•One-to-many
(generally TCP/IP mode)
IBM Wireless e-business
•Bluetooth Usage Models for
Notebooks
•Dial-Up Networking via cell phone
•Syncing
•File Transfer
Dial-up Networking
•Target Devices
•Cellphone
•Desktop
•Handheld
•Other Notebook
Synchronization
File Transfer
IBM Wireless e-business
•Bluetooth Usage Models for Handhelds
•Dial-up Networking via Cell phone
•Syncing
•File Transfer (business cards)
•Target Devices
•Cell phone
•Desktop
•Notebook
•Other handheld
Dial-up Networking
Synchronization
File Transfer
IBM Wireless e-business
Bluetooth Usage Models for Desktop
Syncing
File Transfer
Lan Access for
devices
Synchronization
Target Devices
Handheld
Notebook
File Transfer
IBM Wireless e-business
Telephony
Headset
Infrastructure
Data Access
Points
IBM Wireless e-business
•A computer network that spans a relatively large
geographical area.
•Typically, a WAN consists of two or more
local-area networks (LANs).
•Computers connected to a WAN are often
connected through PSTNs. They can
also be connected through leased lines
or satellites. The largest
WAN in existence is the Internet.
IBM Wireless e-business
Ease-of-Use
Dial-Up Networking
File Transfer
Synchronization
Point to Point
Today
Cordless Computer
Intercom
FAX
LAN Access
Headset
Multi-Point
Tomorrow
Personal Area Networking
Automotive
Wake on Bluetooth
Human Interface Devices
Audio/Visual
Walk-up Printing
Hidden Computing
Instant Postcard
Multi-Piconet
The Future
IBM Wireless e-business
Standard Connectivity
Today: Many Cable Connections
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Serial
Parallel
Mouse
Keyboard
Floppy
Audio
IR
USB
Video
Docking
Power
Adds weight and cost
Decreases reliability
IBM Wireless e-business
Standard Connectivity
Today: Many Cable Connections
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Serial
Parallel
Mouse
Keyboard
Floppy
Audio
IR
USB
Video
Docking
Power
Adds weight and cost
Decreases reliability
Tomorrow: Fewer Cables
Bluetooth
•
•
•
•
USB
Video
Docking
Power
Reduces weight and cost
Increases reliability
IBM Wireless e-business
Personal Area Networking
Spontaneous / ad-hoc networking
Computer Supported Cooperative Work
(CSCW) environments
Workgroup collaboration
Between many different devices
PC, PDA, Printer,
Mobile phone, Communicator,
Digital Camera (Still & Video)
Digital TV, MP3 Player
etc…
Slave-to-slave communication
is through the master
IBM Wireless e-business
•Walk up “push” of
adverts and
services.
•Demo uses IBM
Research Blue
Drekar stack
available from
Alphaworks.
•Contact Yook
Siong Chin.
IBM Wireless e-business
Location Aware Services
• NOT Location Based Services
• eg •
Where is nearest xyz ?
Pay for vending.
• But AWARE of the user
• anticipate needs
• prepare and be ready to interact
• only need to know that the user is present
• or indeed no longer present
• Bluetooth device eg Phone or PDA is ideal.
• Carried with user
• Individual
IBM Wireless e-business
Total effect = real ease of use
•
Come into office
•
•
•
•
Go to lab
•
•
•
•
•
Without
pressing a
single
button !
lab lights go off
phone calls go to mobile
Go back to office
•
•
•
•
Office PC locks up
Buddy status says away from desk
Lab lights turn on
Phone calls go to lab
Go to lunch
•
•
•
PC unlocks
Buddy status says user at desk
Phone calls go to desk phone
PC unlocks
Buddy status says user at desk
Phone calls go to desk phone
etc...
IBM Wireless e-business
•Unique MAC address for every Bluetooth device
•Bluetooth has built-in encryption and
authentication
•In addition a frequency-hopping scheme with
1600 hops/sec is employed.
•All of this, together with an automatic output
power adaptation to reduce the range exactly to
requirement, makes the system extremely difficult
to eavesdrop
IBM Wireless e-business
Security mode 1 (non-secure).
• A device does not initiate any security procedures.
• Security mode 2 (service-level enforcement security).
• A device does not initiate security procedures before
channel establishment at the service level. This mode allows
different and flexible access policies for applications, and is
used especially for running applications with different security
requirements in parallel.
• Security mode 3 (link-level enforced security).
•A device allows only authenticated connections.
•Bluetooth technology has three security attributes
•Authorization
•Authentication
•Encryption.
IBM Wireless e-business
•Authorization
•Database of services which a device has authorization to use
•Authentication
•The user can choose to "auto" trust devices or "manually"
trust devices.
•Authentication is accomplished using a challenge-response
scheme using symmetric link keys.
•If the devices do not share a link key, one is created through a
process called "pairing" and based on a shared secret
association, like a PIN code.
•If a device does not have a mechanism to enter a PIN, a
restricted form link key, called a unit key, is generated based on
the device's address and random number.
• Encryption can only be activated after authentication. Encryption
is based on a stream cipher easily implemented in hardware or
software.
IBM Wireless e-business
•IBM is one of the original 5 founding members.
•IBM authored the discovery protocol (discovery protocol is a
method to explore and discovery Bluetooth devices and services
within range)
•IBM contributed to the lower layer protocol that makes up the
entire Bluetooth protocol stack (link level protocol)
•IBM contributed to the Bluetooth world-wide regulatory
working bodies to harmonize the 2.4GHz frequency spectrum
use for Bluetooth and other government agency requirements.
•IBM funds and contributes to many of the the organization’s
events.
•IBM is leading the effort to standardize IEEE 802.15, which will
embrace Bluetooth as a short range wireless standard.
IBM Wireless e-business
Infrared
Bluetooth
IrDA
Bluetooth Special
Interest Group de-facto
Standard
Primary Use
Primary Products
Cable replacement
Notebook and Desktop
PCs, PDAs, Mobile
Phones, Printers
Notebook and
Desktop PCs
Frequency Hopping
Spread Spectrum
(FHSS)
2.4GHz
1.6 Mb/s
50 meters
Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum
(DSSS)
2.4GHz
11 Mb/s
50 meters
multipoint
Many to Many
(CSMA)
High
No
Yes
Less robust unique network
specific IDs
High
Yes
No
Robust including
Wired Equivalent
Privacy (WEP)
$180/$80
$120/$100
$180/$80
Option in 2000
Integrated by YE 2001
Option
Option and integrated
in 2000
Application
Integrated
850nm
4Mb/s
line of sight 3/5 meters
Point to Point
Cost per PC
(projected YE 2000/YE
2001)
Availability
Notebook and
Desktop PCs
Low
No
No
Optical
Power output
Roaming
Voice
Security
Business networking
Cable replacement
Notebook and Desktop
PCs, PDAs, Mobile
Phones, Printers
Frequency Hopping
Spread Spectrum
(FHSS)
2.4GHz
1Mb/s
10 meters
Point to Point
Point to Multipoint
(8 devices/pico-net)
Low
No
Yes
Technology
Frequency
Raw Data Rate
Range
Topology
HomeRF
None - based on
HomeRF working
group
Home networking
Part of notebook for
years; With Legacy
Free, will become an
option
802.11b
IEEE 802.11b
IBM Wireless e-business
What do you want to do?
For connecting devices in your
“Personal Domain”...
For connecting clients to your
LAN Infrastructure...
Campus wide
or a public one
or someone else’s
Bluetooth is the right choice
Airport/Hotel
802.11b WLAN is the right choice
IBM Wireless e-business
For creating an ad hoc Peer-to-Peer Network
Either would suffice
Bluetooth: One-to-many
802.11b: Many-to-many
Consider:
•Technology install base
•Size of the workgroup
•Extent of the CSCW effort
(Computer Supported Cooperative Work)
IBM Wireless e-business
Other Wireless Technologies
Carrier
Frequency
(MHz)
Maximum
Bit Rate
(Kbps)
Range
(m)
Advantages
Problems
Application
Electric field
0.1-1
20
2
Capacitive coupling
limits range, data
transmitted by touch,
international use
Signal blocked
by body,
grounded
objects
Identification
Magnetic field
5
250
6
Signal goes through
body, international use
Antenna size
Picocells data
messaging
RF UHF
300-500
40
30
Low cost, efficient for
distance
Local
regulations
Access control,
telecommand
RF microwave
ISM
2400
1000
10-100
International, fast
Cost, power
Data networking
Optical infrared
(low data rate)
Light
10
10
Simple, very
inexpensive, no
regulations
Directional
Home remote
control
Optical infrared
(high data rate)
Light
1000
1
Simple, inexpensive,
no regulations
Directional or
high power
Infrared Data
Association
(IrDA) for
laptops
http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/384/zimmerman.html
IBM Wireless e-business
UWB – Impulse Radio
• Ultra Wide Band
• Uses picosecond mono-pulses
• Creates very wide radio spectrum
• Down in noise floor (-30 to -60dB)
• Requires very accurate timebase
• Normally based on PPM techniques
• But can deliver high data rates (80+ Mbs)
• At very low power (µW)
Fourier Transform of
infinitely narrow pulse
= infinitely wide
frequency spectrum
≡
t
f
IBM Wireless e-business
Example: Pulse-LINK™
•80Mbs
Pulse~LINK, Inc.
http://www.pulselink.net/
•150m
IBM Wireless e-business
UWB
• Currently used in military applications
• Squirt radios
• Difficult to detect / intercept
• Low power for data rate means more portable
• Pulsed Radar
• Can “see through” obstacles
• Difficult to detect and protect against
• Not licensed for public use
• Cuts across most currently licensed bands
• Backers claim no need as there will be no interference to
normal equipment
• Others doubt that – they say the background noise will
increase and some frequencies may be more impacted
than others as pulses are not true impulse shape
IBM Wireless e-business
UWB
• Wide frequency range helps with
transmission through obstacles
• Like bodies, walls, furniture
• Harder to shield against
• Helps Omni-directional transmission
• No studies on health implications
• Although very low power – what are the effects
of continuous impulses across wide freq range ?
IBM Wireless e-business
Smart Dust
• Target is sub mm
sized devices
• Free floating in air
• Containing sensors
• Temp, acceleration,
pressure, chemical, etc
• And communications
to other particles
•
•
•
•
5 – 10 m range
20kbs
900MHz radio
Or km range via laser
http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pister/SmartDust/
IBM Wireless e-business
The Challenge for Wearables
• Need to interconnect components
UWB has lots of promise – low power – data rates high enough
But no real interoperability standards between devices
Not many off the shelf components – expensive (for now)
Hign frequencies mean CMOS fab unlikely
• & connect within PAN to other devices
Probably needs to support existing standards
Most likely Bluetooth
But devices may will switch to UWB or similar
• & connect outside of PAN
Definitely needs to support existing standards
Maybe via CPU point
802.11b/a too power hungry for WAN wearable use
IBM Wireless e-business
1) Bluetooth: PC Card and ThinkPad UltraPort
2) 802.11b PC Card, ThinkPad UltraPort and
Access Point
3) ThinkPad and WorkPad Proven products
4) Other products “available”
IBM Wireless e-business
IBM High Rate
Wireless LAN PC Card
IBM High Rate
Wireless LAN Access
Point
•£127 list price - 128bit
•£486 IBM Web price
•£105 list price - 64 bit
•Bridges to the wired corporate
•Plugs into the ThinkPad’s
LAN
CardBus slot
•Allows the user to roam within
•Provides wireless access to
coverage area
corporate LAN from anywhere
•Can support multiple users
within a 45-90m radius
•Supports speeds from 2 to 11 Mbps
•64 bit encryption (WEP) or 128 bit
IBM Wireless e-business
Ann: 9/5 GA: October
Ann: 1Q 2001
£143 list price
£127 list price
Bluetooth PC Card
Bluetooth UltraPort
For Legacy Devices
09n9812
For Optimal Performance
09n9811
•Designed to replace peripheral cables for PDAs, printers,
cameras, etc.
•Designed for personal space connectivity
•Connectivity range of 10 meters
•Nominal data rate of 1 Mb/s
•Built-in encryption
IBM Wireless e-business
Bluetooth
Module
Ericsson Cell Phone Ericsson Headset
R520m, T39m
•Wireless access to Internet and corporate networks
•Wireless connection to ThinkPad
•Non-directional; phone can be in your briefcase
•Wirelessly update your phone’s address book from your system
•Insulates you from rapid changes in cellular networks
IBM Wireless e-business
Nokia Bluetooth
“battery” for 6210
& CF 1 card
GN Netcom 9000
Headset
TDK Blue5 clip
for PalmV
IBM Wireless e-business
This is NOT a product
Linux based watch / pda
“Watchpad”
•Runs X-clock really well !
•Also now includes Bluetooth
•Supports Sync , DUN and Audio
•Current demos include PIM sync,
and control of PC.
IBM Wireless e-business
Shrinking Components – Disk Drives
1980 – IBM Launches 1st GB Disk



Size of a Refrigerator
Weighs 250 kg
 Size of Coin
Costs $40,000
 Weighs 25 g
 Costs < $500
2000 – IBM Launches 1st GB Micro Drive
1 GB is :
2500 high resolution photos, or
1000 200 page books, or
18 hours high quality music.
IBM Wireless e-business
Devices that Answer Back . . . !
 Standard Palm Pilot
 Speech Co-Processor
 Speech to Text
 Text to Speech
 Technology Demonstrator
 Progressing with Device
Manufacturers
 Now runs on standard hPaq
Ask Question
Replies by
Showing &
Speaking
Information
IBM Wireless e-business
IBM Prototype wearable
Highlights
ThinkPad 560X Equivalent Logic
IBM YASU high density PCB
Ultimate Portability
Headphone Stereo Size System Unit, 0.85
lbs.(380g)
IBM MicroDrive
1"Disk up to 1 G Capacity
Compact Head Mount Display
SVGA Full Color display (Developed by Olympus)
System Unit with
motherboard and battery
Compact Head Mount Display Olympus PC Eye-Trek (Micro
display/Earphone/Microphone)
Handy Controller - IBM
Tractile
(TrackPoint/Click Buttons)
Not available for sale
IBM Wireless e-business
Visual Interaction
• Vision Pad prototype:
• Transparent head
mounted display
• Handheld controller
• Speech input
• Augmented reality
concept – sign recognition
and translation
IBM Wireless e-business
Resources
IBM Pervasive Computing
• http://www.ibm.com/pvc
Bluetooth SIG
• http://www.bluetooth.com
Shameless Plug for Book
• Bluetooth Revealed, published by Prentice-Hall, September
2000
AU-Systems - good Bluetooth White Paper
• http://www.ausys.se/servlet/PSPDownloadServlet?iListItemId
=6833
UWB – Impulse Radio
• http://www.uwb.org
IBM Wireless e-business
IBM Wireless e-business