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Multimedie- och kommunikationssystem B, 4p Lektion 1: Översikt. Aktuella tillämpningar. TCP/IP och OSI-modellen. Kategorier av nätverk och tjänster. Kretskoppling. Paketförmedling. Multiplexing. Välkommen till Datornätverk A, 5p! Denna kurs avser att ge förståelse för viktiga prestandamått, algoritmer och teorier inom områdena datornätverk och multimedietransmission, samt att orientera om hur dessa principer tillämpas inom aktuella standarder och protokoll. Kursen syfte är att dels att ge sådan allmänbildande kunskap om området som en IT-civilingenjör behöver oavsett fortsatt studiegång, dels att ge en introducerande översikt inför vidare studier inom studiegången Internetsystem. dbR Spring 2006 Computer Networks 2 Lärandemål Efter kursen ska du: förstå och kunna beräkna viktiga kapacitets- och kvalitetsmått för datornätverk och multimediala kommunikationssystem. kunna beräkna utsignal/utdata från vanligt förekommande algoritmer för kodning och transmission av multimedia i nätverk. kategorisera och beskriva grundläggande egenskaper av vanliga kommunikationsprotokoll och standarder. ha kännedom om hur ovanstående teorier, algoritmer och principer tillämpas inom aktuella multimediala kommunikationssystem, t.ex. mobiltelefoni, IP-telefoni, digital-TV, IP-TV, media-on-demand och trådlös bredbandsaccess. Spring 2006 Computer Networks 3 Kursuppläggning Kurslitteratur: Behrouz A Forouzan, ”Data communications and networking”, 3rd edition. Alternativ kurslitteratur: Fred Halsall, ”Multimedia Communications – Applications, Networks, Protocols and Standards”. Kurswebbplats: webct.miun.se. Prioritera räkneuppgifter. Tre laborationstillfällen. Tre hemuppgifter som förberedelse inför labbarna. Spring 2006 Computer Networks 4 Chapter 1 Introduction Spring 2006 Computer Networks 5 Aktuella multimediala kommunikationstjänster Broadcastingtjänster: Analog och digital radio och TV, IP-TV, bredbands-TV Video-on-demand, Movie-on-demand Interaktiv TV Peer-to-peer-tjänster Interaktiva multimediala presentationer. Hypermedia, www. IP-telefoni Voice-over-IP Videokonferenser Messenger-tjänster Computer-telephony-integration (CTI) Spring 2006 Computer Networks 6 Multiplex-metoder Flera logiska kanaler på samma medium FDM = Frequency Division Multiplex = frekvensdelning (Flera frekvenskanaler) TDM = Time Division Multiplex = Tidsdelning. (Cykliskt återkommande tidluckor i en ram) Statistisk multiplex. (Paketförmedling.) Spring 2006 Computer Networks 7 Krets- och paketförmedling Kretskoppling Paketförmedling Exempel: Telefonnätet. ISDN=Integrated Service Digital Network, Ursprunglig GSM. Förbindelseorienterat. Frekvensdelnings- (FDMA) eller tidsdelningsmultiplex (TDMA). Exempel: Internet (IP) X.25 ATM LAN, WLAN Mobilsystemens GPRS-tjänst. Förbindelsefritt (IP) eller förbindelseorienterat (X.25, frame relay och ATM) Statistisk multiplex. + Bra för realtidskommunikation dvs + Bra för asynkrona tjänster, t.ex. för synkrona tjänster, t.ex. telefonsamtal och filöverföring och e-post. videokonferenser. + Hög maximal datahastighet + Konstant tidsfördröjning. + Effektivt utnyttjande av kapaciteten. .- Låg datahastighet (bit per sekund) för varje + Det blir aldrig upptaget. användare. Tidsfördröjningen blir lång och Begränsat antal samtidiga användare datahastigheten låg vid många användare. (kanaler). Övriga får upptaget eller spärr. Det tar tid att koppla upp. Spring 2006 Computer Networks Oanvänd kapacitet mellan dataöverföringar. 8 Figure 1.18 a) Unicast communication modes Spring 2006 Computer Networks 9 Figure 1.18 b) Broadcasting c) Multicasting Spring 2006 Computer Networks 10 Amount of information - - Think about a number between 0 and 15. I am now going to guess it using as few yes and no questions as possible. I start by asking: Is the number larger than or equal to 8? Yes Is the it larger than or equal to 12? (The interval is successively divided by 2.) No. Is the number larger than or equal to 10? Yes Is the number larger than or equal to 9? Yes. The amount of information you give me when you tell me that the number is 9 is 4 bits, because the amount of information in bits is the minimum number of yes and no questions that are required. We had 16 options, which is = 24 = 2·2·2·2, corresponding to 4 bits. If the number of options was 32 = 25 , it would require 5 bits. If yes is represented by the binary digit ”1”, and no by ”0”, the value in the above example can be represented by 1 0 1 1. Spring 2006 Computer Networks 11 Bits and Bytes N bit can represent M=2N different values. M values can be represented by N = 2log M =log M / log 2 values Example: The N=7 bit ASCII character code consists of M=128 codes. 8 bits = 1 byte (a unit for measuring amount of data) 1 kbit = 1000 bit (previously 1024 bit). 1 Mbit = 1000 kbit (previously 1024 kbit). 1 Gbit = 1000 Mbit. 1 Tbit = 1000 Gbit. Spring 2006 Computer Networks 12 Data Representation Text – using different codes Each character is represented by certain number of bits The number of bits in the code determins the number of different characters ASCII (7 bits), Extended ASCII (8 bits), Unicode (16 bits), ISO (32 bits) Numbers – Binary number system Images – A matrix of pixels represented by bit patterns Video – A combination of images Audio – Digitized voice and music Spring 2006 Computer Networks 13 The Key Elements of a Protocol Syntax referes to the structure of data, meaning the order in which they are presented Semantics refferes to the meaning of each section of bits, how a particular pattern to be interpreted and which action should be taken based on the interpretation Timing refferes to when data should be sent and how fast they can be sent Spring 2006 Computer Networks 14 Standards Standards provide guidelines to the manufacturers, vendors, goverment agencies and other service providers to ensure connectivity between different entities Development of standards is a very slow process Two types of standards: De jure (by law) – legislated by an officially recognized body, for example IEEE or ETSI. De facto (by fact) – that are actually implemented into the products) propriatory (closed) nonpropriatory (open) Spring 2006 Computer Networks 15 Some Standard Organizations ITU: International Telecommunication Union CCITT: International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee ISO: International Standards Organization IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering IRTF: Internet Research Task Force IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force Spring 2006 Computer Networks 16 Direction of Data Flow Simplex channel The transmission is only in one direction Half-duplex channel The transmission is in both directions, but only one at a time (both directions cannot be used at the same time) Duplex channel The transmission is in both directions without limitation Spring 2006 Computer Networks 17 Figure 1.2 Simplex Example: Video monitor. TV and radio broadcasting. Spring 2006 Computer Networks 18 Figure 1.3 Half-duplex Example: Communication radio. 2-wire Ethernet. Spring 2006 Computer Networks 19 Figure 1.4 Full-duplex Example: Telephony. 4-wire Ethernet. Spring 2006 Computer Networks 20 Different Line Configurations Point-to-point Two devices on a single channel (dedicated channel) Multipoint Many devices on a single channel (shared channel) Spring 2006 Computer Networks Example: Bus network Wireless Network 21 Topology of Networks Topology defines the arrangement of links in a network Topology Partial Mesh Spring 2006 Full Mesh Star Computer Networks Bus Ring 22 Figure 1.9 Star topology or switch Spring 2006 Computer Networks 23 Figure 1.10 Spring 2006 Bus topology Computer Networks 24 Figure 1.11 Ring topology Spring 2006 Computer Networks 25 LAN, MAN och WAN Lokalt nätverk Spring 2006 Stadsnät Computer Networks Globalt nätverk 26 Computer Networks Classification 0.1 m 1m 10 m 100 m 1 km Circuit board System Room Data flow machine Multicomputer Building Campus Local area Network (LAN) 10 km 100 km City Country Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) 1000 km Continent 10,000 km Spring 2006 Planet Wide Area Network (WAN) The Internet Computer Networks 27 Nättopologier för WAN Växlat WAN (stjärnnät) Hopkopplade LAN och WAN = internetwork T.ex. Internet. T.ex. X.25 eller ATM Nätnoder: Växel. Kopplar ihop punkt-till-punkt-länkar. Datorer, terminaler, skrivare, etc. Spring 2006 Router=vägväljare, kopplar ihop nätverk med olika teknologier. Computer Networks 28 Internetworking Concept and Model The goal is to build a unified, cooperative interconnection of networks that supports a universal communication service Detaches the notions of communication from the details of network technologies, and hides low level details from the user Provides a mechanism that delivers packet from their source to their ultimate destination in real time Spring 2006 Computer Networks 29 The Internet Today Communication is possible by using a common Internet protocol that glues different networks. Internet emerged from the academic community and therefore has no central governance so far. Spring 2006 Computer Networks 30 The internet versus the Internet Internetwork or internet (small ”i”) – generic term to mean an interconnection of networks Internet (Uppercase I) – the specific worldwide network that uses the IP protocol (Internet protocol) Spring 2006 Computer Networks 31 Punkt-till-punkt-förbindelser Nivå 7 Nivå 6 Mikrofon Högtalare Källkodning Digitalisering, komprimering Källavkodning 0110 Felhantering Nivå 2 Nivå 1 NACK ACK 0110010 0110 Lägger till felrättande eller felupptäckande kod, t.ex. checksumma. Felupptäckt och omsändning, eller felrättning Felhantering 0100010 Bitfel Flödesstyrning Buffert Handskakning Flödesstyrning Modulation Elektrisk representation Demodulation Spring 2006 Computer Networks 0110010 32 Punkt-till-punkt-förbindelser Nivå 7 Nivå 6 Mikrofon Högtalare Källkodning Digitalisering, komprimering Källavkodning 0110 Felhantering Nivå 2 Nivå 1 NACK ACK 0110010 0110 Lägger till felrättande eller felupptäckande kod, t.ex. checksumma. Felupptäckt och omsändning, eller felrättning Felhantering 0100010 Bitfel Flödesstyrning Buffert Handskakning Flödesstyrning Modulation Elektrisk representation Demodulation Spring 2006 Computer Networks 0110010 33 OSI:s referensmodell Motsv Internet-protokoll: SMTP, HTTP TCP IP Ethernet Spring 2006 Computer Networks 34 Spring 2006 Computer Networks 35 FIgure 5.2a) Evolution of the TCP/IP reference model Spring 2006 Computer Networks 36 Figure 5.14: Common protocols Spring 2006 Computer Networks 37 Figure 5.2b) Application of the TCP/IP reference model Spring 2006 Computer Networks 38 Spring 2006 Computer Networks 39 Figure 5.3a) Protocol layer interactions Spring 2006 Computer Networks 40 Figure 5.2 b) End-to-end communications Spring 2006 Computer Networks 41