Download Chapter1

Survey
yes no Was this document useful for you?
   Thank you for your participation!

* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project

Document related concepts
no text concepts found
Transcript
Multimedie- och kommunikationssystem B,
4p
Lektion 1: Översikt. Aktuella tillämpningar.
TCP/IP och OSI-modellen. Kategorier av nätverk
och tjänster. Kretskoppling. Paketförmedling.
Multiplexing.
Välkommen till Datornätverk A, 5p!
Denna kurs avser att ge förståelse för viktiga prestandamått,
algoritmer och teorier inom områdena datornätverk och
multimedietransmission, samt att orientera om hur dessa principer
tillämpas inom aktuella standarder och protokoll.
Kursen syfte är att dels att ge sådan allmänbildande kunskap om
området som en IT-civilingenjör behöver oavsett fortsatt
studiegång, dels att ge en introducerande översikt inför vidare
studier inom studiegången Internetsystem.
dbR
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
2
Lärandemål
Efter kursen ska du:
 förstå och kunna beräkna viktiga kapacitets- och kvalitetsmått för
datornätverk och multimediala kommunikationssystem.
 kunna beräkna utsignal/utdata från vanligt förekommande algoritmer
för kodning och transmission av multimedia i nätverk.
 kategorisera och beskriva grundläggande egenskaper av vanliga
kommunikationsprotokoll och standarder.
 ha kännedom om hur ovanstående teorier, algoritmer och principer
tillämpas inom aktuella multimediala kommunikationssystem, t.ex.
mobiltelefoni, IP-telefoni, digital-TV, IP-TV, media-on-demand och
trådlös bredbandsaccess.
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
3
Kursuppläggning
 Kurslitteratur: Behrouz A Forouzan, ”Data
communications and networking”, 3rd edition.
 Alternativ kurslitteratur: Fred Halsall, ”Multimedia
Communications – Applications, Networks, Protocols and
Standards”.
 Kurswebbplats: webct.miun.se.
 Prioritera räkneuppgifter.
 Tre laborationstillfällen.
 Tre hemuppgifter som förberedelse inför labbarna.
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
4
Chapter 1
Introduction
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
5
Aktuella multimediala
kommunikationstjänster
 Broadcastingtjänster: Analog och digital radio och TV, IP-TV,
bredbands-TV
 Video-on-demand, Movie-on-demand
 Interaktiv TV
 Peer-to-peer-tjänster
 Interaktiva multimediala presentationer.
 Hypermedia, www.
 IP-telefoni
 Voice-over-IP
 Videokonferenser
 Messenger-tjänster
 Computer-telephony-integration (CTI)
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
6
Multiplex-metoder
Flera logiska kanaler på samma medium
 FDM = Frequency Division
Multiplex = frekvensdelning (Flera frekvenskanaler)
 TDM = Time Division
Multiplex = Tidsdelning.
(Cykliskt återkommande
tidluckor i en ram)
 Statistisk multiplex. (Paketförmedling.)
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
7
Krets- och paketförmedling
Kretskoppling
Paketförmedling




Exempel:
 Telefonnätet.
 ISDN=Integrated Service Digital
Network,
 Ursprunglig GSM.
Förbindelseorienterat.

Frekvensdelnings- (FDMA) eller
tidsdelningsmultiplex (TDMA).

Exempel:
 Internet (IP)
 X.25
 ATM
 LAN, WLAN
 Mobilsystemens GPRS-tjänst.
Förbindelsefritt (IP) eller förbindelseorienterat
(X.25, frame relay och ATM)
Statistisk multiplex.
+
Bra för realtidskommunikation dvs
+ Bra för asynkrona tjänster, t.ex. för
synkrona tjänster, t.ex. telefonsamtal och
filöverföring och e-post.
videokonferenser.
+ Hög maximal datahastighet
+ Konstant tidsfördröjning.
+ Effektivt utnyttjande av kapaciteten.
.- Låg datahastighet (bit per sekund) för varje
+ Det blir aldrig upptaget.
användare.
Tidsfördröjningen blir lång och
Begränsat antal samtidiga användare
datahastigheten låg vid många användare.
(kanaler). Övriga får upptaget eller spärr.
Det tar tid att koppla upp.
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
Oanvänd kapacitet mellan dataöverföringar.
8
Figure 1.18 a) Unicast communication
modes
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
9
Figure 1.18 b) Broadcasting c)
Multicasting
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
10
Amount of information
-
-
Think about a number between 0 and 15. I am now going to guess it using as
few yes and no questions as possible. I start by asking: Is the number larger
than or equal to 8?
Yes
Is the it larger than or equal to 12? (The interval is successively divided by 2.)
No.
Is the number larger than or equal to 10?
Yes
Is the number larger than or equal to 9?
Yes.
The amount of information you give me when you tell me that the number is 9
is 4 bits, because the amount of information in bits is the minimum
number of yes and no questions that are required. We had 16 options,
which is = 24 = 2·2·2·2, corresponding to 4 bits. If the number of options was
32 = 25 , it would require 5 bits.
If yes is represented by the binary digit ”1”, and no by ”0”, the value in the
above example can be represented by 1 0 1 1.
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
11
Bits and Bytes
 N bit can represent M=2N different values.
 M values can be represented by
N = 2log M =log M / log 2 values
 Example: The N=7 bit ASCII character code
consists of M=128 codes.
 8 bits = 1 byte (a unit for measuring amount of data)
 1 kbit = 1000 bit (previously 1024 bit).
 1 Mbit = 1000 kbit (previously 1024 kbit).
 1 Gbit = 1000 Mbit.
 1 Tbit = 1000 Gbit.
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
12
Data Representation
 Text – using different codes
 Each character is represented by certain number of bits
 The number of bits in the code determins the number of
different characters
 ASCII (7 bits), Extended ASCII (8 bits), Unicode (16 bits),
ISO (32 bits)
 Numbers – Binary number system
 Images – A matrix of pixels represented by bit patterns
 Video – A combination of images
 Audio – Digitized voice and music
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
13
The Key Elements of a Protocol
 Syntax
 referes to the structure of data, meaning the order in
which they are presented
 Semantics
 refferes to the meaning of each section of bits, how a
particular pattern to be interpreted and which action
should be taken based on the interpretation
 Timing
 refferes to when data should be sent and how fast they
can be sent
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
14
Standards
 Standards provide guidelines to the manufacturers, vendors,
goverment agencies and other service providers to ensure
connectivity between different entities
 Development of standards is a very slow process
 Two types of standards:
 De jure (by law) – legislated by an officially recognized body,
for example IEEE or ETSI.
 De facto (by fact) – that are actually implemented into the
products)
 propriatory (closed)
 nonpropriatory (open)
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
15
Some Standard Organizations
 ITU: International Telecommunication Union
 CCITT: International Telegraph and Telephone
Consultative Committee
 ISO: International Standards Organization
 IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
 IRTF: Internet Research Task Force
 IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
16
Direction of Data Flow
 Simplex channel
 The transmission is only in one direction
 Half-duplex channel
 The transmission is in both directions, but only one at a
time (both directions cannot be used at the same time)
 Duplex channel
 The transmission is in both directions without
limitation
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
17
Figure 1.2
Simplex
Example: Video monitor.
TV and radio broadcasting.
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
18
Figure 1.3
Half-duplex
Example: Communication radio. 2-wire Ethernet.
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
19
Figure 1.4
Full-duplex
Example: Telephony. 4-wire Ethernet.
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
20
Different Line Configurations
 Point-to-point
 Two devices on a
single channel
(dedicated channel)
 Multipoint
 Many devices on a single
channel (shared channel)
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
Example:
Bus network
Wireless Network
21
Topology of Networks
 Topology defines the arrangement of links in a network
Topology
Partial Mesh
Spring 2006
Full Mesh
Star
Computer Networks
Bus
Ring
22
Figure 1.9
Star topology
or switch
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
23
Figure 1.10
Spring 2006
Bus topology
Computer Networks
24
Figure 1.11 Ring topology
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
25
LAN, MAN och WAN
Lokalt nätverk
Spring 2006
Stadsnät
Computer Networks
Globalt nätverk
26
Computer Networks Classification
0.1 m
1m
10 m
100 m
1 km
Circuit board
System
Room
Data flow machine
Multicomputer
Building
Campus
Local area Network (LAN)
10 km
100 km
City
Country
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
1000 km
Continent
10,000 km
Spring 2006
Planet
Wide Area Network (WAN)
The Internet
Computer Networks
27
Nättopologier för WAN
Växlat WAN (stjärnnät)
Hopkopplade LAN och WAN
= internetwork T.ex. Internet.
T.ex. X.25 eller ATM
Nätnoder:
Växel. Kopplar ihop punkt-till-punkt-länkar.
Datorer, terminaler, skrivare, etc.
Spring 2006
Router=vägväljare, kopplar ihop nätverk
med olika teknologier.
Computer Networks
28
Internetworking Concept and Model
 The goal is to build a unified, cooperative interconnection
of networks that supports a universal communication
service
 Detaches the notions of communication from the details of
network technologies, and hides low level details from the
user
 Provides a mechanism that delivers packet from their
source to their ultimate destination in real time
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
29
The Internet Today
 Communication is possible
by using a common
Internet protocol that glues
different networks.
 Internet emerged from the
academic community and
therefore has no central
governance so far.
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
30
The internet versus the Internet
 Internetwork or internet (small ”i”) – generic term to
mean an interconnection of networks
 Internet (Uppercase I) – the specific worldwide network
that uses the IP protocol (Internet protocol)
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
31
Punkt-till-punkt-förbindelser
Nivå
7
Nivå
6
Mikrofon
Högtalare
Källkodning
Digitalisering,
komprimering
Källavkodning
0110
Felhantering
Nivå
2
Nivå
1
NACK
ACK
0110010
0110
Lägger till felrättande eller
felupptäckande kod,
t.ex. checksumma.
Felupptäckt och
omsändning,
eller felrättning
Felhantering
0100010
Bitfel
Flödesstyrning
Buffert
Handskakning
Flödesstyrning
Modulation
Elektrisk
representation
Demodulation
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
0110010
32
Punkt-till-punkt-förbindelser
Nivå
7
Nivå
6
Mikrofon
Högtalare
Källkodning
Digitalisering,
komprimering
Källavkodning
0110
Felhantering
Nivå
2
Nivå
1
NACK
ACK
0110010
0110
Lägger till felrättande eller
felupptäckande kod,
t.ex. checksumma.
Felupptäckt och
omsändning,
eller felrättning
Felhantering
0100010
Bitfel
Flödesstyrning
Buffert
Handskakning
Flödesstyrning
Modulation
Elektrisk
representation
Demodulation
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
0110010
33
OSI:s referensmodell
Motsv
Internet-protokoll:
SMTP,
HTTP
TCP
IP
Ethernet
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
34
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
35
FIgure 5.2a) Evolution of the TCP/IP
reference model
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
36
Figure 5.14: Common protocols
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
37
Figure 5.2b) Application of the TCP/IP
reference model
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
38
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
39
Figure 5.3a) Protocol layer interactions
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
40
Figure 5.2 b) End-to-end
communications
Spring 2006
Computer Networks
41