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ESSENTIALS OF COMPUTING I
CSCI 104
COMPUTING CONCEPTS
OBJECTIVES
• Distinguish between system and application software.
• Identify the four types of computers and the four type
of microcomputers.
• Describe computer hardware including the input,
output, storage, and communication devices.
• Explain computer connectivity and the Internet.
INTRODUCTION
• What is a Computer?
An electronic device that processes data.
SOFTWARE
SOFTWARE
• Programs
• Executable step by step instructions that tell the computer
how to perform a task.
• Two major kinds of software
• System Software (Operating Systems)
• Application Software
SOFTWARE
• System Software
•
• Linux (& its distributions)
• Mac OS X
• Windows 7
• Windows 8
• What are the different version of Windows?
Application Software
• Productivity Applications – Word, Excel, Access, and PowerPoint
• Games Other applications – Dreamweaver and Publisher
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SYSTEM SOFTWARE
• What do they do?
• Provide User Interface
• Interface between
hardware and software
•
•
•
•
•
RAM Management
Hard Drive Management
Process Management
Network connections
Utilities:
•
•
Disk cleanup
Defrag
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
• “End-user” software
• Two major categories
•
•
Basic Application or General purpose
Specialized applications
•
•
Don’t see too often
Most programmers work
on these.
• Examples?
DATA
• Raw, unprocessed facts
• Processing creates information
• Stored electronically in files
•
•
•
Document Files
Worksheet Files
Presentation Files
DOCUMENT FILES
• Created by word processors to save documents
such as memos, term papers,
and letters
WORKSHEET FILES
• Created by electronic spreadsheets to analyze
things like budgets and to predict sales
PRESENTATION FILES
• Created by presentation graphics programs to save
presentation materials. For example, a file might
contain audience handouts, speaker notes, and
electronic slides.
HARDWARE
TYPES OF COMPUTERS
• Clusters
• Supercomputers
• Mainframe computers
• Microcomputers
• Tablet
TYPES OF MICROCOMPUTERS
• Desktop
• Notebook or Laptop
• Tablet PC
DESKTOP COMPUTERS
• Are small enough to fit on top of or alongside a
desk yet are too big to carry around
NOTEBOOK OR LAPTOP
COMPUTERS
• Notebook computers, also known as laptop
computers, are portable, lightweight, and fit into
most briefcases
• Advantages & Disadvantages?
PC TABLET
• Is a type of notebook computer that accepts your
handwriting and senses touch. This input is digitized
and converted for further processing by programs.
• Other differences
MICROCOMPUTER HARDWARE
• Four basic categories of equipment:
- System Unit
- Input/Output
- Secondary Storage
- Communication
INPUT/OUTPUT
• Common input devices ?
• Common output devices ?
SYSTEM UNIT
• Two important
components• Microprocessor
•
•
Intel
AMD
• Memory (RAM)
MICROPROCESSOR
• Original chips were numbered
•
•
•
•
•
8086, 80286, 80386, 80486
Intel I5, i7, etc..
You could buy chips from multiple vendors
Clock speed (MHz or GHz) differentiates chips
Dual Core, Quad Core
• The central processing unit (CPU)
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MEMORY (RAM)
• RAM – Random Access Memory
• Stores active programs and data
• Volatile (erased when power turned off)
•
• Consider a UPS (uninterrupted power supply)
Measured in Bytes
•
•
1 Megabyte = 220 characters (~1,000,000 bytes)
1 Gigabyte = 230 characters (~1,000,000,000 bytes)
• Comes with
•
•
2GB up to 16GB of RAM
Keep multiple programs & data files in memory
Graphic-intensive programs demand a lot of memory
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OTHER MEMORY (ROM)
• ROM – Read Only Memory
• Permanent memory that controls basic operations
of the computer when in use.
• BOOTS UP the computer
SECONDARY STORAGE
• Unlike memory, secondary storage
holds data and programs even if
electrical power is not available
SECONDARY STORAGE

Hard (fixed) disk


1 TB and higher
Removable storage






CD-ROM
CD-R/CD-RW
DVD/DVD-R/DVD-RW
Tape (common for backups)
Flash Drives & SD Cards
Outdated
 Zip disks
 Floppy Disks
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COMMUNICATION HARDWARE
• Devices that allow computers to communicate with
each other
• Allows a LAN (local area network) to connect to a
WAN (the Internet)
• Modem/Cable Modem/DSL Modem – allows the
computer to communicate over cables used for
other transmissions (voice, cable TV, etc).
COMMUNICATION HARDWARE
• Network Card – Ethernet card or wireless
•
Router – Allows two or more devices
to share the internet connection
• Ethernet Cable – cable to connect the
computer Ethernet network card to a
router or modem.
HOW COMPUTERS WORK
HOW SYSTEM HARDWARE
INTERACTS
RAM
Input
CD , DVD,
Flash Drive
CPU
Output
Hard Drive
HOW TO PURCHASE A PC
PURCHASE OF A PC
•
What to Consider
•
•
•
•
How much can you spend?
Desktop or Laptop?
What will it be used for?
Hardware
•
•
•
•
RAM
Hard Drive Size
Screen Size
Network Card
PURCHASE OF A PC
•
•
•
•
Sound Card
Video Card
Processor Speed
Processor Type
• Mac vs. Windows vs. Chrome
Components
Specifications
Processor
Intel Pentium 4; Intel Core Duo 2GHz
Intel Centrino; Intel Celeron
AMD AMD64; AMD Turion
Video Card
2 Screen; Gamming
Memory
2 Gig at least
Floppy Disk Drive
Not used any more
Hard Drive
Desktop – 150 GB
Laptop – 80 GB
CD, DVD, R/RW
CD/DVD – Re-Writeable
Networking
Wired – Ethernet Card
Wireless – 802.11g
Warranty
?
Software
Operating System
Office Products
Free-Ware
Anti-Virus
Monitor
LCD
Printer
Color or not
If color want high dpi
Many colors
HOW THE INTERNET WORKS
WIRELESS REVOLUTION
• Connectivity
• Sharing of information
• Wireless communication is
becoming popular
• Computer networks
• WAN
• LAN
THE INTERNET AND WORLD
WIDE WEB
•
The Internet
•
•
•
•
Network of networks
Began in 1969 as a
government project
Original network had 4
computers;
No central authority and
thus impossible to know
the exact size
•
The World Wide Web
•
•
A subset of the Internet
consisting of computers
that store hypertext
documents
Invented by Tim Berners
Lee who wanted to share
notes with colleagues at
the European Particle
Physics Laboratory
(CERN) in Switzerland
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INTERNET
• Protocols – rules governing communication
• TCP/IP – Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol (language of the internet)
• IP Address – Internet Protocol Address
• HTTP – Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
• HTTPS –HTTP Secure
• FTP – File Transfer Protocol
HOW DOES IT WORK…
Open the browser and type
a URL (web address)
Translate the URL address
into the IP address
Send the packet using IP
address
Receive the webpage
http://gargasz.info/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/what-is-dns-diagram1.jpg
LET’S TRY IT
•
•
Open the browser
Type in a URL as you usually do…
•
•
•
http://amazon.com
Open a new tab
Type in the IP address instead
•
http://72.21.215.232
A WEB SITE
Internet Explorer is the browser
HTTP protocol
Web address (or URL)
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URL
http://users.edinboro.edu:80/zimmer/home.html
http – protocol
edu – Top Level Domain (TLD)
edinboro – second level domain (SLD)
Users – third level domain/ subnet
80 – port number (directs it to the program)
zimmer/home.html – path to the webpage home.html
PORT NUMBER
•
•
•
Many programs use the Internet.
•
Standard port numbers
Port number is similar to a phone extension
Port number tells the computer what program should
process the Internet message.
•
•
•
FTP – port 21 or 22
E-mail – port 25
Web pages – port 80
EVALUATION OF INTERNET SOURCES
EVALUATION OF INTERNET
SOURCES
• Accuracy of Web Documents
• Authority of Web Documents
• Objectivity of Web Documents
• Currency of Web Documents
• Putting it all together
EVALUATING WEB PAGES
A web source:
guides.library.cornell.edu/evaluating_Web_pages
An article to read:
Evaluating Internet Research Sources
A video:
Evaluation video
FILE MANAGEMENT
DISK AND FILE MANAGEMENT
• A file is a set of instructions or data
• Program file: Microsoft Word or Excel
• Data File: Document or workbook
• Copy, move, rename or delete a file
• A folder allows us to organize our files
• May contain files and/or other folders
• A back up strategy is critical
• What (data), When (whenever it changes), Where (off site), How
(Windows Explorer), and Who (you)
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WINDOWS EXPLORER EXERCISE
• Run the program
• Make folders
• Make sub-folders
• Good naming
ANTIVIRUS SOFTWARE

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A computer virus is an actively infectious program that
can erase data and/or alter the way your computer
works
Worms and Trojan horses are other types of infectious
programs, but all are bad
Computer viruses are spread through email, and/or
infected floppy disks
Windows does not include an antivirus program; i.e.,
you must buy it separately and update it frequently
Should you get antivirus software?
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FILE COMPRESSION
• Use WinZip (or
compatible) program to
create a compressed file
or archive

Create a self-extracting
file from the archive that
does not require
supporting software
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QUESTIONS / DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
• What is system software? What kinds of
programs are included in system software?
• Define and compare basic and specialized
application software. Describe some different
types of basic applications. Describe some
types of specialized applications.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
• Describe the different types of computers. What
is the most common type? What are the types
of microcomputers?
• What is connectivity? What is a computer
network? What is the Internet? What is the
Web?