Download Module 1: Introduction to TCP/IP

Bus topology network
1
Data is sent to all computers, but only the destination
computer accepts
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Simple star network
Hub
3
Simple ring network showing logical ring
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A computer grabs the token and passes
it around the ring
Data
40080865402
Data
5
Hub showing the internal ring and clockwise
token path
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FDDI uses a dual-ring topology
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A hub is the central point in a star topology
Hub
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Hybrid hub
Main Hub
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A break or unplugged cable takes down only the
unplugged computer
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The seven-layer OSI model
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The OSI model showing the layers of protocols
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer
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Initiates a request or accepts a request
Adds formatting, display, and encryption
information to the packet
Adds traffic flow information to determine
when the packet gets sent
Adds error-handling information
Sequencing and address information
is added to the packet
Adds error-checking information and
prepares data for going on to
the physical connection
Packet sent as a bit stream
Project 802 Logical Link Control and Media Access
Control sublayers
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Communication between the network adapter card
and network software
Virtual communications
Virtual communications
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A bridge connecting two networks
Segment 1
Bridge
Segment 2
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The routing table keeps track of addresses
Segment 1
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Routing
Table
Bridge
Segment 2
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Routers work at the Network layer
Router
Bridge
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How Networks Send
Data
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Large continuous streams of data slow
down the network
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Breaking data in packets
Data
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Packet components
Header
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Data
Trailer
The complete packet
Application Header
Data
Presentation Header
Session Header
Transport Header
Network Header
Data Link Header
Data Link Trailer (CRC)
Frame Preamble
Packet
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Packet creation process
Data
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Data
Introduction to TCP/IP
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What Is TCP/IP?
APANET
commissioned
by DOD
1969
FTP
1973
Telnet
1972
1965
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TCP/IP
Protocol Suite
1982
1970
TCP
1974
1975
IP
1981
1980
DNS
1984
1985
The Internet Standards Process

The Responsibility of the Internet Society (ISOC)

Governed by the Internet Architecture Board (IAB)

TCP/IP Standards are Published in Request for
Comments

Five Classifications of RFCs

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Required, recommended, elective, limited, use, not
recommended
TCP/IP Utilities
FTP
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TFTP
RCP
Telnet
RSH
REXEC
LPR
LPQ
LPD
PING
IPCONFIG
NSLOOKUP
HOSTNAME
NETSTAT
NBTSTAT
ROUTE
TRACERT
ARP
Finger
Configuring TCP/IP Manually
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Testing Microsoft TCP/IP with IPCONFIG and PING
Start
1
IPCONFIG
2
Ping 127.0.0.1
(Loopback Address)
3
Ping IP Address of
the Local Host
4
Ping IP Address of
Default Gateway
5
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Ping IP Address of
Remote Host
End
Architectural Overview
of the TCP/IP Protocol
Suite
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The Microsoft TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Windows® Sockets
Applications
NetBIOS
Applications
Sockets
NetBIOS
NetBIOS over TCP/IP
TCP
ICMP IGMP
LAN Technologies:
Ethernet, Token Ring,
FDDI
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TDI
Transport
UDP
IP
Application
Internet
ARP
WAN Technologies:
Serial Lines, Frame Relay,
ATM
Network
Network Interface Technologies


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IP Over LAN Technologies

Ethernet

Token ring

ARCnet

FDDI
IP Over WAN Technologies

Serial lines

Packet switched networks
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
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
Successful Mapping of an IP Address to a Hardware
Address

Address Resolution Is the Function of ARP

ARP Uses a Local Broadcast to Obtain a Hardware
Address

Address Mappings Are Stored in a Cache for Future
Reference
Resolving a Local IP Address
ping 131.107.7.29
1
3
ARP Cache
131.107.7.7 08004. . .
ARP Cache
131.107.7.7 08004. . .
131.107.7.28 08004. . .
2
ARP
Broadcast
Hardware Address = 08007. . .
4
IP Address = 131.107.7.28
Hardware Address = 08004. . .
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IP Address = 131.107.7.29
Hardware Address = 08007. . .
Resolving a Remote IP Address
ping 131.107.7.29
4
1
ARP Cache
131.107.7.7 08009. . .
131.107.7.1 08006. . .
ARP Cache
131.107.3.7 08004. . .
ARP
Broadcast for
Router A
131.107.3.1
08005...
ARP Cache
3
B
A Router
2
131.107.7.1
08006...
5
ARP
for Router B
IP Address = 131.107.3.24
Hardware Address = 08004. . .
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IP Address = 131.107.7.29
Hardware Address = 08009. . .
The ARP Cache
Hardware AddressIP Address
FFFFFFFFFFFF131.107.255.255 =
080009654321 =
131.107.3.5
080004321371= 131.107.3.29
080006723111 = 131.107.78.3
080002345621 =
080009654441= 131.107.7.29
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2
131.107.9.4
1
Multimedia Presentation: TCP/IP Architecture
show
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Internet Protocol (IP)

Addresses and Routes Packets

Connectionless

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No session is established

Nonguaranteed “Best Effort” Delivery

Reliability Is the Responsibility of Higher-Layer
Protocols and Applications

Fragments and Reassembles Packets
IP on the Router
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
Decrements the TTL

Fragments Large Packets Into Smaller Packets

Creates a New Header for Each New Packet

Flag

Fragment ID

Fragment offset

Calculates a New Checksum

Obtains the Hardware Address of the Next Router

Forwards the Packet
Ports and Sockets
Application
TFTP
Server
FTP
Server
TCP Ports
20,21
UDP Port
69
Web
Server
TCP Port
80
Web
Browser
TCP Port
1210
Windows Sockets Interface
0 . . . 65536
0 . . . 65536
TCP
Transport
UDP
Internet
IP
Network
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Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Connection-oriented


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Session is established before exchanging data
Reliable Delivery

Sequence numbers

Acknowledgments (ACKs)

Byte-Stream Communications

Uses Port Numbers as Endpoints to Communicate
TCP Three-Way Handshake
Application
Application
Data
Transport
Data, ACK
Transport
ACK
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Internet
Internet
Network
Network
Multimedia Presentation: TCP Sliding Windows
show
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User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Connectionless


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No session is established
Does Not Guarantee Delivery

No sequence numbers

No acknowledgments

Reliability Is the Responsibility of the Application

Uses Port Numbers as Endpoints to Communicate
Viewing and Modifying the ARP Cache
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 Review
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
Network Interface Technologies

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

Internet Protocol (IP)

Ports and Sockets

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)