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Transcript
NETWORKING FROM A TO Z • Your LAN • Your WAN • Your Wiring Plan Adapted for EPA HS from Presentation to Silicon Valley Conference on Nonprofits and Technology May 9, 2001 Mark L. Miller, Ph.D. The Miller Institute for Learning with Technology [email protected] The Alphabet Soup of Networking Architecture, ADSL, Analog Bastion Host, Bandwidth, Bridge Cat5, Cable Modem, Copper, Coax DHCP, DSL, DES, DoS, DNS, DMZ Extranet, Ethernet, Encryption Facility, Firewall, FDDI, FE, Filter Gigabit, Gateway, Gopher HTTP, Hub, Hacker, Hosting, Hop IDF, ISDN, intranet, ISP, IETF Java, Jabber, Jitter, JPEG Kbps, K56Flex, Kerberos, Kermit LAN, Leased Line, Layer, LSB MDF, Modem, Multimode, MPOE NIC, Network Diagram, Netmask, NAT OSF, OC3, OEM, OSI, Octet Packet, Port, Protocol, Plenum, POP QoS, Quantization, Queue Router, RAS, Rack, RJ45, RFC822 Server, Switch, SDSL, Static IP, SSH T1, Tunnel, Topology, TCP/IP, Trojan UPS, USB, UTP, UDP, UUCP, URL VPN, Virus, VLAN, VAR, V.90 WAN, Wiring Plan, Wireless, WWW X.25, XML, X11R6, X.400, X.500 YP, Y Modem, Yellow Wire, YMMV Z Modem, Zone, Zero Delay Lockout … and so on ... 2 Overview What is a LAN? What is a WAN? What is The Internet? What is an intranet? What are Hubs? Switches? Routers? Facilities Considerations Network Drawings Wiring Standards Connection Types, Speeds, and Protocols Internet Service Providers Network Security For More Information 3 What is a Local Area Network? Wires Within and Between Buildings on Same Campus Connects Workstation Computers to Servers, Printers Enables Resource Sharing (Files, Printers, Databases) Facilitates Technical Support (e.g., Cloning, Backups) Necessary for Wide Area Net and Shared Internet Access The SERVER is the conceptual center of your network. Desktop PC Network Printer Desktop PC Server 4 Desktop PC Why Not Just Use Floppies? Floppies Are Notoriously Unreliable Floppies Don’t Hold Nearly Enough Information Floppies Don’t Facilitate Collaborative Work Replication Costs More for Protons Than for Electrons Floppies Don’t Help You Share Resources (Printers, Scanners, Databases, Internet Access) 5 What is a Wide Area Network? PC Links Different Locations within Your Own Organization Similar to LAN but slower and over greater distances Printer PC Can be Virtual (use Internet to create VPN) Bridge between two or more LANs PC Server PC Printer PC 6 Server PC What is The Internet? What is an intranet? What is an extranet? An internet is any network of computer networks The Internet is the global, public network of networks An intranet is a private internet within an organization, typically hidden behind a firewall An extranet is a semi-private internet allowing data exchange across organizations (e.g., customer-vendor) See: http://www.useit.com/alertbox/9709b.html 7 What are Hubs? A hub is the active element which turns a collection of wires into a network. It is the “hub” of a network. Most common for modern networks is a “Star Topology” 8 What are Switches? A switch is an active element much like a hub. However, the entire “bandwidth” is available on every port, rather than being shared among the ports. Think of a hub as a “partyline” phone, whereas a switch represents Direct-inbound-dial. A 24-port 10/100 Mbs switch is nominally 24 x 10 x 2 faster than a 24-port 10BaseT hub 9 Network Drawings LAN Diagram WAN Diagram (may combine with LAN if simple) Logical Versus Physical: – – Logical Diagram Indicates Topology/Connectivity Physical Diagram Indicates Scale, Layout Legends Should Indicate Type of Run, Speed Do not rely on color to convey critical information 10 Wiring Standards Copper (within a building) – – – Fiber (between buildings) – – – Cat3 (telephone quality, 10 Mbs at 300 feet) Cat5 (data quality, 100 Mbs at 300 feet) Cat5e, Cat6 (for gigabit speeds) Multimode (Most common, least expensive) Single mode (Higher speeds per length) Hybrid (Possible future-proofing approach) Wireless (mainly for laptops) – – 802.11 (11 Mbs, typically within a few hundred feet) Can help in situations where wiring is infeasible 11 A Typical Equipment Rack 84” MDF Plan for Mission Hospice of San Mateo 12 19” Facilities Considerations Locked closet for equipment rack(s) Accessibility of Equipment on Racks – – – Access from front and back Main Distribution Frame (MDF) Intermediate Distribution Frame (IDF) Adequate power Ambient temperature Length of cable runs (affects type of cabling) Cable runs must not violate fire breaks Plenum cable required if hot air returns 13 What are Routers? A router is a specialized, dedicated computer for connecting local area networks together into internets (e.g., from Ethernet LAN to T1 WAN). It sends each packet of data to the right location. To Accounting To The Internet To Sales 14 Protocols The “language” spoken between computers on a network Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is most popular and important Others include: – – – IPX/SPX (Novell) NetBEUI (Microsoft) AppleTalk (Apple) Most can co-exist on same wire Others (e.g., Token Ring) require different “topology” 15 Internet Service Providers Getting on the Internet involves 2 distinct services: – An Internet Service Provider, who provides: – A Data Communications Provider, who provides IP Address(es) Domain Name Service (optional) Web Hosting or Co-Location (optional) Access to Major Internet Trunks, Centers (MAE-WEST) Peering Arrangements A wire from you to the ISP Both services are often provided by a single vendor. See: www.thelist.com 16 Connection Types and Speeds Analog Modem (up to 56 Kbs) Leased Lines (up to 64 Kbs, no dial delay) ISDN (up to 128 Kbs) DSL (up to 1.5 Mbs) Cable (typically up to 1.5 Mbs) T-1 (1.5 Mbs) – – Point to Point Frame Relay T-3 (and so on) 17 Network Security Physical Security of Servers Desktop Security Password Security Virus Protection Security Advisories and Updates – Recent Example: http://www.pgp.com/research/covert/advisories/047.asp Firewall – – – Public versus Private Addresses (NAT) Static Versus Dynamic Addresses (DHCP) Port Filtering, Forwarding/Mapping 18 Network Address Translation The Internet Public IP Addresses NAT Gateway Private IP Addresses (Invisible to Outside World) Hub or Switch Computer 19 Computer Remote Laptops Dialup/Wireless A Typical Logical Diagram Combining LAN and WAN ISP 1.1 Mbs SDSL Router Gateway Server Plan for Mission Hospice of San Mateo 100 Mbs FE Main Server 20 Physical Wiring Diagram 21 For More Information A useful glossary of networking terms can be found on 3CoM’s web site: www.3com.com/corpinfo/en_US/glossary.jsp Another useful glossary can be found at: www.eeng.brad.ac.uk/help/.xferfile/.glossary.html Mark L. Miller, Ph.D. The Miller Institute for Learning with Technology www.learningtech.org [email protected] 650-598-0105 22