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CHAPTER 5
IT ARCHITECTURES
Presented
by
Bernt Karlsson
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, All Rights Reserved
Chapter Five Overview
•
SECTION 5.1 - HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE BASICS
– Hardware Basics
– Computer Categories
– Software Basics
•
SECTION 5.2 – MANAGING ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURES
– Enterprise Architectures
– Information Architecture
– Infrastructure Architecture
– Application Architecture
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SECTION 5.1 - HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE BASICS
Information technology (IT) - any computer-based tool that people use to work
with information and support the information and information-processing needs
of an organization
– Hardware - consists of the physical devices associated with a computer
system
– Software - the set of instructions that the hardware executes to carry out
specific tasks
– Computer – is an electronic device operating under the control of
instructions stored in its own memory that can accept, manipulate and store
data. It consists of six hardware components.
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Hardware basics
Control
Unit
Arithmetic
Logic
Unit, ALU
Central Processing Unit, CPU
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Secondary Storage
Zettabyte (ZB)
Yottabyte (YB)
1024 EB)
1024 ZB)
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Secondary Storage
•
•
Vilket årtal levereras den första hårddisken på 1 PetaByte ?
Vilket årtal levereras den första hårddisken på 1 ExaByte ?
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Secondary Storage capacity
Moores law: number of transistors on an integrated circuit for
minimum component cost doubles every 24 months (18 month).
Kryders law: Magnetic disk areal storage density doubles annually
Log. scale
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Secondary Storage
År
GB
1979
0,001
1989
0,10
1999
10,00
2009
1 000,00
2019
100 000,00
2029
10 000 000,00
2039
1 000 000 000,00
1 TerraByte 2009
1 PettaByte 2024
1 ExaByte 2039
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Communication Devices
•
Communication device - equipment used to send
information and receive it from one location to another
Carrier technology
Speed
Dial up access via modem
2400-56 Kbps
Cable
512 Kbps-20 Mbps (100 Mbps)
DSL Digital Subscriber Line
128 Kbps-8 Mbps
Wireless (Local Multipoint
Communication System (LMCS)
30 Mbps or more
Satellite
6 Mbps or more
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Computer categories
• Computer categories include:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Smart Phones
Personal digital assistant (PDA)
Ultra Mobile PC (UMPC)
Tablet PC
Laptop
Desktop
Workstation
Minicomputer
Mainframe computer
Supercomputer
1,5”-4”
4” -6”
7” -8”
8” -12”
12”-17”
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Några tekniska begrepp
Binära tal
32 16 8 4 2 1
1
0 0 0 1 1 = 35
Binär lagring av tecken – ASCI-kod – 8 st 1/0 kallas byte
256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1=A
0
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 = 1 (tecknet ett, inte värdet)
Lagring av tecken
1 Byte = 1 tecken
Lagringskapacitet
100 MB = 100.000.000 bytes(tecken)
Överföringshastighet
Bits/ sekund
Datorns hastighet
1 Hertz = 1 intern aktivitet/ sek (ex en jämförelse av två tal
Eller
MIPS = milj instruktioner per sekund, ex additioner
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CPU speed factors
• General factors
– Clock speed (Mhz or Ghz). One instruction per cycle
– Word length in number of bits, to be processed at the same time
– Bus width, the width of the bus connecting internal CPU units
– Chip line width, distance between transistors in a chip
• Architecture factors
– Pipelining of data and instructions
– Using cache memory
– Parallell processing (multi core (dual core))
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Performance variables for Computer system
Capacity
How much information can be stored and process?
Speed
How fast can data be processed?
Price-Performance
Cost for storage and processing
Reliability
How long will it continue without unplanned
interruptions? (Mean time between failures, MTBF)
Operating conditions
Space, weight, temperature restrictions,
electricity consumption
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Software basics
•
System software - controls how the various technology tools work
together along with the application software
– Operating system software
– Utility software
– Application software
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Utility Software
•Types of utility software
– Crash-proof
– Disk image
– Disk optimization
– Encrypt data
– File and data recovery
– Text protect
– Preventative security
– AntiSpyware
– Antivirus
– Firewall
– Uninstaller
Utility software functions can also be part of the operating
system, completely or partly
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Application Software
•
•
Types of generic application software
– Browser
– Telnet Communication
– Database management
– Desktop publishing
– E-mail
– Groupware
– Presentation graphics
– Programming
– Spreadsheet
– Word processing
Types of custom application software
– Salary
– Bookkeeping
– bank transactions
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IBM WebSphere utvecklingsmiljö
Rapid Application Development
Visual composition of business flows
Struts framework
Java development
Web development
Web services development
En komplett integrerad utvecklingsmiljö,
EJB development
baserad på checklistor och färdiga mallar
Team development
och komponenter
Design and modelling (UML)
Wizards, code generators
Bygg ett system på några dagar……….
Code assist and proposal
XML and XSL development
Component test tools
Testing and publishing (local and remote)
Built-in test environments
Enterprice (legacy) tools
Relational database tools
Debugger (local and remote)
Microsoft har liknande miljöer
Profiling (local and remote)
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Olika paradigmer för programmering
Program
Databas
Funktionellt
Ex Pascal och SQL
Program
Objekt
Attribut/Data
OO
Ex Java
Operationer/
metoder
Logik programmering
Ex PROLOG
Deklarativ programmering
Meddelande
Fråga: b ?
Fakta: a
Slutsatsregler: a->b
Föreslå en lösning
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5.2. ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURES
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Enterprise architecture - includes the plans for how an organization will build,
deploy, use, and share its data, processes, and IT assets
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Enterprise architect (EA) - a person grounded in technology, fluent in business, a
patient diplomat, and provides the important bridge between IT and the business
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IS-plan - en del av business-plan
IS-plan
Bild ur Alter Information Systems
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Vad innehåller en IS-plan ?
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Strategier för bl.a.
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Kompetensutveckling av IS-personal och användare
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Hårdvara
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Nät
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Programvaruutveckling: metoder, tekniker
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Lagring av information
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Datakommunikation
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Säkerhet och skydd
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Leverantörsval
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Kvalitetssäkring
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Centralicering/decentralisering av IS-personal, datorer, data
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Challanges in IS Planning
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Svårt att förutse och utvärdera tekniska möjligheter
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Svårt att samordna mål, strategier och planer för IT med
andra områden i företaget som organisation,
produktutveckling etc.
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Svårt, dyrt och tar tid att bygga system
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Svårt att underhålla och anpassa system till snabba
ändringar i verksamhet
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Samarbetssvårigheter mellan IT-personal och annan
personal, man pratar inte samma språk
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Centralisering - Decentralisering
Hardware location
Data location
Ownership / Responsibility and control
Development
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Enterprise architectures focus
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Backup and Recovery
Fig from Alter: Information Systems
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Backup and Recovery
•
Preventing System failure
– Fault tolerance, backup component or procedure take over without
loss of service (may take some time however). Cold standby system.
– Failover, a secondary computer component take over seamless when
the primary component fails. Hot standby system (running in parallel)
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Disaster Recovery
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Disaster recovery plan - a detailed process for recovering information or
an IT system in the event of a catastrophic disaster such as a fire or flood
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Disaster recovery cost curve - charts (1) the cost to the organization of
the unavailability of information and technology and (2) the cost to the
organization of recovering from a disaster over time
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Disaster Recovery Cost Curve
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Information Security
• A good information architecture includes:
– A strong information security plan
– Managing user accesses towards internet
– Keep a strong password discipline
– Up-to-date antivirus and anti-spy ware software
– Install security patches immediately for the operating
system, application and utility
– Use intrusion detection, content filtering and anti spam
software
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Infrastructure architecture
•
Five primary characteristics of a solid infrastructure architecture
commonly known as “ilities”:
1. Flexibility
2. Scalability
3. Reliability
4. Availability
5. Performance
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Web Services
• Web service - contains a repertoire of Web-based data and
procedural resources that use shared protocols and standards
permitting different applications to share data and services
• Interoperability - the capability of two or more computer systems
to share data and resources, even though they are made by
different manufacturers
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Web – services
SE-Banken
Bokning
Consumer
Insättning
SF Biografer
1. Web Service is a business service offered to consumers
over the internet
2. Web Service a technology that standardizes system
communication over the internet, using XML
Internet-standarden och XML möjliggör att datortyp,
programmeringspråk etc. blir irrelevant. Man får
en generell öppen lösning.
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Designprincip Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)
”Gula sidorna” för Web-tjänster
Broker
1) Publish
2) Find/discover
Consumer
(Requester)
Provider
3) Bind/invoke
SE-Banken
SOA activities: “Publish-find-bind”
SOA roles: provider, broker, consumer
SF-biografer
Martin Henkel, 2003
[email protected]
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Ett önskeläge
Ett företag (processer: Inköp och betalning) önskar samarbeta
elektroniskt med en leverantör (processer: Sälj och fakturering)
I ett Bibliotek med Businessprocesser (Rutiner, dokument och
Programvara) finner man processer som passar ihop. XML-format
används genomgående
Kommunikationen sker via Internet
Företagen installerar detta på varsitt håll, varefter man kan samarbeta
elektroniskt
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Open Systems
• Open system - a broad, general term that describes
nonproprietary IT hardware and software made available by the
standards and procedures by which their products work, making it
easier to integrate them
– Allow systems to seamlessly share information
– Capitalize on enterprise architectures
– Eliminate proprietary systems and promote competitive pricing
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CHAPTER 7
NETWORKS, TELECOMMUNICATIONS, AND
WIRELESS COMPUTING
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, All Rights Reserved
Chapter Seven Overview
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SECTION 7.1 – NETWORKS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
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Network Basics
Architecture
Topology
Protocols
Media
E-Business Networks
SECTION 7.2 – WIRELESS COMPUTING
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Wireless Fidelity
Business Drivers for Wireless Technologies
Advantages of Enterprise Mobility
The Future of Wireless
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7.1. NETWORKS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
•
Telecommunication system - enable the transmission of data over public or
private networks
•
Network - a communications, data exchange, and resource-sharing system
created by linking two or more computers and establishing standards, or
protocols, so that they can work together
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Network basics
Wide area network
USA
Boston
IT-center
Boston
Local area network
Metropolitan area network
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Network Basics
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Networks are differentiated by the following:
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Architecture - peer-to-peer, client/server
Topology - bus, star, ring, hybrid
Protocols - Ethernet, Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
Media - coaxial, twisted-pair, fiber-optic, Wireless
Understanding networks see:
–
http://compnetworking.about.com/od/basicnetworkingconcepts/
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Architecture
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There are two primary types of architectures
–
–
Peer-to-peer (P2P) network
• Public files located on the peers
• All computers in the network can act as a peer
Client/server network
• One server supporting many clients
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Peer-to-Peer Networks
•
Peer-to-peer (P2P) network - any
network without a central file server
and in which all computers in the
network have access to the public files
located on all other workstations
E.g.
• Napster (1999 - 2001)
• Kazaa (2000 – 2006)
• Kazaa Lite (2002 - ????)
• DC++ (Direct Connect)(2005 - ????)
• Bit Torrent (2001 - ????)
–
–
–
LINUX distribution
Podcasting/Podradio (Portable On Demand)
RSS (Really Simple Syndication)
(Prenumeration)
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Client/Server Networks
•
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Client - a computer that is designed to request information from a server
Server - a computer that is dedicated to providing information in response to
external requests
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Client/server network - model for applications in which the bulk of the backend processing takes place on a server, while the front-end processing is
handled by the clients
•
Can a Computer be both a Client and a Server?
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Client server vs. Main Frame computing
Bild från Alter: Information Systems3
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Client/Server Networks
•
Network operating system (NOS) - the operating system that runs
a network, steering information between computers and managing
security and users
•
Packet-switching - occurs when the sending computer divides a
message into a number of efficiently sized units called packets,
each of which contains the address of the destination computer
•
Router - an intelligent connecting device that connect networks
together. It examines each packet of data it receives and then
decides which way to send it onward toward its destination
•
Switch - an intelligent connecting device that filters and forward
packets between network segments
•
HUB – a concentrator that act as a repeater for USB or Ethernet.
Used inside LAN to connect network segments
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Client/Server Networks
•
Client/Server network
The router growth worldwide is two times
Every 4’th year during 2002 to 2010
(25% per year). 20M routers 2002 och
80M routers 2010.
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Topology
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Protocols
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Protocol - a standard that specifies the format of data as well as the rules
to be followed during transmission
•
Interoperability - the capability of two or more computer systems to share
data and resources, even though they are made by different manufacturers
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Ethernet – most popular
•
Ethernet - a physical and data layer technology for LAN networking
(Xerox 1976 - )
85% of all LAN use Ethernet.
Others are:
• AppleTalk
•Token Ring
1, 10, 100, 1000 Mbit/s
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Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol Family
•
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Family provides the technical foundation for the public Internet as well as for large
numbers of private network. Five layer reference model if the physical layer is
included. Developed by DoD (Department of Defence) in early -70.
TCP is a connection-oriented secure protocol
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is an insecure connectionless protocol
SNMP
UDP
Network
Data Link
Physical
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)
Cable, Fiber
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Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol
•
TCP/IP applications
– File transfer protocol (FTP)
– Simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP)
– Telnet protocol
– Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP)
– Simple network management Protocol (SNMP)
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Open System Interconnection Model
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Voice over IP (VoIP)
•
Voice over IP (VoIP) - uses TCP/IP technology to transmit voice calls over
long-distance telephone lines
Niklas Zennström och Janus Friis vad är dom kända för ?
ATM
ATM switches very much faster than IP routers end of -90
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
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Media
•
Network transmission media - refers to the various types of media used
to carry the signal between computers
– Wire media (guided)
• Twisted pair wiring (Ethernet - LAN)
• Coaxial cable (Token ring, old Ethernet installation)
• Fiber-optic cable (IP backbone)
– Wireless media (unguided)
• Micro waves
• radio waves
• infrared light waves
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Wireless Media
•
Wireless media - natural parts of the Earth’s environment that can be used
as physical paths to carry electrical signals
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E-business Networks
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E-business Networks
•
•
Virtual private network (VPN) - a way to use the public telecommunication
infrastructure (e.g., Internet) to provide secure access to an organization’s
network
Valued-added network (VAN) - a private network, provided by a third party, for
exchanging information through a high capacity connection
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7.2. WIRELESS COMPUTING
•
Wireless fidelity (wi-fi) – a means of linking computers using infrared or
radio signals
•
Common examples of wireless devices include:
– Cellular phones and pagers
– Global positioning systems (GPS)
– Cordless computer peripherals
– Home-entertainment-system control boxes
– Two-way radios
– Satellite television
• Wireless Skype phone ?
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Wireless Fidelity (Wi-fi)
• Disruptive wireless technologies
–
–
–
–
WiMax wireless broadband (formed 2001, standard IEEE 802.16
Radio frequency identification tags (RFID) (active, passive)
Micro hard drives (1” Hard Disk 20GB 2007)
Apple’s G5 and AMD’s Athlon 64 processors handles 16 billion gigabyte
at a time
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The Value of Timely Information
• Timeliness is an aspect of information that depends on the situation
– Real-time information – immediate, up-to-date information
– Real-time system – provides real-time information in response to query
requests
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The Value of Timely Information
•
Real-time systems help organizations make faster and more effective
decisions
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Business Drivers For Wireless Technologies
• Mobile and wireless are often used synonymously, but
actually denote two different technologies
– Mobile technology - means the technology can travel with
the user, but it is not necessarily in real-time
– Wireless technology - gives users a live (Internet)
connection via satellite or radio transmitters
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Business Drivers For Wireless Technologies
• Drivers of wireless technology growth include:
– Universal access to information and applications
– The automation of business processes
– User convenience, timeliness, and ability to conduct
business 24x7x365
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Business Drivers For Wireless Technologies
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Business Drivers For Wireless Technologies
• Wireless devices changing business include:
–
–
–
–
–
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Wireless local area network (wLAN)
Cellular phones and pagers
Cordless computer peripherals
Satellite television
WiMax wireless broadband
Security sensor
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Advantages Of Enterprise Mobility
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Bluetooth
•
Bluetooth – an omnidirectional wireless
technology that provides limited-range
voice and data transmission over the
unlicensed 2.4-GHz frequency band,
allowing connections (max 30 feet) with a
wide variety of fixed and portable devices
that normally would have to be cabled
together
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Radio Frequency Identification
•
Radio frequency identification (RFID) - use active or
passive tags in the form of chips or smart labels that can store
unique identifiers and relay this information to electronic
readers
•
RFID tag - contains a microchip and an antenna, and typically
work by transmitting a serial number via radio waves to an
electronic reader, which confirms the identity of a person or
object bearing the tag
http://www.rfid.se/
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RFID
Activate and
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RFID
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RFID Technology
•
Passive RFID tags have no internal power supply. The minute electrical
current induced in the antenna by the incoming radio frequency signal
provides just enough power for the CMOS integrated circuit in the tag to
power up and transmit a response
•
active RFID tags have their own internal power source, which is used to
power the integrated circuits and broadcast the signal to the reader
•
Semi-passive tags are similar to active tags as they have their own power
source, but the battery is used just to power the microchip and not
broadcast a signal
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Satellite
•
Microware transmitter – commonly used to transmit network signals
over great distances
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Global Positioning System
•
Global positioning system (GPS) (DoD 1993 - ))– a device that
determines current latitude, longitude, speed, and direction of movement
– Market for GPS services is at $5 billion with expectations for the
demand to double over the next five years
•
Geographic information system (GIS) – designed to work with
information that can be shown on a map
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The Future Of Wireless
Entertainment (music, movies, sports etc.) ?
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